نشریه مطالعات برنامه ریزی قلمرو کوچ نشینان
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 4، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

At present, the villages of Iran, due to their characteristics and talents, have needed to improve their identification of strengths and opportunities at the local level. In this regard, Khalkhal County also has a high percentage of rural population. Considering the necessary potentials for a desirable rural life, it faces many challenges in dimensions (economic, sociocultural, environmental, physical and institutional management), for which measures have not been considered so far.

Purpose of the research: The current research aims to determine and explain the strategies of rural development in the territory of nomads in Khalkhal County.

In terms of the purpose, the current research is considered part of applied research, and in terms of method, it is part of qualitative and quantitative methods. The statistical population of the current research includes two parts, the first part is all rural settlements in Khalkhal county. Due to the nature of the project and for the purpose of complete recognition, a full count has been made. The second part: there are expert people in the group (university professors, experts in the field of rural development), informed and knowledgeable people (members of village councils and villagers), who based on a targeted sampling of 30 people as a sample community in this section was determined.

Geographical area of research:

 It has been investigated in the territory of the nomads of Khalkhal County.

A total of 50 strengths have been identified in Khalkhal villages. Among the strengths of economic and physical-spatial factors with 30% impact, the most compelling strengths and institutional-management factors with 0.4 were the least effective. Also, 53 opportunity points were identified in the rural settlements of this city. Among the opportunity points, the sociocultural factor was the most effective, with 30.19 percent, and the institutional-management factor was the least effective, with 0 percent. Finally, the results showed that among the proposed strategies, the development of small businesses for rural women had been assigned the most important in Khalkhal's rural development, considering the villages' facilities and power.

Rural areas of Khalkhal will only develop by paying enough attention to the investigation of rural areas in economic, social, environmental, physical and institutional management dimensions.

Spatial distinctions of the activity of nomadic activists emerged following the expansion of the infrastructure of capital relations in a way that it is more than relying on the productive resources and characteristics within the territory to serve additional value. It is strongly influenced by the types of interactions outside the territory of the ecosystem (cities-villages). In this regard, the spatial imbalance has formed that improving the communication infrastructure has provided the creative platforms for planning the sustainability of the development and the integrity of the ecosystem.

Purpose of the research:

 In the framework of the network paradigm, with an emphasis on the approach of the principles of the regional network, in order to analyze the role and functions of summer and winter pastures within the realm of the ecosystem and the relationships and links outside the realm of the ecosystem with cities and villages based on the preservation and or transforming the capital (maintenance in banks, funds and cooperatives, buying and renting property and real estate, increasing livestock and production, insurance) in order to gain more value. Among these effects, he mentioned the spatial differences of the systems and the interference of users on each other's resources.

in terms of purpose, it is practical and based on a descriptive-analytical method. According to the nature of the research, the method of data collection is a library research method and field visits based on all the systems at the ecosystem level. The required data and information have been collected from the questionnaire tool and questioning technique. Then, the spatial network analysis method (based on the social network analysis method) has been used. In the framework of this method, the primary analysis criteria are based on the classified indicators of the flows under the conceptual relationships of the adapted elements of the networks. The tool used for analysis is software (Ucinet).

Geographical area of research: 

The research location was summer pasture systems located in Shorab Tengzai village and Winter pasture systems around the villages (Lali, Andika, Gatund, Shushtar, Masjid Sulaiman) as the whole ecosystem as well as the junctions (Chama, Khoon Kalli, Zarde, Lepad, Chelo, Shimbar and Minar).

For centralized planning and investment restructuring to achieve sustainable development of the whole integrated ecosystem, it is necessary to know the spatial patterns of interactions and characteristics of relationships - visible and hidden relationships between inside and outside the territory.

