Nanomedicine Research Journal
Volume:8 Issue: 2, Spring 2023

In order to reduce cartilage damage and enhance tissue regeneration in a variety of musculoskeletal conditions, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)-based treatments have attracted increasing attention. The effects of MSCs are primarily controlled by inhibiting inflammatory reactions and inducing immunomodulation, which is largely accomplished by the secretion of a variety of anti-inflammatory cytokines. These mediators prevent the proliferation and motility of FLS in vivo, which prevents cartilage degeneration. Furthermore, MSCs-derived nanometric exosome therapy can inhibit the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which function as matrix-degrading enzymes, and ultimately results in decreased extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown. MSCs-derived exosome in fact act as cell-free sources in the context of the regenerative medicine. In addition, administration of MSCs intravenously and systemically to patients with OA and RA has been shown to be safe and effective therapeutically. Here, we have focused on the ability of MSC-based approaches like using MSCs-derived exosome to favor both chondrogenic and chondroprotective influences in arthritis.

The differentiation of certain structures from nearby tissues during medical imaging requires a sufficient amount of signals from the targeted area. The limitations of conventional contrast agents prevent the possibility of quick and accurate diagnosis of some cases and cause many problems for the patients and society. However, most of these restrictions can be surpassed through the unique physico-chemical characteristic nanotechnologyology and nano structures. Nanocarriers are abled to take the role of contrast agents or even provide the efficient delivery of these agents as carriers, while the capability of nanostructures in facilitating the simultaneous transportation of diagnostic and therapeutic agents is also undeniable. Thanks to the modern application of nanotechnology, it is possible to perform the targeted distribution of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to the desired locations. The status of in vivo surveillance and targeting efficiency can be improved by exploiting the potential benefits of nanoparticles and therefore, it is quiet expected to witness interesting characteristics from nanocarrier imaging agents for the diagnosis and staging of different diseases. This work presents a summary on the most common contrast agent nanostructures in medical imaging.

Through a successful attempt, the extract of Prosopis fracta was exerted for the green and simple production of pure and 3% cobalt doped zinc oxide Co-ZnO) nanorods (NRs), which were configured in the following through the analytical results of XRD, FESEM, and EDX procedures. The appearance of finely doped cobalt throughout the construction of zinc oxide was approved by the data of XRD and EDX. Considering how the length and diameter of pure ZnO Nanorods were determined by the FESEM process to be 500 ± 0.2 nm and 100 ± 5 nm, the doping process of cobalt into ZnO caused an enlargement respecting the doped nanorods length as well as diameter. We examined toxicity of nanorods towards breast cancer MCF-7 by the employment of WST-1 trial. In contrast to results of pure nanorods, the doped nanorods were abled to induce a stronger toxicity on MCF-7 cells and therefore, it can be indicated that the conduction of doping process on ZnO nanostructure resulted in intensifying its inhibitory impact towards MCF-7 cells.

The purpose of this study was to explore the pancreas recovery in diabetic rats after treatment with the synthesized, curcumin@zinc oxide nanocomposite (CUR@ZnO NPs). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats received low-dose treatments with Cur@ZnO NPs (1 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. The results indicated that CUR@ZnO NPs administration completely recovered T2DM rat’s pancreas. Similarly, CUR@ZnO NPs were exceptional in improving the lipid profile of diabetic rats. The immunohistochemical investigation confirmed these results and revealed a complete recovery of pancreas and insulin production all over the pancreatic islets of the CUR@ZnO NPs group than in all other groups.  Moreover, lesion scores in the pancreas and liver of T2DM rats given CUR@ZnO NPs showed a prodigious amelioration than the other groups. The previous results confirmed each other and indicate the success of CUR@ZnO NPs administration at low doses in the restoration of pancreas and insulin production in T2DM rats. The obtained results could help and guide the dose of CUR@ZnO NPs required as a novel drug for T2DM pancreas recovery.

This study examined the effective parameters on fabrication of an aptasensor to detect fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize flour. For this purpose, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was firstly electrodeposited onto screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Then, a thiol-modified single stranded DNA (ss-HSDNA) was immobilized on the AuNPs/SPCE electrode. By applying the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique, the effects of HAuCl4 and ss-HSDNA concentrations in the electrolyte, incubation time of aptamer and FB1, pH and temperature of the electrolyte on the peak current response were investigated. The findings indicated that the optimal concentration of HAuCl4 was 5 mM. The peak current of CV decreased as the concentration of ss-HSDNA increased and the optimum ss-HSDNA concentration was chosen at 5 µM. In addition, the CV peak currents decreased with increasing incubation time of aptamer or FB1. The peak currents of CV first decreased and then increased as the electrolyte's temperature increased. The electrolyte's pH also showed this trend. Base on the results, this aptasensor could be a promising tool for FB1 detection in maize flour.

