نشریه مطالعات فرهنگ دیپلماسی
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1401)

The Republic of Azerbaijan, in the first wave of the Karabakh war, was defeated due to reasons such as internal instability, weak military forces, and the support of the former Soviet Union and then Russia to Armenia. In the years after the above battle, the Republic of Azerbaijan was able to make a positive change in its political stability as well as its weapons power and achieve victory in the second battle of Karabagh (2020 AD). This process happened simultaneously with the country becoming a major oil exporter and the growth of oil rentierism. This article tries to investigate the impact of political economy and oil rentierism in the Republic of Azerbaijan on the quality of military diplomacy of the political elite and the improvement of its weaponry. The importance of the article is due to the weakness of the research literature related to the relationship of the above variables. The research question is raised as follows: "How can we analyze the impact of oil revenues on the different military results of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the two Karabakh wars?" The hypothesis of the article states: The increase in oil income and the entry of petrodollars into the government budget of the Republic of Azerbaijan after the first Karabakh war caused the political and especially military weaknesses of this country to be equal to Armenia, with the increase in the level of military expenses and the purchase of high weapons. and increase the logistic power and equipment of the army and the bargaining power of the political elites and leaders of this country.Diversification in arms supply partners and the growth of military cooperation (Russia, Israeli regime and Turkey) has meant effective military diplomacy of the Republic of Azerbaijan and has affected the budget of SOFAZ Foundation.

Strategic culture is one of the most important factors that affect the foreign policy and defense / security policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran.However, the relationship between Strategic culture and the foreign policy and defense-security policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is an issue that requires analysis and research.Religion, history and historical experiences (especially contemporary history and Iraq-Iran war), geography and geopolitics, the international system, economy and oil, and society and national identity are the major sources of the strategic culture of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The mechanism of influence of these resources is also through the creation of features or coordinates in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, such as; Supporting Muslims and Shiites , independence, resistance, justice, expediency, national defense and deterrence, distrust of foreigners, strategic patience, and so on. In fact, the sources of the strategic culture of the Islamic Republic of Iran have created characteristics or components in the foreign policy and security / defense policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and these characteristics are considered as characteristics of the foreign and security / defense policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In this article, after examining the concept of strategic culture in the form of constructivist theory, the quantity and quality of resources and the effects of the strategic culture of the Islamic Republic of Iran are discussed.

Traditional theories include diplomacy in the form of foreign policy softwares and defense as among the hard tools in this field. The concept of defense diplomacy, by questioning these traditional notions, is a central concept in the separation and separation of defense security from foreign policy. Defense diplomacy emphasizes that diplomacy can be used for a variety of purposes and against a variety of threats. Given that after the revolution, the Islamic Republic of Iran has been exposed to various threats by regional and trans-regional countries, it is necessary to examine the mission and defense capability of the country. Given the position and role of the "leadership" in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei's statements on the typology of threats can be divided into two categories: soft and hard. With this in mind, the question arises as to the "congruence of the mission of defense diplomacy against soft threats in the words and writings of Ayatollah Khamenei." To answer this question, one must first look at the threat typology in the words and writings of the revolutionary leader and then assess its relation to the mission of defense diplomacy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the statements of Ayatollah Khamenei in terms of typology of threats and its comparison with the mission of the country's defense diplomacy. Semantic approaches are used to analyze the content of these works in order to discover and interpret the data. Semiotic approaches allow the researcher to interpret and present a floating meaning of words and writings.