The nature of the flow of capital relies on environmental resources (grazing space and pasture), supply and livestock production. With the role of the urban centers of Lali, the ecosystem is limited to three main cities in the neighborhood of the ecosystem. By following the polar spatial pattern, the financial reserves and capital are transferred to buy houses and properties near winter pastures and to buy and increase livestock in winter pastures. Therefore, the cities of Lali, Farsan, and Shahrekord took the first, second, and third places, and the resorts of Golchin, Chamdar, and Ab Bakshan took the fourth, fifth, and sixth places.

Policy formulation in agriculture and natural resources requires a sufficient understanding of the socioeconomic status of rural and nomadic beneficiaries. Meanwhile, regarding the country's economic growth, the nomadic community has particular importance in livestock production and related side activities.

Purpose of the research:

 In this research, some socioeconomic issues such as population, number and population of livestock, fuel consumption, handicrafts and lands were used to analyze the tribes of Khuzestan Province during the last three decades (60, 70 and 80).

Statistics and information required by the library method from socioeconomic censuses of the nomadic tribes in 1366, 1377 and 1387 in the archives of the Iranian Statistical Center were analyzed.Geographical area of research: The studied area includes Khuzestan Province, which is located in the south of Iran.

According to the results, the population and the number of nomadic families in Khuzestan Province decreased from 1366 to 1387. The results showed that most of the nomadic livestock were goats. The number of livestock nomads is higher in summer highland pastures than in winter pastures. The results also showed that most Khuzestan tribal households use firewood and charcoal for cooking and heat generation, and the fuel consumption of the Khuzestan tribes in different types of fuel consumption decreased from 1366 to 1387. The number of handicrafts produced by nomads increased from 1377 to 1387 and decreased from 1366 to 1377. In particular, the Pelas (tent) production among nomadic households has been higher than other handicrafts.

Developing agricultural activities, other handicrafts and other non-livestock activities can play an important role as sources of alternative and supplementary livelihoods, in which appropriate planning is necessary.

Today, tourism is mentioned as an engine of development, and due to its economic and social importance, it is receiving more attention. Therefore, using tourism as a driving engine for regional development requires adopting appropriate and logical strategies following the regional and local capabilities and the directions of land-use planning.

Purpose of the research: 

The current research aims to analyze the current state of Sustainable tourism in the territory of nomads and explain its future with a focus on regional planning (Case study: Nikshahr County).

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Data collection is through questionnaires. The statistical population (residents of Nikshahr) is 141894 people. Based on random sampling and using Cochran's formula, 383 people were selected as the sample.

Geographical area of research:

 This research has been investigated in the nomadic territory of Nikshahr County in Iran.

The t-test results showed that the current and future situation of Nikshahr tourism is unfavorable and inappropriate. Further, the results of Spearman's correlation test showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between all the components of sustainable tourism and the components of regional tourism at the 99% confidence level. By using (F-BMW) model, the study determined the importance and role of each component of regional planning in predicting the sustainable tourism variables. As a result, the component of integrated and consistent development with a weight value of 0.076 was the most important.

The general results showed that the unfavorable management affairs and the current and future state of tourism in Nikshahr are caused because the management system did not follow regional planning principles. The ultimate goal of tourism, in the form of regional planning, is to achieve sustainable tourism, regional balance, and appropriate distribution of activities and maximum use of tourism capabilities (historical, natural, etc.) in the development process.

Landslides are crucial geomorphological hazards that cause much damage to natural resources, agriculture and construction activities and have many economic and social effects.

Purpose of the research: 

This research was conducted to identify the effective factors in creating landslides and determine the areas prone to landslides to prevent the occurrence of landslides using the LNRF method.

In this research, after collecting basic information, a digital elevation model (DEM) and topographic maps were used in order to create information layers of a slope, slope direction, and height, and after cutting the active maps with the distribution map of landslides, LNRF for Each map unit was calculated.

Geographical area of research:

 The study area of this research is Taleghan basin, one of the cities of Alborz Province, which is located 120 km northwest of Tehran.

