Osteoarthritis (arthritis of the joints) is one of the most common metabolic disorders of bone tissue that reduces the process of absorption and reabsorption in bone. Exercise and stem cell injections can have beneficial effects in treating this disease. The enzymes alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin, as markers of bone formation, play an important role in diagnosing the progression or treatment of this disease. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of training, stem cells and hyaluronic acid on osteocalcin, ALP and osteopontin in the cartilage tissue of rats with osteoarthritis.

In this study, 25 rats were divided in 5 groups including: (1) healthy control, (2) patient control, (3) endurance training (3 days a week for one month), (4) recipients of mesenchymal stem cells (1 × 106 cells / Kg), and (5) simultaneous recipients of endurance training and mesenchymal stem cells. Alkaline phosphatase gene expression was assessed by RT PCR and the amount of osteopontin synthesis was measured by immunohistochemistry procedure.

Training and mesenchymal stem cell injection had a significant effect on increasing alkaline phosphatase gene expression and osteopontin in patient rats compared to the patient control group (P <0.001). Also, simultaneous endurance training and stem cell injection have interactive effects on increasing both factors (P <0.001).

Based on the findings of this study, it seems that endurance training and injection of mesenchymal stem cells in the joints, either separately or simultaneously, can increase the expression of alkaline phosphatase gene and the amount of osteopontin.

Erythropoietin is known as a strong stimulant in the activation of satellite cells and increasing the regeneration function of muscle tissue. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between erythropoietin concentration and fasting blood glucose after a resistance training program in male Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes.

Twenty-four male rats aged 6 weeks were divided into 3 groups: healthy control (n=8), diabetic control (n=8) and resistance training (n=8). Resistance exercises were performed for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week, with an intensity of 100-30% of the weight of the rats in the resistance training group. In the last week of the training program, the maximum oxygen consumption of the rats was taken using the executive protocol on the rat treadmill. 48 hours after finishing the training program, blood samples were taken from the right ventricle of heart of the rats and erythropoietin and fasting blood glucose were evaluated. The data was statistically analyzed using Pearson's correlation and one-way analysis of variance at the alpha level of less than 0.05.

The results showed that there is no significant relationship between erythropoietin and fasting blood glucose among any of the groups. Also, performing 8 weeks of resistance training in diabetic rats led to an increase in erythropoietin concentration (P≤0.0001) and a decrease in blood glucose (P≤0.0001).

It seems that more stimulation of EPO and regeneration of muscle tissue as well as increased energy consumption in muscle tissue is one of the possible mechanisms of blood glucose reduction caused by 8 weeks of resistance training in diabetic rats

Considering the significant increase in apoptosis in the elderly, which is related to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on some factors of apoptosis in elderly men was investigated.

This research was conducted using a semi-experimental method with 30 healthy elderly men aged 60 to 75 years. who voluntarily participated in this research project and were randomly divided into two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The experimental group participated in aerobic exercises for 8 weeks (three sessions of 1 hour per week) based on the special recommendations of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) for the elderly. The control group did not have any physical activity during this period. Serum caspase-8, P53 and IGF-1 were measured by ELISA method. Dependent t-test and independent t-test were used to check the intra-group and inter-group differences of variables. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20 software and the significance level was considered p≤0.05 in all steps.

The results showed that eight weeks of aerobic exercise increased the serum levels of caspase 8(P=0.0001) and decreased the serum levels of P53(P=0.0001) and IGF-1(insulin-like growth factor) (P=0.0001).

According to the findings of the present research, it seems that eight weeks of aerobic exercise significantly increases the serum levels of caspase 8 and decreases the serum levels of P53 and IGF-1 in elderly men. According to these results, more research is needed in this field.

The transition from childhood to adulthood is associated with many physiological changes that result from hormonal changes. Despite this, it has been reported that hormonal response to exercise can be age-dependent.the purpose of this study was to investigate growth hormone, insulin, testosterone, and cortisol response to acute intensive exercise in children, adolescents, and youth male athletes.