Identity factors play an important role in the foreign policy of countries, this influence can cause both threats and opportunities. That means the existence of ethnic, linguistic, and religious identity between two countries can cause interaction between the parties and achieve their desire goals, in contrariwise it can cause long-term risks and threats. This procedure is prominent about Afghanistan for the existence of multiple ethnic, tribal, religious, and linguistic identities are prominent, so the present article tries to discuss the impression of identity factors on Afghanistan's foreign policy during the rule of Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai.The big question is, what are the prominent identity factors in this period, and these factors are threats or opportunities for Afghanistan's foreign policy? The result shows the failure of Ashraf Ghani's foreign policy from the point of view of the opportunistic use of identity factors.In the field of interaction with Shia and Sunni countries in West Asia, despite the lack of a deep challenge, he could not take advantage of the existing interaction opportunity to repel threats such as the Taliban. Also, in his interaction with Pakistan, he couldn’t get benefit from the common religious, ethnic and linguistic identity; however, Pakistan is a factor in Taliban's rise to power and collape of Ashraf Ghani's government.The plan of Ashraf Ghani's government in the economic field also shows his lack of success in taking advantage of identity factors, and the problems of Afghan immigrants, economic stability and dependence on foreign aid, show the dominance of the element of "ethnicism" over national interests both inside and outside the country. It is outside of Afghanistan’s borders in this period. The theoretical framework of the current research, constructivism, and the method of the article is descriptive and analytical and use library documents and resources.

Starting with the rule of Nasser al-Din Shah, Minister of State in the form of an entity independent effects even was . Efforts Nasir al-Din Shah to create structures of the new government and also to determine and limit the duties of the ministry of the institutions and entrust the responsibility of each one to one of the men, and about the making of the absolute will of the chancellor out that the authority him to decline Dad . The external, that before the reign of Nasir al-Din Shah under the influence of the court and the chancellor was at the beginning of the reign of his form growing in the Ministry of Foreign focused on was the one of the Ministers as well as the balance of influence and power to attempt to lay down rules governing warranties Executive higher for optional Department of State to the win . This is the introduction Tuesday of the Ministers of Foreign influence on politics outside the period of the reign of Nasir al-Din Shah , to investigate the conditions and performance period of each of which are assigned to, as well as the functions and duties of the Department of State as well as as one of the the most foot- bureaucratic era of Nasser al-Din Shah examined the data is . In this regard, this study is the way descriptive - analysis of the information it is based on the documents and resources library, a collection of the . The results of this study indicate that it is a conflict of interest and competition , each of the ministers situation unstable and difficult for operators politics outside Drmsnd Ministry of Foreign emerged were brought And this competition is often to the advantage of the new to the State of Russia and or the UK by the Minister of State for the lead . Relationships outside of the decrees vary depending of the the fate of the structure of the political state is determined to be.

During Ahmadinejad's government, along with the growing conflict between the goals of the Iran and the Israel in the region, especially in the wars of Israel with Hezbollah and Hamas, there has been an intensification of Iran-US. Hence, in view of the special relationship between the US and Israel on one hand and the growing conflict between the goals of the Iran and Israeli during the Ahmadinejad era, the role of the Israel as an important factor in intensifying the confrontation between Iran and the US can be evaluated. Accordingly, this article aims to examine the role of the Israel in the intensification of the opposition between the Iran and the United States during the Ahmadinejad’s presidency. This study (with a descriptive-analytical approach) concluded that: Israel has played an important role in increasing the aggressive policies of the US and, consequently, the escalation of Iran-US confrontation by: linking Ahmadinejad's nuclear program to his policies toward this regime, "securitizing" of Iran's nuclear and regional activities, presenting the idea of its “existential threat" to the international community and with "announced" and "action" policies and scenarios in line with the plan, imposing the threat of attack to Iran and following Iranophobia.

Today, there is a deep belief that man, as a political animal, is motivated by emotions and internal functions of the brain and makes decisions within the framework of these emotions. From this point of view, psychology can be more effective than any other field in international relations as a window to understand politics. In the meantime, diplomacy, as the knowledge of the communication between representatives of countries and the beating heart of international politics in order to resolve disputes, needs to be equipped with psychology more than any other aspect of this field. In this regard, this article, with the aim of exploring the role and function of political psychology in diplomacy, seeks to answer the question; How and why can political psychology help diplomats in the process of diplomacy? Using the descriptive-analytical method and based on documentary studies, this hypothesis was tested that the actions of all people in the world are directed by their perceptual-personal treasury and mental expectations. Therefore, the mind as an active mirror shapes the phenomena and concepts, and the diplomat, by mastering psychology and personality cult, can reflect what he wants in this mirror to a large extent.