At first, parameters such as slope, slope direction, height, distance from the fault, distance from the road, distance from the river, geology and land use as effective factors in the environment of geographic information systems (GIS) were prepared and digitized. Then the distribution map of landslides was then prepared using a geological map with a scale of 1:100,000, field visits, and a global positioning system. Using the relationships governing the model, the weight of each effective factor, which indicates their impact in causing landslides, has been calculated.

The results showed that the most influential variables in the occurrence and prediction of the risk of landslides are slope, slope direction, Neogene and Quaternary marls and the use of medium-density pastures. On the other hand, the zoning of landslide risk and the examination of very high-risk zones showed that about almost half of landslides occurred in 36% of the total area of the study area.

Nomads constitute more than 1.7% of the population of Iran and have a large share of the meat and protein production of the whole country. However, the population of this community is decreasing due to the lack of access to basic facilities and proper housing. Nomads living in tents have exposed them to dangers such as fire, wind, storm, etc.

Purpose of the research:

 This research aims to investigate the practical components in the design of self-sufficient housing compatible with the environment and with portability for the Burwanlu nomadic tribe in Khorasan. This research seeks answers to questions such as what components are effective in designing self-sufficient housing with portability and compatibility with summer and summer climates. Moreover, how can the needs of the nomads of this region be correctly answered for housing according to their type of residence, according to these factors?

The research method is library and field study. First, it examines the concepts of portable housing, self-sufficient housing, nomadic society and definitions related to nomadic society and the characteristics of housing and the type of residence and how to integrate them with the climate of the place of residence. Next, a type of housing compatible with the climate and the influential atmospheric factors of temperature and humidity were investigated, and the temperature and humidity change range diagrams were drawn and studied according to the location of the summer cottage area. Ultimately, new and smart materials, analysis and solutions were provided for this community's housing construction.

Geographical area of research: 

The scope of this research is the nomads of Brivanlu tribe in Khorasan, Iran.

From the examination of the temperature and humidity graphs of summer cottages areas, it can be concluded that nomadic housing should have a total humidity change between 1 and 100%, and in the summer house, the temperature is above zero degrees to above 40 degrees. Also, the housings should protect people in temperatures less than -16.9 degrees and more than 33 degrees.

Overall results showed, for the construction of housing, materials should be used that are light and portable and compatible with these climate changes.

Climate change, modernization trends, meta-sectoral management, sick and Sanctioned economy, the failure to preserve the human-pasture-livestock structure, etc., have led to the fact that the nomads look for an alternative livelihood pattern and complementary economy in addition to traditional animal husbandry. One of these patterns is tourism. According to many researchers, all the components of nomadic life and livelihood are considered a capacity and resource for tourism. Therefore, these capacities should be identified, classified, and placed in the tourism product conversion cycle according to each land and nomadic group.

Purpose of the research: 

The current research's primary goal is to identify and typology of resources, products and tourists in nomadic tourism.

The current research is descriptive-exploratory in terms of its purpose and qualitative in nature. The statistical population of the scientific content research was produced in the field of "nomadic community and areas potentials for tourism". Therefore, data and information were collected in a library method. The literature review was based on extracting concepts related to tourism resources.

Geographical area of research: 

In the present study, the capacities of all nomads in the territorial area of Iran have been taken into consideration, which include 251,624 nomadic households in the form of 104 clans and about 565 tribes.

The findings showed that there are 50 sources and capacities for the formation of tourism products in the community and nomadic areas. They are gathered in 9 groups: hospitality, migration, livelihood structure (settlement system, food, clothing, music, indigenous knowledge), handicrafts, clan system, animal husbandry process, nomadic events, ethnic image and natural-geographical environment. Also, two major categories were natural landscape and cultural landscape. Four types of nomadic tourism services and products were identified as an authentic experience, authentic visit, symbolic experience and symbolic consumption. In the typology of tourists, four types were identified nomads, non-participatory visitors, semi-nomads and nomadic consumers. Finally, it was found that nomadic tourism is most compatible with cultural tourism and ecotourism.

