مجله پیشرفت های حسابداری
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 83، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The purpose of this research is to measure the implementation of performance-based budgeting in the three dimensions of strategic planning, cost analysis and performance management, as well as to identify and discover effective actors on the implementation of performance-based budgeting. The questionnaire and data collection tools were collected through the distribution of 152 questionnaires among budgeting experts, accountants, senior managers and financial managers in 1400. Data analysis was done using structural equation method and SmartPLS software. The findings showed that the implementation of performance-based budgeting in the dimensions of strategic planning, cost analysis, and performance management is 25.95%, 31.25%, and 34.38%, respectively. Also, the findings showed that the actors directly and indirectly influencing the implementation of performance-based budgeting include economic actors, technical actors, management competence and organizational commitment. Based on the results of the research, it can be said that in order to implement performance-based budgeting, the existing procedure in the dimensions of financial knowledge of the organization, environmental activists, and organizational commitment should be redesigned and reconsidered. Also, the dimensions of technical actors (accounting information system and networks), economic actors (program and budget organization) and management competence and organizational culture should be modified and strengthened from a technical and supervisory point of view. The results of this study can be effective in attracting the attention of senior executive managers and academic researchers and supporting and modifying the dimensions that affect the implementation of budgeting, as well as expanding theoretical foundations in the field of performance-based budgeting.

The Effect of Cost Stickiness on Firm Value by Considering the Resource Adjustment Cost and Agency ProblemAbstract:Cost stickiness is one of the factors affecting the value of the firm, which can be caused by resource adjustment costs or agency problems, and this was the main motivation of this study. The statistical the population of this study are all companies listed in Tehran Stock Market, in which 102 companies in the period 2013 to 2022 have been selected by systematic elimination method. For data analysis and hypothesis testing, multivariate regression model based on compound data is used. The research results showed that cost stickiness has a negative effect on firm value. Also, the findings showed that when the resource adjustment cost is high, the effect of cost stickiness on the value of the firm increases. In addition, agency problems do not affect the relationship between costs and firm value.Keywords: Firm Value, Cost Stickiness, Resource Adjustment Cost, Agency Problem

Accounting literature shows that firms’ managers have different incentives for earnings management and manipulation. However, the ability of managers to manipulate earnings or not, depends on the amount of information that can be obtained from other information sources in the industry. Earnings co-movement, which means firm’s earnings tends to move with other firms in same industry, can affect the involvement of managers with earnings manipulation activities. So, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of earnings co-movement on the probability of earnings manipulation and also to investigate this relationship under the conditions of product market competition. The sample of this study consists of 134 listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange during 2009 to 2020. The results of the first hypothesis test showed that earnings co-movement has a negative and significant effect on the probability of earnings manipulation. That is, in firm with higher earnings co- movement, the probability of earnings manipulation is less. The results of testing the second hypothesis also showed that in firms with low competition, compared to high competition, the relationship between earnings co-movement and the probability of earnings manipulation is stronger. Based on the sensitivity analysis test, the relationship between earnings co-movement and probability of earnings manipulation is stronger in companies with old age, compared to young ones.

