نشریه مطالعات برنامه ریزی قلمرو کوچ نشینان
سال سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Most rangleands and grasslands around the world are changing and transitioning to new emerging ecosystems under the influence of many factors. The abundance or relative dominance of herbaceous plants and woody vegetation in these ecosystems has been very dynamic in different time scales. Over the past several decades, there has been a shift toward increasing abundance of woody vegetation worldwide.The aim of the research: Woody plant encroachment (WPE) in many rangeland and grasslands of the world, causes changes in ecosystem functions, goods and services in the affected areas compared to the services that were previously available in the region and creates new services that are unknown to some extent.

This study, reviews related research and identifies the functions, goods and services resulting from this phenomenon in these ecosystems.The geographical scope of the research: Living factors, including woody plants and non-living factors such as climate and soil in the territory of the distribution of woody plants and the geography of the presence of nomads and herders, have different effects on regulating exchanges between ecosystem responses to this phenomenon.

Considering the extent and effects caused by the occurrence of the phenomenon of WPE , identifying the functions, goods and services resulting from this phenomenon are of special importance that should be given special attention.

Following the WPE phenomenon, through identifying these goods, services, functions and benefits with regard to the replaced species, it is possible to take advantage of the potentials resulting from new functions, goods and services in order to improve the management and livelihood of local communities and rangeland users with paying attention to the size of the land and the affected population.

Livelihood of nomads is based on animal husbandry and therefore their way of living also depends on this issue. This way of life, which is one of the oldest types of human life, is based on annual migration; In this way, the nomads are forced to change places and find suitable pastures for their livestock.

The purpose of the research:

 to investigate and understand the components of the formation of nomadic settlements in Razavi Khorasan Provinceis.The research methodology of the current study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. In order to collect information, two documentary methods were used, including reading books, articles, theses, and a survey including field visits, interviews, and questionnaires.

The scope of this research is Khorasan Razavi provinceThe findings and discussion of Razavi Khorasan nomads are generally nomadic, but according to surveys carried out in recent years, some of the nomads of this province, due to the lack of suitable facilities and services, including suitable housing in the towns around Mashhad and a number of The villages of Mashhad have been settled. In this research, by examining the population of the nomads of Razavi Khorasan, the type of residence of the nomads of Razavi Khorasan in Yalaq and Qashlaq, and the effective components in the formation of their housing were studied and investigated.

The findings of the research indicate that the use and integration of the principles governing the life of the nomads of Razavi Khorasan with today's technology can be a step towards enriching the design and implementation of flexible housing for the nomads.

Several factors are involved in the success of efficient and appropriate management of human resources in rural areas, knowing these categories can be a foundation for organizing management in rural areas in the nomadic territory. Also, by identifying the mentioned factors and strengthening or correcting these factors and removing the limitations, we can hope that this public institution can play a more useful role in the development process of rural areas.

The current research is practical and exploratory in terms of its purpose, and in terms of method, it is in the group of qualitative and quantitative research. For data analysis, grounded theory, Delphi and F-ARAS models were used. The research tools in this study are interviews and questionnaires; based on this, informed and informed people (members of the council and village headmen, professors and academic community) formed the participating informants. To select the sample population, the purposeful sampling method was used, and a total of 30 people were selected as the sample population.Geographical area of research: The geographical scope of the research includes the rural areas of the nomads' territory in Khash County.

From the results of the grounded theory method, in order to identify the effective factors in the development of appropriate and efficient management of human resources in rural areas in the territory of nomads, the categories (evaluating the skills of managers and human resources in villages and identifying challenges and problems in cooperation between them) , strengthening mutual trust and awareness of local residents, strengthening partnership and cooperation between human resources and managers, correcting inefficient approaches in rural areas, necessary and measured measures and measures in line with the desired performance of human resources management) were identified. Also, the results of F-ARAS for ranking the categories showed that the correction of inefficient approaches in rural areas with a weight of 0.441 and the necessary and measured measures and measures in line with the desired performance of human resources management with a weight of 0.401 are the most and least important in the development of human resources management in the rural areas of Khash.

Considering the fact that nowadays the dominant paradigm of rural development is participatory and communicative, it can be said that the development of human resources management is one of the main pillars of rural management and development, and it should be done through the identification of effective categories in development. It should be taken into account for shaping and managing the living space of rural areas.