All the components of the nomadic lifestyle have been formed in coexistence and adaptation to the climate and environment, as a resource for tourism can be programmed both within the nomadic areas in an original way and can be presented in the designed non-nomadic spaces. Considering that many of the identified capacities are somehow associated with the presence and role-playing of nomadic women, the main burden of transforming nomadic capacities into tourism products is on the shoulders of nomadic women. As a final recommendation, in this process, one should pay attention to the dangers caused by the commodification of nomadic culture.

Filmmakers and anthropologists have always been interested in nomadism as a way of life. The history of ethnographic cinema has long witnessed the recording of this lifestyle.

Purpose of the research: 

The current applied research examined the reflection of nomadism in ethnographic films. It also sought to identify the techniques of ethnographic films for contemporary filmmakers, highlight the main components of nomadism, and thus play an effective role in preserving this culture.

A case study qualitative research method was used with an interpretive-analytical approach. Thus, in addition to the review of the literature, the current study conducted in-depth interviews with different people (Table 1). Purposeful and non-random sampling was used to select experts in art, geography, and culture or the audience who spent much time watching TV. Case studies included "Grass/1925", "Burning Poppy/1963", "People of the Wind/1976", and "Taraz/1988”, which were selected purposefully from the desirable cases.

Geographical area of research:

 The geographical scope of the study included the Zagros mountain range with its challenging paths and ups and downs, the branches of the Karun River making the roughest and most accident-prone routes in Yilaq and Qashlaq of the Bakhtiari tribe, including five main nomadic paths that connect the sub-braches and yurts to the main nomadic paths of Taraz, Hezar Cham, Kuh Sefid, Do Ab, Dezpart, and different areas.

Science and technology are recently destroying rather than supporting the environment, pastures, roads, and nomadic paths. The livelihood problems and the penetration of urbanism into the lives of nomads have encouraged the young generation to leave their tribes and forget the culture of migration and nomadism.

The results obtained by the examination of the films indicated that the ethnographic filmmakers neither sought to produce scientific and artistic work nor emphasized a solid report. Ethnographic filmmakers tried to discover the meaning and display the internal and external ethnic beauties. These films aimed to portray nomadism and the resilient life of nomads who do not give in to the hardships of nature and life.

Today, one of the most critical topics in land management and sustainable development is the knowledge of land cover or land use and the process of their changes. In fact, one of the main preconditions for the optimal use of land is to know the patterns of land use and the changes of each use over time because by knowing the changes over time, we can predict the changes in the future.

Purpose of the research: 

The current research aims to cognition the factors influencing the change of land use in the territory of nomads (Case study: Khash county).

The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of research method, qualitative-quantitative in nature, and practical in terms of purpose. The data collection tool is (library and field (interview and questionnaire). The statistical population includes all the professors, managers, specialists and planning experts at the levels in Khash county, and the statistical sample size was determined by using the Delphi method to be 20 people. The data collection method in this research is interview and questionnaire. Data analysis was done using Delphi and F-ARAS methods.

Geographical area of research: 

This research was conducted in the nomadic territory of Khash county.

First, using the Delphi method in three rounds, the factors influencing the land use change in Khash, including five criteria (economic, physical, environmental, political-management and social) and 49 indicators, were identified and confirmed. Moreover, we used the F-ARAS model to investigate the effective dimensions of land use changes of Khash nomads. The findings showed that the physical dimension, with a weight of 0.409 and the social dimension, with a weight of 0.362, were the highest and the lowest significant factors.

Land use changes in the territory of Khash nomads due to many changes, especially the settlement of nomads, brought about environmental, economic, and social instability.

Acquisition is the starting point for the growth of knowledge and people and the movement of societies towards sustainable development. For this reason, societies with a lower education rate face more problems in today's world, and their movement is towards progress.