The purpose of this study is to introduce corporate citizenship reporting for banks as a type of financial and non-financial reporting and to investigate the consequences and factors affecting the information content (value creating) of this type of reporting. The basic question is corporate citizenship reporting leads to the value creation of financial and non-financial reporting of banks? First, corporate citizenship reporting was conceptualized and then research data were collected for 12 banks during the years 2011 to 2021. This research is a quantitative and experimental research in the field of accounting and finance in terms of data collection and to measure the factors affecting corporate citizenship reporting and also the relationship between these variables and the consequences and value of the bank, the structural equations approach and least squares method (PLS) is used. The direct path related to this relationship with a coefficient of 0.271 indicates that the value creation of the bank at a rate of 27% (with a t-statistic equal to 6.897) is explained through corporate citizenship reporting. This means that with increasing disclosure of corporate citizenship reporting indicators, the value of the bank increases. Banks can influence the value creation of a bank by providing corporate citizenship reporting and disclosing financial and non-financial indicators, by reducing the company's capital costs, reducing agency costs, increasing liquidity, and improving financial performance and financial reporting quality, lead to an increase in the market value of the bank's stock and ultimately increase the value of the bank.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of life cycle stages on companies' use of trade credit. Statistical analysis has applied using the information of 171 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 1388 to 1400. To test the hypotheses of the research, multiple regression models of panel data with the generalized least squares estimation method and the method of controlling the effects of year and industry were used. In order to measure the life cycle, Dickinson (2011) approach used as the main criterion and D'Angelo et al.'s (2005) approach as a supplementary criterion. The results of the tests showed that the companies in the stages of start, growth and decline use more trade credit than in the shake out stage, while trade credit in the maturity stage is not significantly different from the shake out stage. The results of supplementary tests also confirm the initial results. The results of the present research add to the richness of the theoretical literature of trade credit and the theory of financing in the stages of the life cycle; especially since a developing market has been the subject of research.

Bankruptcy of companies usually brings destructive effects on the capital market and ultimately the economic development of countries. Identifying the effective and underlying factors of financial crises provides the possibility of timely reaction of managers and investors in dealing with the problems and obstacles hidden in the financial structure of companies. The current research has investigated and studied the effect of adjusting the capital structure in dealing with financial helplessness in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of the present study, according to the criteria set in conducting the research, were the companies registered in the Tehran Stock Exchange, and by applying the method of systematic elimination, 124 companies were screened as a sample, in the period between 1391 and 1400. has been taken Logistic regression was used to test research hypotheses, and at the end, the merit of the selection model, as well as the desirability and prediction accuracy of the model, which is specific to logistic regression, were also tested. The results show that the faster the adjustment of the capital structure increases and the sooner the company achieves the optimal leverage, the faster it can get out of the state of helplessness and financial crisis. Therefore, companies with larger size, greater growth, and less deviation than companies without the mentioned characteristics adjust their capital structure more quickly.

Institutionalized corruption in a society provides the right platform and opportunity for fraud in financial reporting. In fact, it can be said that the greater the level of corruption in a society, the greater the justification for unethical actions and behaviors, including fraud. This study aims to investigate the effect of financial Corruption on the possibility of fraudulent financial reporting. Thus, we have applies Corruption Perception Index and accountability as indexes of financial Corruption, and also in order to measurement the possibility of fraud we have taken the auditing standards approach Tehran stock exchange listed firms constitute statistical population of the research and the sample was selected imposing conditions of the research variables to 161 firms during 2012-2021. Due to the nature of the dependent variable and the homogeneity of the sample, Logit regression method is used to test the hypotheses. The results also show there is a significant relation between the Corruption Perception Index and fraudulent financial reporting. Also, the results showed that the lower the accountability index, the higher the possibility of fraud in financial reporting.

Inventory and cash management has always been one of the most complex and challenging decisions at the company level and, consequently, at the macroeconomic level. In recent years, the Iranian economy has faced uncertainty at the macroeconomic level due to various issues such as economic and political sanctions, increasing inflation, military movements in the Middle East region, the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, and more. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of this uncertainty on cash holding and inventory. In this study, conducted from 2011 to 2020, the World Uncertainty Index (WUI) was used to measure uncertainty, which was calculated and presented separately for 143 countries, including Iran. The results indicate a negative relationship between uncertainty and cash holding as well as inventory. Based on the literature, it can be argued that the existence of an inverse relationship between the uncertainty index and cash holding is because managers do not perceive the conditions that create uncertainty as long-term or choose alternative investment paths. The inverse relationship regarding inventory holding can be attributed to the damage caused to financing channels when uncertainty increases.

