فصلنامه شهر پایدار
سال پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 20، زمستان 1401)

Different approaches to spatial planning are a way to make our surrounding world meaningful. The Structural-Functional Dynamic approach (SFDA) has recently been articulated within the context of Iranian geographers to provide an alternative meaning for spatial planning concerning the socio-spatial context of Iran. We have interpreted some methodological aspects of this approach in Structural-Functional Dynamics Approach to Spatial Planning ("planning") published in Spatial Planning journal in 2016. The main argument was that the conceptualization of the two essential concepts of space and man in SFDA needs to be revised based on consistent assumptions. Although SFDA, following humanism, has rejected objectivism, an elitist top-down spatial planning, the idea of threshold in the neoclassical economy, and universal laws of human behavior, it reproduced them due to its tendency to positivism and the paradigm of geography as a spatial science. In 2018, the author of SFDA in scientific critique and the critique of the Structural-Functional dynamic approach ("Scientific Critique") criticized the way of interpretation presented in planning because of the incorrect translation and misinterpretation of scientific texts, the secondary referencing; and the misunderstanding of the concepts articulated in SFDA. The present article aimed to clarify arguments and interpretations presented in the planning to reply to the Scientific Critique

To better achieve the goals of smart urban growth, there is a need to measure the degree of compliance of different geographical areas with the principles and indicators of smart urban growth. Accordingly, the purpose of the present research is to measure the degree of compliance of the neighbourhoods of Mashhad with smart urban growth. For this reason, this research, using the SWARA weighting method and the WASPAS ranking method, as well as the use of the Geographical Information System (GIS) to analyze and evaluate 26 smart urban growth indicators in 156 neighbourhoods of Mashhad and then rank each of the neighbourhoods. This city has been evaluated in terms of compliance with smart urban growth indicators. The research method used in this research is descriptive-analytical. The results of the analysis show that the neighbourhoods of Azadshahr, 10 Di, and Koh Sangi respectively have the high. In contrast, NK, the whileneighbourhoodshoods of Shahid Bahonar, Mouad, and Keshavarz have the lowest rank in terms of compliance with smart urban growth indicators. In terms of the researched indicators,neighbourhoodshoods in Mashhad Cityity have the most compliance with the principle of mixed land use and the least compliance with the principle of creating diverse transportation opportunities. Also, the distribution of neighbourhoods compatible with smart urban growth has a relatively concentrated situation, which partially indicates spatial injustice in the city of Mashhad, so that mainly the neighbourhoods in the east, south, and northwest of Mashheadcity have the least compliance with the indicators of smart urban growth. As a result, it can be said that the state of compliance of the neighbourhoods of Mashhad with the indicators of smart urban growth is average and to some extent relatively low

The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables and driving forces affecting the future of the water issue in the city of Isfahan and to compile the scenarios facing the city of Isfahan in the water issue. The current research method as an applied research and using the critical uncertainties approach has presented the future scenarios of water in Isfahan. To collect data, the method of library studies and expert panels has been used. Using the opinion of experts, 20 key factors in the form of five drivers, i.e. 1. The price of water, 2. Investing in new technologies, 3. Water policies, 4. urban population and 5. Water infrastructures were categorized. In the next stage, the two drivers of water policies and investment in new technologies as critical uncertainties were the basis for compiling the scenarios of Isfahan City in the field of water, and finally, four scenarios were compiled. The first scenario of the battle for the last sip narrates the situation in which Isfahan will face a severe drought; The second scenario, there is water but little, shows a situation where water policies are forward-looking and do not ignore long-term challenges, but technology is left out as a solution to solve problems in this area; The third scenario is water, but for the rich, it is a bipolar story about access to water; And the fourth scenario of green Isfahan describes a situation that city managers and officials, taking into account the potential of new technologies in the optimal management of water consumption and by adopting forward-looking policies, realize a green city that is favourable to different sections of the society. The results show that drivers and scenarios show that the most important factors determining the future water situation in Isfahan City are not environmental factors, but factors related to human decisions