Purpose of the research:

 The research aimed to find the factors affecting the dropouts of second-year high school students in the nomadic areas of Mahenshan County, Zanjan Province.

The type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research is the students who left school in the nomadic areas of Mahenshan County, where 127 school dropouts were selected as a sample. The collection method was library and field (questionnaire), and descriptive and inferential statistics (exploratory factor analysis and Friedman's test) were used to analyze the information.

Geographical area of research: 

The research scope includes the nomadic areas of Mahneshan.

The research findings show that economic factors with a specific value of 5.109 and a justification percentage of 25.5% are the most important factors in the dropout of students in the nomadic areas of Zanjan province.

Friedman's test showed that the highest scores are related to economics and the lowest are related to individual and family educational dimensions. Also, according to the test statistic and significance level, there is a significant difference between the ranks of the indicators. The lack of suitable educational facilities is another effective factor in students dropping out of school. Following them are the issues such as experienced and capable teachers in conveying lesson materials and topics to students, the existence of weakness in teaching methods and relying on reservations, teaching the crowd in the classroom, educational programs and educational assistance, the distance of the school from the place of residence.

The formation of land use systems in urban and rural communities and the way of land division reflects the interaction of various environmental, economic, social, political and institutional factors. These forces create specific land use patterns that obey regional and local conditions over time. In recent decades, these land use patterns and structures have faced extensive changes due to the dominance of some of these forces.

Purpose of the research: 

The current research is aimed at monitoring and quantifying the changes in Shush County using the Decision Tree (DT) classification algorithm and geographic data during three time periods (1986-2002, 2002-2022 and 1959-2022) using remote sensing images and spatial data.

The current research is an applied and descriptive-analytical study. This study obtained data from Landsat satellite images, and related analyses were performed through ARC GIS and ENVI software.

Geographical area of research:

 This research was conducted in the territory of nomads of Shush County.

The results of the research indicate that according to the continuous changes during the three periods of 1365 (1986), 2002 (1381) and 1401 (2022), it can be seen that significant fluctuations have occurred in built-up lands and water areas, while agricultural lands have not changed much. In 2015, it was seen that cultivation areas in the region had seen little changes, and this indicates that during the past three decades, the cultivation has been the same as the base year, which coincides with the 8-year war.

The results of the research indicated that the use of the DT method in the classification of satellite images increases the accuracy to a great extent. Furthermore, the overall accuracy and the Kappa statistic (about 80%) indicate the high flexibility of the model. DT is designed to use different data sources and separate different users from each other.

The lack of efficient and principled management in the villages, especially in recent decades, has created problems for the villagers. The traditional management structure cannot solve the problems of a productive and interactive rural society in times of drastic changes. Identifying the dimensions of this vulnerability of rural communities and the response of rural management is the subject of investigation in this research.

Purpose of the research:

 The present study was conducted to analyze the role of rural management in reducing the vulnerability of the lives of villagers in Shurab Dehistan, Chegani County.

This research is a descriptive-analytical study using a survey, and the statistical population under investigation includes 50 people from the villages of Shorab village of Chegani County. The collected data were analyzed in the form of a structural equation model.

Geographical area of research:

Shorab Rural District is in Visian District of Chegani County in Lorestan Province.

The current research emphasizes economic vulnerability as the most critical vulnerability in rural settlements. Among the indicators/items that explain the variable of rural vulnerability, the item of reducing the quality of life and lack of employment, from the item of physical vulnerability, the indicator/item of efforts to improve the physical condition of the village, among the item of social vulnerability, the item/empowerment and capacity building Local people and institutions have the most contribution and influence in rural development and the issue of economic vulnerability/the issue of employing in villages and the development of jobs resulting from rural tourism.

In social dimensions, rural management policies should focus on improving living conditions, improving the level of awareness and skills of villagers, and supporting the rural social network. In economic terms, paying attention to the development of local and sustainable industries, supporting entrepreneurship and employment in rural areas, and ecotourism development can help rural development.