مجله جستار های زبانی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 74، خرداد و تیر 1402)

This study deals with fortition processes in Sistani dialect as spoken in Sistan region located in the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province based on Autosegmental phonology by Goldsmith (1976). This is a descriptive-analytic study. So, 20 females and males more than 50 years old, low educated and Sistani dialect speakers have been selected by random. The data has been gathered by interviewing and recording their free speech for twenty minutes per person . The relevant data has been extracted from the recorded sentences and then transcribed by IPA alphabet. Eventually, the phonological rules of the data have been described and analyzed based on the concepts and principles of Autosegmental phonology.  The research results showed that the fortition process in Sistani dialect, is represented as glottal [ʔ] insertion in initial position of word, front high glide [j] insertion and nasal consonant [n] insertion between two vowels at the end of the word in the coda position, the conversion of voiced obstruent /ʁ/ to voiceless obstruent [χ], the conversion of obstruent labio-dental /f/ and /v/ to labial [p] and [b], gemination between two morphemes and at the end of some words and also, aspiration process in the voiceless obstruent consonants in the onset position of the first syllable, the stressed syllables in the middle of words as well as the coda position of the last syllable.

Flipped classroom is one of the relatively new teaching methods in which teaching takes place outside the classroom and class time is devoted to practice, and learning is established under the supervision of the teacher. Various studies in the world and in Iran have examined the effectiveness of flipped learning in teaching English, but these studies have been done either in the context of schools and institutes or with English language college students. This study examines students’ attitudes towards the flipped classroom, and the effectiveness of flipped learning in General English courses at Farhangian University. Findings show that students are satisfied with the flipped classroom and prefer it to traditional classes. Based on the results of paired and independent t-tests, flipped learning improves studentschr('39') learning in General English courses. In addition, gender can affect the effectiveness of flipped learning, but studentschr('39') field of study does not have such a role. Based on the findings of this study, flipped learning can used to increase the effectiveness of General English courses in face-to-face and virtual classes.

The present study has examined and analyzed the novel of “Baba Sobhan’s legend” in the framework of Lesley Jeffries' theory and based on the components of critical stylistics. In this regard, an attempt was made to answer the following questions: 1. How are the writer's ideologies represented in the way that the linguistic elements of the novel are chosen and arranged, which are interpreted as style? 2. What kinds of discourse elements have made it possible to discover the ideologies hidden in the style of the novel? So, the main purpose of this article is to reveal the hidden ideologies in the writer's utterances. For this purpose, the vocabularies and sentence structures of the novel, which provide the way for gaining the discourse style and the cognition of style, have been studied and analyzed. In this paper, through a descriptive-analytical approach, the authors have extracted and categorized Lesley Jeffries’ views which are mentioned in the book "Critical Stylistics". Then they have analyzed the novel considering the components of this book. Findings indicate that the strategies of "negating" and "prioritizing" are the most frequent, and "naming", "equating" and "assuming and implying" have the lowest frequency in this discourse. The analysis of these findings shows that the writer in his discourse, considering the conditions of society and serfdom system in Iran, has depicted the villagers’ socio-economic situation and the realities of their lives through a critical approach. He has also criticized the authorities in Iran in the years before the land reform.

Autonomy and self-learning are concepts that have regained value and meaning in modern methods of foreign language teaching. The purpose of this study is to investigate how language learners can be helped to gain autonomy in learning and self-learning skills in a French language classroom. To provide a solution in this regard, we first need to answer the question, what is the basic difference between self-taught and non-self-taught language learners? Our hypothesis is that self-taught learners naturally have higher "knowledge-skills", "knowledge-learning skills" and higher life experience than others. In order to compare the abilities of self-taught and non-self-taught learners in applying cognitive and metacognitive strategies, we published a call and asked 35 learners who had learned French completely or partially on their own to answer two questionnaires about using cognitive and metacognitive strategies. These two questionnaires are taken from Politzer, McGroarty and Willing. At the same time, 35 people who had not been self-taught in any course of learning French were asked to answer the above two questionnaires. The results of this study, which was presented as a descriptive statistic, show that learners use both strategies They have higher abilities. As a result, it should be said that autonomy and all cognitive and metacognitive strategies, although they may exist naturally in all individuals, but their emergence from potential to actual in most cases is not spontaneous and requires educational support.

