مجله مطالعات میان رشته ای ارتباطات و رسانه
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 19، بهار 1402)

The purpose of this research is to present suggestions for removing the barriers before investors to invest in television programs in line with actualizing the Supreme Leader’s Slogan of The Year “Production, Supports, and Removal of Barriers”. The goal of this study is applied and it is qualitative in approach. In the first step and in the qualitative part, the obstacles to investors’ desire to invest in TV programs were identified and ranked using interviews. In this step, the research participants included 12 experts, including producers, staff managers and investors. In the second step and in the quantitative part, the identified barriers were prioritized using the Delphi technique. The statistical population in the quantitative section included all experts of the organization involved with program production in Hamedan provincial station in 2021. 114 individuals were selected to shape the sample size in the quantitative section using probability sampling method. The results of the study showed that the three main obstacles before the investors’ willingness to invest in television programs within Hamedan provincial station are the multiplicity of low-cost parallel media, the investor’s distrust of the effectiveness of such advertisements, and the unattractiveness of programs like television competitions for such investments. In order to make investors willing to invest in television programs, it is better to first pay attention to the barriers that exist in the station itself and among the producers, and try to eliminate them. In this case, the station’s capacity for investors to be willing to invest would increase.

The rapid growth of the world’s elderly population has doubled the importance of studies on aging. Also, the relationship between online social media and the daily lives of different groups of citizens has been a topic of interest for researchers. The purpose of this study is in-depth investigation of the experiences of the elderly in using online social networks and the meanings and feelings resulting from the use of such networks. Understanding, describing and interpreting the experience of the elderly in social studies is possible using qualitative methods. Therefore, in this study, thematic analysis has been selected for designing, collecting and analyzing the data. Ten elderly people were selected through purposive sampling for the interview. Concepts and categories were identified in three axes: 1- motivations for using online social networks (computer and internet using skills, job requirements, migration of the family members, not lagging behind others, pervasiveness, and the efficiency of smartphones), 2- reasons for continuing to use them (lower physical strength and more free time, maintaining communication, and following news and information as hobbies) and 3- meanings and experiences of social networks (positive feeling, negative feeling, worry, dependency, self-control, and charity affairs).

Among the communication processes, communication science considers an important role for non-verbal communication. This role becomes important in one-way communications; like the News in which receiving feedback from the audience and correcting the sender’s moves is not possible when sending the message. In this research, 18 21:00 programs of IRIB’s TV channel 1 have been systematically selected and studied using qualitative analysis method to identify the six types of known non-verbal communications (approval, completion, denial, repetition, control, and succession) used in 21:00 news and relate to the text read by the anchor. Five parameters of “the anchors’ posture”, “gestures”, “facial expressions”, “eye contact” and “paralinguistic features” were selected as the main parameters totally shaping 38 sub-categories. After qualitative analysis of the extracted categories and subcategories, we concluded that most of the non-verbal communications used by the anchors are restricted to the movement of the head and facial expressions, and the movement of hands and different postures have barely been used. In general, the anchors select the “stone face” (stilt) position as their base position for news reading and when reading the news, they try to use body movements and phonetic techniques in order to refrain from monotony, but incorrect usage of this technique or overusing non-verbal movements can reduce the validity and attractiveness of 21:00 news. Also, the function of emphasizing the speech by non-verbal communication is used as the mostly-used function by the anchors after which completion and control are the most important functions.

One of the fundamental and very important issues in the field of news media reporting is trust-building. The news media are constantly trying to increase the audience's confidence in the news they provide; as the continued activity of these media depends on the trust and confidence of the audience. Therefore, the general purpose of the current research is to present a trust-building news media model during the crisis. According to the research questions and the exploratory nature of the study, the direction of the research is qualitative with a data-driven approach, and in terms of the purpose, it is applied. The level of analysis is individual, and the statistical population of the research includes university professors and officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) out of whom, eight people were selected through the snowball method and theoretical saturation. The findings of the interviews were coded (open, axial and selective) and the obtained concepts and categories were analyzed. The causal conditions including factors within the media (respecting the principle of neutrality, respecting the principle of independence, etc.) and factors outside the media (respecting the expediency of the system, correct media policy-making, etc.) are effective on the news media. Increasing the audience's trust in the news media, increasing the level of civil participation of citizens, improving the level of social cohesion, positive evaluation of the performance of news media, filling the information gap, and the tendency of citizens to watch the internal news media were identified as the consequences of trust-building news media in crisis conditions.

The goal of this research is to present the competency model of public relations managers of Iran’s metropolitan municipalities. The research is fundamental in purpose and qualitative in data collection. It was done with grounded theory approach and Glaser’s emerging design. The target population included public relations managers, mayors and university experts 11 of whom were identified through purposeful sampling and semi-structured interviews were conducted with them. The data analysis was, also, performed using Depoy and Gitlin’s (2005) method. The reliability of interviews was checked in two modes: researcher release (92.9) and release by coder (79.3). The validity of the interviews was, also, verified by three methods of long-term involvement, questioning the colleagues and approval of the people under study. The competencies of public relations managers in metropolitan municipalities were identified in the form of eight main competencies including knowledge-related and methodical competency, professional ethics, media skills, managerial skills, meta-organizational interactions, organizational knowledge, varied thinking skill, and attitudinal skills. The first one is knowledge-related competency which signifies the features and knowledge of the public relations managers about basic and fundamental knowledge to authenticate the responsibility of management in the public relations sector. The data analysis results showed that managerial competencies including managerial skills, meta-organizational interactions, organizational knowledge, varied thinking skill, and attitudinal skills are more important for a successful public relations manager. Due to the fact that the identified competencies through data of this study are comprehensive and the issues and activities of public relations managers of the municipalities in metropolitans are similar to each other, the results of this study are practical for the public relations managers of the municipalities of other metropolitans, as well.

The tourism industry has very high capacities for growth and development. One of the most effective factors in the development of tourism is advertising and information-giving through the virtual space. Accordingly, social networks play a decisive role in creating culture, educating, information-giving and creating social participation in the development of the tourism industry. Since Iran, as a developing country, has sufficient capacity for the development of virtual tourism, we seek to investigate the issue in this article. The main purpose of the article is to investigate the capacity of social networks in virtual tourism marketing. In terms of the goal, this research is developmental-applied, and in terms of the implementation method, it is a mixed exploratory (quantitative-qualitative) research. The measurement tools are questionnaire and specialized interview. The statistical population of this research consists of communication professors who are knowledgeable and active in the field of virtual space tourism, activists in the field of virtual space tourism, individuals involved in the advertising of virtual space tourism, managers of tourism agencies active in one of the social networks, and experts in information technology (IT) and marketing. The sampling method in this research is purposeful. According to the results, the use of video and photo content in social networks plays a significant role in the success of virtual tourism marketing. Social networks can attract the attention of the audience by depicting the places and capacities of Iran's tourism through photos and documentary films and prioritizing and highlighting them for the success of virtual tourism. In addition, the results of this research show that there is a significant role between the price of tourism services and the use of celebrities in the success of virtual tourism marketing.