Strong corporate governance (CG) practice is now a sine qua non in corporations due to its benefits to all stakeholders. The objective of this study was to assess the level of compliance of the requirements in the CG reporting under the suggested list provided by Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE), and to investigate the CG determinants that drive the level of the compliance of CG in Iran. The study covered 68 companies listed on the TSE, First Market. The analysis is performed based on publicly available information for the year ended March 19, 2020. In order to assess the level of compliance with the CG requirements, a checklist is compiled in 3 sections, based on the requirements indicated in the Iran Corporate Governance Code (2019). In order to determine the level of compliance with the CG requirements, this study has followed the non-weighting approach in which all items are assumed equally important. Finally, we ran a multivariate regression model to investigate the relationship between dependent (CGI) and independent variables. The findings revealed an average level of 48% of compliance. Considering the lowest level of compliance is reported in the financial and operational reporting (40.92) followed by (52.08) in the company bodies, while the highest level is reported in the internal controls (52.7). The results showed that variables such as the firm size, free float, board structure and audit firm size have significant positive impact on the level of compliance, while the percentage of institutional ownership have no significant influence.

One of the most important functions of the auditing profession is the behavior of auditors in making professional judgments that arise from their perceptual frameworks and can be effective in reducing perceptual biases and increasing information transparency of stakeholders. The purpose of this study is designing a model of auditors' cognitive styles and evaluating the axes identified in the auditing profession. The target population in the qualitative methodology was 12 academic specialists who were considered experts, both scientifically and empirically. Sampling in the field of qualitative methodology was theoretical sampling and how to determine the snowball sample. But the target statistical population is a quantitative methodology of 20 managers of the listed companies were the participants who were selected based on work experience and the level of technical and specialized knowledge through homogeneous sampling. Also, the results in the quantitative section showed that the percentage of influence of objective senses is higher than the rest of the axis and it was chosen as the most favorable axis of auditors' cognitive styles. The obtained result is the statement of the fact that objective senses as a style of inductive cognition is based on the functions of logical estimation of processes and planning of audit work, which helps auditors to use higher reliability for their opinion during professional judgment.

Human rights accounting as an emerging concept in the context of the development of this knowledge can help the stability of the capital market, which is the basis for investing people with racial differences; It is gender and ethnicity. The purpose of this study is future study of human rights accounting in Iran's capital market. Therefore, based on the nature of collection, this study can be classified as mixed methods approach. Participants in the qualitative part were 14 experts in the field of accounting, and in the quantitative part, 25 people from the managers of brokerage companies and experts from the vice-chancellors of different sectors of the capital market participated in this study. The result of this study in the qualitative part indicated the existence of 3 categories, 6 components and 32 themes for the development of human rights accounting, which was confirmed based on Delphi analysis. Then, by choosing 2 factors out of 6 identified components as the basis of scenario creation, 10 themes identified as sub-factors of scenario creation were examined. The result of acquisition in a small part tells about the existence of 4 scenarios with a favorable situation, which shows that the scenario of immortality is the most ideal state of development of human rights accounting, and the scenario of loyalty can be considered the lowest basis for the development of human rights accounting at the level of the Iranian capital market.

This research has investigated the effect of professionalism through its components on ethical judgment, emphasizing the moderating role of auditors' understanding of the organization's ethical culture. the required data were collected using a questionnaire tool with the participation of 204 auditors working in the audit organization and private sector audit institutions who were selected through available sampling. Analyzing the resulting data using multiple regression and the add-on program of the Hayes processor in the regression analysis showed that between the components of professionalism; There is a significant relationship between the auditors' commitment to the public interest and commitment to the implementation of independence with their ethical judgment. The auditor's understanding of the organization's ethical culture has a moderating role in the relationship between professionalism (through its components; auditors' commitment to public interests, and auditors' commitment to independence) in ethical judgment. This means that the more the auditor's understanding of the ethical culture of the organization increases, the relationship between commitment to public interests and the commitment to exercise independence as two components of professionalism in auditors increases with their moral judgment. Therefore, the auditor's understanding of a strong organizational ethical culture strengthens the relationship between professionalism and the auditor's ethical judgment. According to the results, it can be said that ethical culture can influence the level of committed professional behavior and improve the quality of auditors' ethical judgment.