One of the vague words of Shāh-nāma is the word "Karimān", which is mentioned in Shāh-nāma as Rostam's ancestor. Contemporary scholars, influenced by Mo'in, considered the meaning of "Karimān" is the plural of the word "Karim", and lexicographers, epic poets, and linguists called it a special name, but they could not express the etymology of the word.Using Diachronic Etymology and Comparative Linguistics, this paper examines the historical forms of the word (Kār-framān, Kahrumān and Qahramân) in comparison with similar cases in official sources and folklore literature in Persian, Turkish, Kurdish and Arabic. The old form of the word, " Kār-framân", in the official usage meant agent in the court in matters such as treasury and in military usage, meant the king's appointment in of the military department. For this reason, this title has been attributed to Sistani heroes, and in particular, to Rostam's ancestor. The implicit meaning of courage is also derived from the military usage of the word, used in the Arabicized form of the word ("Qahramân"). Ferdowsi also mentioned the form of the special name of this word as the name of Rostam ancestor, and changed "Kahrumān" to "Karimān" in order to rhyme with Narimān. The reconstruction of the story of this character in the cycle of Sistani epics, clarified his relationship with "Hüšang-Shāh", who in Sistani sources was the third king of Iran. Therefore, the problem of Karimān's attribution to Hüšang was also solved and it became clear why he was named the third king of Iran.

Shaikh shahaboddine Suhrawardi (1154-1191) originator “Illuminato school”, has linked Hellene philosophy, Islamic mysticism with Quranic inspiration in his symbolic books. His symbolic narrative alleged thoughtful among Henry Corbin (1903-1978) are result intuitive experiences himself that they have been written. Theory discourse semiotic is the new attitude of knowledge semiology that convert relation between signifier and signified to a fluid stream and multidimensional and provide background creation new meanings in a text. Suhrawardi  is among discourses in arena mystic symbolic texts that although he has been lived centuries before thoughtful semiotics among Greimas; but his writings have ability research with the theories. Therefore two texts that have selected as example, are similar together namely “Red wisdom” Shaikh shahaboddine Suhrawardi and “Resalatottair” Abne-Sina for this research, until we research on one hand discourse systems and on the other hand the kind of narrative in them. Both narratives are explanation an effort for access to value object that unlike classical narratives, is interior of activist not external of him. In both narratives have been signs of regime narrative de fusion and in  “Red wisdom” moreover is regime narrative de accommodation too. Also the kinds of action, tension, modality discourse systems and existential can be researched in two books of Suhrawardi. This research has done to style analysis quality context and basis theory of semiotic in arena of modern linguistics with emphasis on sample Greimas.

Qashqai Turkic is one of the southwestern​​ (Oghuz) Turkic languages which is spoken in the south of Iran. The intense and long-term linguistic contact of Qashqai Turkic with Persian has caused profound changes in its original characteristics at all language levels and its convergence with Persian language is increasing day by day. In this research, in the framework of the code-copying model introduced by Lars Johanson, the syntactic changes occured in this language as a result of contact with Persian have been studied. Changes in causation strategies, strategies for expressing modality, expressing the verb "have", deletion of genitive case marker of the possessor in a genitive-possessive construction, change in the expression of copula and existential verbs, investigation of evidentiality, investigation of newly made compound "belä+possessive suffix", change of verb government of postposition in some verbs, investigation of the presence of Persian Ezafe, Persian indefinite article and Kurdish definite article in Qashqai Turkic, deletion of the interrogative enclitic -mI and change in order of adjective and indefinite article (bir) are the items that have been studied in this study. In this research, in addition to re-evaluating the claims of previous research about syntactic changes in Qashqai Turkic, new achievements have also been introduced by investigating and analyzing a written corpus consisting of seven story books and relying on the statistics obtained from this investigation.

The present paper aims to investigate the superlative comparison schemas and to capture the way this grammatical notion is encoded linguistically in Persian based on Heine’s (1997) cognitive approach. To this end, all comparative constructions involving the notion of superlative comparison were collected as our data through a comprehensive search of the Colloquial Persian Dictionary by Najafi (2008). The research hypothesis is that Heine’s proposed model cannot account for the Persian data. The results of the study showed that in Persian, five more schemas, namely the Linking, the Possession, the Equation, the Body part, the Idiomatic schemas and three more subschemas, as well as some schema blends encoded the superlative notion, in addition to the eight schemas listed in Heine’s. Furthermore, it seemed that some schemas (subschemas), especially the Linking schema, were specific to Persian and they had not been documented in Heine's approach. Moreover, the formal expression of the degree marker, the marker of standard, and the standard was not obligatory and, in such cases, the superlative comparative meaning was encoded by an element that combined the meaning of these elements together in some way or other. Finally, our hypothesis was confirmed and the study ended with a suggestion to modify Hein's schema list to account for the Persian data.