With the tremendous advances in health in recent decades, it was unimaginable that in the 21st century, the size and spread of the coronavirus could cause such a crisis in the world's cities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies adopted by the urban management of Rasht against the coronavirus. The research method of the present study is quantitative and data collection has been done through surveys and documents. By studying the theoretical concepts and reviewing the research background, eight criteria and 53 indicators were extracted, including the role of municipalities, the role of citizens, management and executive, treatment-healthcare, cleanliness - hygiene, economic, educational-cultural, transportation, and public space. Three hundred ninety-one questionnaires were distributed and completed online among residents and citizens of Rasht. One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Friedman tests in SPSS software were used to analyze the data. Then the research is modeled and analyzed using Smart PLS3 software. The path coefficient leading to the hidden criterion of "cleanliness - hygiene" has a robust effect (0.949). It means that the hygiene-hygienic criterion has a strong effect on the effectiveness of urban management strategies. Economic and therapeutic-care criteria have the most substantial effect with path coefficients of 0.916 and 0.910, respectively. These three criteria and the following indicators have been determined by the citizens of Rasht as important criteria. Disinfection of crowded office and public buildings, an adaptation of shops and fruit and vegetable fields (creating spatial order, etc.), installation of places for handwashing, etc. are among the things that can be done in this period and the urban management should focus on these issues and then address the economy and people's livelihood

Citizens' behavior towards the environment and their moral values in interaction with nature are among the issues that are important in the quality of urban life and sustainable viability of cities. In the present study, using stratified random sampling, Gorgan residents were examined regarding environmentally friendly behaviors and ethical values. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by face validity and reliability by Cronbach's test. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS18 software. The results showed that the pro-environmental behavior index was at a moderate level. However, women and men were not different in regards to pro-environmental behaviors. As studied people grew older, pro-environmental behavior improved, but education level did not correlate significantly. The results also showed no significant correlations between anthropocentric and theocentric orientations with the pro-environmental behaviors index. However, with strengthening ecocentric orientation, the pro-environmental behaviors decrease. These results reaffirm the gap between moral values and behavior in which behaviors have no relationship with environmental beliefs. According to the results, it is suggested that necessary facilities to reduce the cost of environmentally-friendly behaviors should be provided for citizens.

The study of the plans shows that many development plans have failed due to one-dimensional thinking and not considering the relationship between the city and the countryside and the lack of integrated management. Not taking into account the relationship between the city and the countryside and the lack of interaction between urban and rural managers has been an obstacle to the formation of integrated management, and the result has been the polarization of development, regional imbalance, rural emigration, rapid and unplanned growth of cities. In this regard, the current research has been conducted to present an integrated rural-urban governance model for the cities of the northern area of Ilam province. For this purpose, 9 indicators of coherence and synthesis, spatial coherence, interaction and the link between urban management and rural management, seeking participation, consensus orientation, accountability, accountability, justice and equality and transparency were evaluated with appropriate indicators. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population is city managers and city and village councils, among which 322 people were selected as a statistical sample. Data have been analyzed using the structural equation model and pls software. Examining the coefficients of the path shows that the interaction and link between rural and urban management (synergy) have the highest score with a coefficient of 0.854, and the index of spatial cohesion is ranked second with a coefficient of 0.839. The synthesis Cohesion Index with a coefficient of 0.791 has the third degree of influence on the formation of integrated rural-urban governance and the participation index with 0.770, the consensus index with 0.728, the accountability index of 0.696, the accountability index with 0.678, the transparency index with 0.637 and the justice and equality index with 0.604 are placed in the fourth to ninth place respectively in the degree of influence on the establishment of integrated rural-urban governance.

Cultural and physical changes are one of the forms of modernization and globalization processes in developed countries, and today the consequences of these processes have increased in the cities of developing countries. These consequences can be examined in several urban scales, including urban neighbourhoods. The following article examines the impact of modernization and globalization in the two neighbourhoods of Amiriyeh and Zafaranieh in Tehran and the reason for their differences in physical structure and cultural identity. The research method is quantitative and its strategy is causal. The research data collection tool is based on library studies, field methods and questionnaire techniques. The sampling method is based on the corrected model of Cochran, in which 60 questionnaires are distributed in each neighbourhood and questions about cultural identity are asked from the residents of the neighbourhood, the municipal officials and the housekeepers of the neighbourhoods, and the examination of the physical structure is based on field observations. Data analysis and comparison are made using Friedman and T statistical tests. The results of this research show that due to the different cultural, social and economic texture and structure of the two neighbourhoods, and since globalization and modernization focus on areas with higher information capabilities and potentials, the Zafaranieh neighbourhood in comparison With the Amirieh neighbourhood, it has been more affected by the processes of modernization and globalization, and their consequences are very evident in the production of the space of this neighbourhood from the point of view of the physical structure and cultural identity