Twenty-nine eligible football players volunteered to participate in the study. Participants assigned to three groups: children (age = 10.88 ± 0.92, n=9), adolescents (age = 14.40 ± 1.17, n=10), and youth (age = 17.70 ± 0.82, n=10). The Bruce Protocol Stress Test was performed as an acute intensive exercise on treadmill. Plasma hormones were measured before and after the exercise.

The acute intensive exercise leads to a significant increase in circulating levels of testosterone (p = 0.02) and Cortisol in children (p = 0.001). In the adolescent group, only a significant increase in GH (p = 0.001) was observed. In the youth group a significant increase in GH (p=0.05) and testosterone (p=0.001) was observed. However, insulin levels did not change significantly after intensive exercise in all groups. Results showed that there were no significant differences between hormonal changes within the three groups.

The results showed that the basal levels of some hormones and their changes after exercise were different. However, the pattern of hormonal changes after acute intensive exercise was similar in children, adolescents, and young athlete boys.

BMP has critical role in development, growth, and differentiation of cell. There is enough evidence regarding the role of BMPs in lipid accumulation and homeostasis The current study aimed to evaluate the simultaneous effect of eight weeks of metabolic resistance training (MRT) and Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) supplementation on expression level of BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, and BMP7 in overweight women.

We carried-out a randomized clinical trial performed on 40 overweight women in Iran 2020. We randomly assigned the study participants into four groups including combined 8-week course of metabolic resistance training (MRT) training and 400 mg chlorogenic acid (CGA) supplementation, 8-week course of MRT, CGA supplement, and the control group. Intervention included three MRT training sessions per week and the duration of each session was 45 minutes. The training exercise intervention was 10 minutes of warm-up, 30 minutes of metabolic resistance training, and 5 minutes of cool-down. The supplementation arms were also received 400 mg / day CGA extracted from green coffee beans. Expression level of BMP2,4,6, and 7 was the main interested outcome that assessed pre and post intervention.

We observed significant decrease in BMP2 level in combined intervention group in compared with the control group (Regression coefficient= -2.7, 95% CI=-5.0, -0.4). Moreover, we observed that combined intervention has decreased BMP4 level and the observed difference was statistically significant (Regression coefficient= -6.2, -1.7, -10.6). No significant effect for MRT and CGA group was reported regarding BMP2, and BMP4. Neither combined nor separate form of CGA and MRT had no significant effect on BMP6 and BMP7 (P-value>0.05).

Simultaneous MRT exercises and CGA supplementation prohibited expression levels of BMP2, and BMP4. However, they had no significant effect separately. There was no association between the interventions and expression level of BMP6, and BMP7.

In line with the general policy of quantitative and qualitative development of sports by relying on scientific and research achievements and in order to keep sports clean from the harmful and destructive phenomenon of inappropriate use of drugs and supplements, an exorbitant amount is paid annually to track drugs and control doping. The purpose of this research is to investigate the consumption of permitted and unauthorized supplements among skiing athletes in Tehran.

According to the nature of the subject and research objectives, the present research uses the analytical descriptive research method along with the survey method, which was conducted in the field by presenting a standard questionnaire. The statistical population in this research is 103 people from the first to tenth place in national championships. In this research, after collecting data, we use factorial variance analysis, Friedman test and linear regression to perform statistical analysis.

The findings of the research showed that according to the results of this research, we find that all the selected variables in this research, which include (effects on muscles, physical effects, doping and motivation), have a significant effect on the consumption of sports supplements by They have athletes. Also, considering that the selected sample is from the first to tenth champions of the country's skiing championships, most of these people have an acceptable quality of sleep without any particular problem.

It seems that the variables of this research include effects on muscle, physical effects, doping and motivation. The test results showed that the importance and ranking of these criteria are different among athletes. The comparison of the average ranks shows that the most important variable influencing why sports supplements are used among ski athletes was the positive effects on the muscles and improving their performance. The third and fourth are ranked for doping and motivation, respectively.