Nomadic life is one of the collective living patterns in Iran and a direct and permanent connection with the land-plant-animal. The territorial morphology of the Iranian plateau shows certain intertextual connections between the natural and human spheres over the centuries. The biophysical-social formulation in Iran-land had created a special social order in the era before modernization. A system that reveals how land is used, settlement ecosystem, spatial organization, and therefore, land use planning. This social order experienced fundamental changes with the beginning of modernization. How to continue the nomadic life in the plateau of Iran is one of the important topics of National document of land use planning. The aim of the research: the future perspective of nomadic life in the national document of land preparation.

The analysis method is descriptive-analytical-critical.The geographical scope of the research: It is within the territory of the Iranian plateau and in terms of scale, it is national.

Territorial studies and land use planning a link between natural and human domains, and in other words, land morphology based on correlation in biological and planetary boundaries with an emphasis on national and regional scales and locality and their interaction.

The process of nomadic life-work changes has not been done in the national document based on the biophysical-social changes of the land and its future. Now that the national document of land preparation has been approved, what is possible is the prospect of nomadic bio-changes in accordance with the process of biophysical-social changes in the "revision of the national document". Therefore, it is suggested to adopt a connection and nexus approach considering the territorial extent and the necessity of dynamic protection of nomadic bio-complexes in connection with other collective bio-patterns in Iran.

The evolutionary course of human societies has been accompanied by transformation since its inception and the extent and nature of this transformation has not been the same over time and in different regions. Transformation in any society mostly originates from various factors such as water and soil resources, government support, the village's relations with its surrounding areas, so the natural resources of each region have a direct role on its economic developments.The purpose of the research: The purpose of the present research is to investigate the role of natural-environmental capabilities in the agricultural development of Kerganrood section of Talash city.

The current research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and methodology, and the method of data collection was library and survey. There are 65 settlements with a population of 22,861 in this section. The number of samples is based on Morgan's standard table, 368 questionnaires were completed in Khatbesara and Lisar districts, and the resulting data were analyzed and analyzed in SPSS statistical software for description.Geographical scope of research: The scope of this research is Gerkanroud section of Talash city.

Gerkanrud section of Talesh city for many years, despite the availability of agricultural water resources in the region, high income of horticultural products (kiwi) in the region, government support, all of them have caused the people of the region to change their activities from agriculture to agriculture. Kiwi garden and cultivation have changed.

Possessing factors such as natural resources and being on the busy Rasht-Astara road, due to the existence of service units in Talash city, is one of the reasons for the development of agriculture in the villages. Kiwi is a new production product in the region,

Introduction :

Due to the vastness of the geographical territory of Iran's nomadic society, there are many rural settlements in this biological space. Despite their many capacities, they face challenges such as poverty, unemployment, immigration, etc. Meanwhile, the development of tourism entrepreneurship can be an important capacity in order to solve the challenges of development in these villages.Purpose of the research: Investigating the impact of tourism entrepreneurship indicators on sustainable rural development in Ardel county is the main goal of this research.

This research was done with a combination of survey and descriptive-analytical methods. The statistical population includes 7574 heads of households and Using Sample Power software, 220 people were considered as a statistical sample. The main tool for collecting field data is a questionnaire whose validity and reliability have been confirmed. A stratified sampling method was used to distribute the questionnaires. Questionnaires were distributed among 18 villages of Ardal county, which were selected purposefully and the final sampling was done by simple random method. SPSS software was used for experiment and data analysis.Geographical area of research: The geographical territory of this study is Ardel county located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province.

The findings showed that in the fitted regression model, the independent variables of the research explain 36% of the variable of sustainable rural development. Among the indicators of tourism entrepreneurship, the social-cultural compatibility index with a beta coefficient of 0.556 has had the greatest effect on sustainable rural development.

Considering that tourism entrepreneurship has an effect on sustainable rural development, it seems necessary and logical to develop and promote tourism entrepreneurship through the support of the public and private sectors, taking into account the active participation of villagers in this process. Because by following this process, sustainable rural development can be strengthened.

Today, common borders between countries are different interactive opportunities related to economic, political, cultural and social actions; Such potentials have caused border areas and border effects to be considered in economic, social and environmental development research, Because this inference and impression has been created that these special geographical areas cause compatibility, economic homogeneity, stabilization of security and stability of the surrounding areas.The purpose of the research: The purpose of this research is to Evaluating the position of the border in the economic stability of border areas in the nomads' territory (Case Study: Zahak, Hirmand and Nimrooz counties).