The crisis caused by the outbreak of a new infectious virus called corona in cities has caused the previously accepted principles in architecture and urban planning to be questioned. The adoption of new strategies in various fields of architecture and urban planning has faced immediate problems for decision-makers. The question addressed in this article is the discovery of the most important strategies as a simple model for Iranian society in the face of the challenges and consequences of this phenomenon. The article seeks to categorize the strategic themes grounded on Coronavirus pandemic challenges in architecture, urban planning and design in Iran. The research aims to build relevant knowledge in the shape of the conceptual model. As the virus has spread quickly among societies and vaccination discovery takes time, it is vital to find theoretical dimensions as well as practical aspects of architecture, urban planning and design to respond to the challenge. Thus based on a grounded theory methodology and applying content analysis and focus group techniques, the primary sources gathered from an expert panel including countrywide faculty members of IAU with architecture and urban planning and design expertise. To consider the data collection saturated, the graduate students' sketches during a semester as well as the extensive literature have been analyzed. Challenges, consequences, and strategies are codified in three phases: Open, axial, and selective codes have been sorted out. The article concludes that the themes might be classified based on five challenges from less physical (including socio-economic, cultural-educational) to more physical (consisting of planning-design, urban infrastructure, and traffic). The themes include housing, education-research, participation, planning, design, Information and Communication Technology, and public transportation. There is no discrepancy between the extracted strategies for either post or pre Corona eras. The most common concept among themes and strategies is their dichotomy qualities (such as place and non-place). The good governor based on healthy city approaches, however, is the crucial theme that may bind the whole theme.

The rapid development of urbanization in developing countries has led to the emergence of a variety of crises that the issue of planning has become one of the most important challenges facing urban planners and managers. The metropolis of Karaj, as a case study in this study, is a suitable example of cities that in developing countries have put the Western planning model in the form of comprehensive plans or strategic structures on their agenda since 1351. Without its goals and methods, both in content and in the description of services, to meet its local needs. Thus, these plans and programs have so far been acceptable success in solving problems have not affected parts of the city such as rapid transformation and unplanned and explosive growth of the city in the form of urbanization model prior to urban planning, threat of development of construction in agricultural and garden lands, anomalies and Social distortions, declining quality of life, and lack of basic living facilities and services. Considering the concepts of sustainability and the efforts that have been made in the last two decades to improve urban planning and more efficient models, in this descriptive-analytical study with systematic analysis technique, a list of sustainability indicators from reliable sources (World Bank, Commission The United Nations Sustainable Development (UNCSD), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), etc.) were included. Then, using the methodology of "Green Book" (part of the strategic and research program of the Office of Research and Development ORD3) in the United States) and according to the law of renaming the Ministry of Housing (1353), classification and localization of evaluation and management indicators Sustainability of development plans took place. The results of the evaluation based on the content analysis technique show; The description of services urban development plans can be seen, with what content plan has been prepared, are considerable. In addition to the mentioned distance, the theoretical literature of sustainable development has not been well processed both in terms of context and content. Therefore, it is necessary to make a fundamental review in the process of preparing and content of urban development plans as one of the tools to achieve development and formulate a comprehensive development plan by establishing a balance between different dimensions of development.

In the present century, with the advent of new and intelligent technologies in the field of information and communication technology in Tehran metropolis, many changes have taken place in the life of urban dwellers and its quality, and this has attracted the attention of many thinkers to the concept of "quality of smart life". The result is a review and presentation of effective dimensions and indicators in measuring it in Tehran metropolis. Given the importance of the quality of life factor in the urban planning system, attention to the concept of intelligence and the expansion of its impact on this factor is increasingly discussed. The purpose of this study is to achieve a structural model, the order of importance and impact factor of dimensions and quality indicators of smart urban life through structural equations with partial least squares (PLS) approach in the metropolis of Tehran. Districts one, six and nineteen of Tehran Municipality have been selected as the statistical population and the size of the statistical population is four hundred people. Based on the results, all seven dimensions of research have a significant relationship with the quality of intelligent urban life to measure and evaluate it. Also, in order to express the importance of these dimensions in different regions, the factor of cohesion and social participation in region one, public education in region six and the factor of resource consumption and environment in the nineteenth region of Tehran have the highest rank. It can be said that the development of cities and communities is strongly influenced by the increasing development of information and communication technology in different parts of the world, but this issue should not ignore the differences and demands of different people.