Power, through a linguistic model, redefines the underlying meanings that form behind the relations of substitution, companionship, and within a sign. an examination of the mechanisms of different texts shows that divine power, by influencing and influencing linguistic structures, represents different forms of transcendental hegemony. Given that Rumi's Masnavi is one of the great mystical narratives, the main issue is how the hegemony of divine power articulates the structures of the language of mystical discourse and the manner of expression and function of different types of narrators and becomes a transcendence itself. Therefore, in the present article, after explaining the relationship between the language of discourse and narration with the critical discourse analysis approach, the effect of believing in divine power on the linguistic structure of discourse and the method of narration of different narrators has been investigated. The result of this research indicates that the hegemony of divine power, like the dominant transcendence from outside affects the structure of the language of discourse and the narrator's mind, in which case the author-narrator is inside the larger text of the universe. He has become one and he writes in the language of the transcendental. Divine power also, by means of tricks, regulates the style of the narrators' minds towards the commandments, and in this way, represents the ideology hidden behind the discourse and ruling the writer's mind.

Due to the importance of the lexicography and the scarcity of empirical research on the attitudes of the bilingual dictionary users, the current mixed-methods research attempted to investigate Iranian EFL learners, teachers, and translators’ attitudes toward the equality of the online and off-line bilingual English-Persian dictionaries. In doing so, first, a five-point Linkert scale questionnaire including 30 multiple-choice and five open-ended items that was developed and validated by the researchers, was filled out by 34 translators, 86 university professors who taught translation courses at BA, MA, and PhD levels, and 254 English translation studies students. Then, 10% of the participants were orally interviewed. Finally, focus group discussions (FGDs) were carried out with translation students. Participants mentioned negative attitudes toward the use of the current bilingual Persian-English dictionaries and the mentioned problems such as inadequate equivalents, inappropriate translations, obsolete use of Persian words, absence of all meanings and so forth. They mentioned that printed dictionaries were better than off-line and online ones. Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant differences among the attitudes of the three groups of participants. The findings of this study can help Iranian lexicographers develop better printed, offline, and online bilingual English Persian dictionaries.

Since the technology of optical recognition of characters is essentially based on Latin script, almost all the algorithms and processes involved in the Persian OCR systems are constructed upon the structure and scriptological features of Latin alphabet. This utilization of the means and features of Latin script in order to design Persian-based OCR systems, however, not only has not resulted in the appropriate optical recognition of Persian characters but also has simultaneously ended in confusion on the part of both the Persian-speaking users and the systems. Through a step by step discussion and analysis of the processes involved in the optical recognition of characters based on the scriptological features of the Persian script, not only the deficiencies and faults of the current Latin-based OCR systems will be pinpointed but also a different aspect of the Persian writing system, in connection with its use in computer software, especially OCR systems, will be drawn so that the reader will practically notice the potentials and capabilities of this complex script in contrast to the simpler Latin writing system. In the end, in order to upgrade and improve the current algorithms employed in Persian OCR systems, the geometrical process of transferring bi-dimensional specifications into mono-dimensional ones has been utilized. The proposed algorithm, which is based on the scriptological features of the Persian script, will simultaneously result in the convenient manipulation of patterns, reduction of the bulk of the database, and acceleration of the data processing rate.

Localization of the different stages of auditory processing is among the most hotly debated topics in neurolinguistic researches and there has been a strong emphasis on the role of two sub-areas of the auditory cortex -namely the primary auditory cortex (A1) and superior temporal gyrus (STG)-  as the source of sensory analysis and preliminary cognitive processing of the auditory input. This study intends to explore spatial correlates of neural processing of the Persian vowels. Then to exploit that information to shed some light on the contents of the cognitive procedures attributed to different areas of the auditory cortex. To achieve such a goal, we employed electroencephalography to map the Persian vowel system onto cortical sources using the N1 auditory evoked potential and its subcomponents N1a and N1b. The resulting source analysis of the obtained data revealed that the spatial coordinates of both neural clusters that induce early and late subcomponents of the N1 for each vowel were better correlated to the distinctive features of the respective vowel than to its acoustic properties. Such results support the claim that contrary to the former conception of the auditory processing procedures, the A1 is not exclusive to the sensory analysis and that the categorical recognition commences at an earlier stage than formerly understood.