Carbon dots (C-dots) are an emerging class of engineered nanomaterials with broad applications in medicine, bio-imaging, sensing, electronic devices, and catalysis. The study aimed to synthesize carbon nanoparticles with antibacterial therapeutic properties against clindamycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and ciprofloxacin-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia strains. The C-dots were prepared by a hydrothermal method. Then the synthesized carbon dot were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The minimum inhibitory concentration of C-dots was evaluated by the micro-broth dilution method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. The C-dots significantly reduced S. aureus and K. pneumoniae strains growth when compared to untreated bacteria (control; P < 0.05). Therefore, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C-dots for clindamycin-resistant S. areus and ciprofloxacin-resistant K. pneumoniae strains were 500 and 250 µg/ml, respectively. The survival percentage of S. areus and K. pneumoniae decreased to 48.05% and 11.6% respectively after treatment with 250 μg/ml C-dots. However, the viability of bacteria decreased to 3.8% and 2.5% at the concentration of 500 μg/ml.  The results show that by producing antibacterial drugs at the nanoscale, C-dots are a promising new approach to improve the effectiveness of treating infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.

One of the categories of antimicrobial substances are medicinal plants, which are technically categorized as a relatively new method in active packaging due to the presence of phenolic compounds, in addition to solving the mechanical and physical issues with packaging films. In this study, the weight-to-weight ratio of nano-titanium dioxide to zein (X1), the weight-to-weight ratio of rosemary to zein (X2), and the solution feeding rate (X3) were examined for their effects on the dependent variables of nanofiber diameter (Y1) and solution viscosity (Y2). The electrospinning procedure was then carried out in the following circumstances: applying the ideal voltage of 12 kV; placing a 150 mm gap between the needle's tip and the collector; feeding the solution at a variable pace; and operating at room temperature and pressure. The ideal nanofibers had a size of 88.69 nm, a consistent structure, no flaws, and a viscosity of 0.62 pascal-second. Zein, a biodegradable and biocompatible biopolymer, rosemary essential oil, which has antibacterial qualities, and nano titanium dioxide are three ingredients that make an excellent combination for active food packaging.

To assess the effects of the exosome produced by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on ameloblast-like cells' capacity to proliferate. The exosomes were isolated from the human BM-MSCs and characterized by TEM images and western blotting. Then ALC cells were exposed with the increasing concentration of the exosome within 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours of treatment. Then, the cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Also, the expression levels of the cyclin A, cyclin B, PI3K/AKT and FOXO3 were measured by real-time PCR upon cell exposure with 40 ng/ml exosome within 24-72 hours of treatment. BM-MSCs-exosome could to promote the viability of ALC cells, in particular, at higher concentrations. Also, therapy resulted in an increased level of cyclin A/B, PI3K, AKT and FOXO3 in treated cell, more evidently within 72 hours of treatment. We showed that MSCs-derived exosome as natural nanoparticles could improve the viability of ameloblast-like cells by promoting cell cycle arrest and activating P3K/AKT pathway.

The nanostructures of kefiran can be used in different applications such as medicine, drug delivery and biology. Aiming to introduce a novel biocomposite of kefiran usable in drug delivery systems, the biocomposite nanofibers of kefiran/chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) (Kf/CS/PVA) were prepared with a bead-less morphology and minimum mean fiber diameter. The optimum concentration of polymers, blend ratios, and electrospinning parameters were chosen based on analyzing the nanofibers by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The prepared nanofibrous mats were then characterized further with the atomic force microscope (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and contact angle measurement. The prepared nanocomposite was studied as a potential drug carrier for pramipexole dihydrochloride, a widely used treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Pramipexole loaded Kf/PVA and Kf/CS/PVA nanocomposite were fabricated using electrospinning and crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. The release features of all drug-loaded nanofibers were conducted for studying using in vitro dissolution procedure and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Kf/PVA nanofibers showed slow and low drug release properties in contrast to Kf/CS/PVA. Although crosslinked composite nanofibers had slower release behavior than their non-cross-linked counterparts. The maximum release and reaching a steady state of crosslinked Kf/CS/PVA took four days introducing it as the best candidate of kefiran nanocomposite for drug delivery of pramipexole.

Green synthesis is a simple, cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for the synthesis of nanoparticles.The extraction of Prosopis fracta fruit prepared a beneficial material to achieve pure, 1 and 5% cobált doped zinc oxide nanoparticles (Co-Zn NP) via a green and uncomplicated approach. The characterizing features of the obtained product were configured by analyzing the data of XRD, FESEM, EDX, UV-Vis and FT-IR technics. As the existent of superb doped cobált within construction of zinc oxide was certified via the XRD and EDX, the FESEM análysis uncovered the altered morphology of pure ZnO subsequent to the addition of doped cobalt, while displaying the rod-looking framework of Co-ZnO. In coordination to the anti-bacterial results of produced NP towards Streptococcus mutans bacteria by employing the micro-dilution route, the doped NP exhibited a superior antibacterial functionality than pure NP, which signifies the potential role of Co doped ZnO nanoparticles as an economical choice to be applied for oral and dental infectious illnesses.