Semiotics - Semantics, which is an evolved form of classical semiotics, provides an opportunity to study how meaning is produced, functioned, and received in a process system . Accordingly, the relations of signs, and the power of meanings are not enough to show the production of signs and meanings , also The conditions and nature of discourse construction are examined too. In this regard, to study the process of the cognitive dimension system of Nahj al-Balaghah and the strategies of inducing cognition in the cognitive cycle and the role of the discourse partner, letter 31 entitled- His will for Hassan- son of Ali, which he wrote to him in Harderin” - Famous for the will -was selected and examined by analytical-descriptive method. The results show that the speed and slowness of the persuasion process, strategies and tools to use it, including encouragement, warning and forbid in the letter, depends on the addressee and the existence of ethical beliefs in the archive of his beliefs reference belief. Therefore, because Imam Hassan (AS) is an addressee that has a common belief and reference belief with the speaker, cognitive variants in the cycle of cognitive process, are offered quickly. In these circumstances, In these circumstances, the existence of ethical belief precedes cognition and persuasion strategies, and the types of awareness that have the aspect of encouraging ethical action are used the most. Also, if there is a danger in the way of the addressee reaching the valuable object, pseudo-right and wrong.

The tradition of mystical biography by writing both forms of collective and personal writing biography is a continuation of Islamic historiography that uses the tradition of documenting and objectification of the science of hadith to validate itself and it creates facts about mystics or a mystic. From an epistemological point of view, the construction of the mentioned reality is the result of selecting the author-narrator or narrators who represent it according to special epistemology or ideological attachments, this point is especially noticeable in personal biographies due to the density of events and many details. One of these biographies is Manaqib al-Arifin al-Aflaki, which has been written about Rumi and his entourage. In this article, the narrative-discourse validity of Aflaki constructed reality in representing the events of Rumi's life has been identified and interpreted in a descriptive-analytical manner. The theoretical basis of the research is the opinions of some experts in social semiotics and critical discourse analysis, whose meanings have been explained in both quantitative and qualitative levels.  The result shows that the author-narrator documents some of his constructed facts from a quantitative point of view by using four categories of number modality, emphatic, narrative frequency and continuity with high causality. At another level from a qualitative point of view, some other events are first objectively and perceptibly based on the narrator-focal cognitive tools, such as the sense of sight, hearing and touch, which indicate the perceptive "here" and "now"...

Today, the structure of the Arabic press language has suffered from damages that need to be addressed. These problems are mainly due to insufficient attention to grammar rules. There are also some pronunciation and expression problems that cause non-standard language patterns to penetrate the press language. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize these patterns and replace them with standard language patterns. Since Arabic has different types of languages ​​and dialects, it is the standard language that can maintain coherence and unity between them. Promoting and reinforcing standard language patterns is the main job of writers, editors, journalists, and anyone who uses language professionally. Obviously, what is said by these people is usually considered as a standard language and spreads to other educational centers and the media. Currently, the language of the Arabic press suffers from the shortcomings and damages that have affected the body of the language. The media should try to enrich the Arabic language capacities and take advantage of all its possibilities and provide the grounds for the growth and development of the press language, along with extensive social, cultural and political developments, a flood of foreign aggressive words, the increasing speed of innovations and the arrival of new achievements.

The way of arranging proverbs in dictionaries has been one of themost important problems for lexicographers and paremiographers. Therefore in this study, based on cognitive semantic approach,the way of arranging proverbs in dictionaries was considered. The purpose of the current study is to organize proverbs in dictionaries in anew, non-linear and non-alphabetical way and according to a scientific and theory-based approach.Toachievethepurposeofthestudy, the following research question was proposed: How to use a way other than the usual alphabetical and linear way based on which proverbs are presented in dictionaries? To do this, based on descriptive-analytical method and cognitive semantics approach and its mechanisms, such as conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy and conventional knowledge, the authors have examined the data extracted from The great two-volume Dictionary of Persian Proverbs (Zolfaghari, 2009),The famous Proverbs of Iran (Soheili, 2005) and internet resources. The results indicated that according to semantic motivation and the concepts of target domains of the proverbs,a non-linear and non-alphabetical way can be proposed for arranging proverbs and their equivalents in order to reflectthe conceptual structures of mind and language and to help language learners to learn and remember them easily.