This research, in terms of its purpose, is a part of applied research and has an analytical-descriptive nature. The research tools are interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population of the quantitative part of the research includes the residents of Zahak, Hirmand and Nimrooz counties, with a total population of 186,564 people, and the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula (383 people). This number was divided between the studied counties according to the population. Also, to select the sample population of the qualitative section, the purposeful sampling method was used, and a total of 50 people were selected as the sample population. Finally, SPSS software and methods (Delphi, Grounded Theory) and Morris Davis were used to analyze the data.Geographical area of research: The Geographical area of research includes the areas located in the t nomads' territory in Sistan region (Zahak, Hirmand and Nimrooz counties).

From the results of the interviews using the grounded theory method, in order to identify economic items, indicators and components with emphasis on the role of the border, 39 items, 11 indicators and 5 components (increase in job opportunities, economic growth in the region, production and increase in income, increase in Economic recovery against crises caused by drought and... and business development (entrepreneurship on a micro and macro scale) were extracted. Also, the results of the Morris Davis test, in order to investigate the range of stability and instability of the cities in the investigated dimensions, showed that the economic stability of all three cities under study are at a semi-stable level.

Considering that the economic stability of the investigated area is at a semi-stable level, therefore, specific strategies to achieve sustainable economic development in the nomads' territory with an emphasis on the position of the border depend on identifying and Investigating input potentials through qualitative and comprehensive studies, along with a series of management planning, such as explaining related laws and regulations, as well as organizing border economic facilities and their executive mechanisms.

The nomadic community of Iran as a social reality is part of the historical, political and cultural structure and an active member of the national community. However, studies show that the nomadic livelihood pattern is in crisis. If this instability continues due to lack of enjoyment, national development will also be jeopardized. The statistical population of the study is nomadic and settled nomads of Gheshlagh village, Abesh Ahmad district, Kalibar city.

The sample population was 290 people according to Cochran sampling method for nomadic tribes and 40 people for settled nomads (Celine) and the questionnaires were randomly distributed among the heads of households. One-way t-test and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data

Geographical area of research :

The geographical scope of the research is Gheshlagh village, Abesh Ahmad district, Kalibar city.

The results of the one-sample T method showed that the quality of life of nomadic tribes (with an average of 2.97) is lower than the theoretical average (3) and is down to average. Also, the quality of livelihood of the settled nomads (with an average of 3.55) is higher than the theoretical average (3) and is on average rising.

The results of Pearson correlation test also showed a significant relationship between the studied variables with the quality of life of nomadic and settled nomads. According to the obtained results, it can be acknowledged that the living conditions of the settled nomads compared to the nomadic tribes in Gheshlagh village of Abesh Ahmad district of Kalibar city are in a good conditionConclusion  The results of Pearson correlation test also showed a significant relationship between the studied variables with the quality of life of nomadic and settled nomads. According to the obtained results, it can be acknowledged that the living conditions of the settled nomads compared to the nomadic tribes in Gheshlagh village of Abesh Ahmad district of Kalibar city are in a good condition

The spatial stability of the village is nothing but creating a comfortable living space for the villagers.In addition, preventing the wastage of territorial resources, human resources and capital resources in the discussion of spatial sustainability is of interest to researchers.Achieving such a demand is possible through carrying out the Conductor project in the village.

The aim of the research is to evaluate the role of the rural guide plan on the spatial stability of the villages of Abdanan city.

This research is "applied" in terms of purpose and "analytical descriptive" in terms of method. In this research, the library method and field observations have been used to collect the information needed for the research.The statistical community of the research includes 16 villages of Abadanan city located in Ilam province, where the Conductor Design has been implemented.

Geographical area of research:

Abdanan city with an area of 2,919 km2 is located in the south and southeast of Ilam province and is bounded from the north by Zarinabad and Badra cities, from the south by Khuzestan province and Dezful city, from the east by Dera Shahr city, and from the west by Dehlran city.

To evaluate the effects of Conductor Design implemented on the spatial stability of sample villages, population indicators, activity, spatial interactions and communication (hierarchy of settlements) and participation have been used.The impact of the housing dimension on the quality of life of the villagers based on the Conductor Design has been more than other dimensions.In the opinion of the people, participation has been the second most influential aspect.The dimensions of the road network, land use and services, and spatial interactions and communications were placed in the next positions from the implementation of the Conductor Design on the quality of life.

There are many resources and capacities for the development of nomadic tourism in Iran, which have been neglected in terms of implementation and research. The necessity of examining the process of scientific research in any field of knowledge is due to the importance of presenting a clear picture of the scientific course of these researches and identifying research gaps in that field of knowledge.Purpose of the research: The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the content of Iranian nomadic tourism researches.

The current research is descriptive-exploratory in terms of its purpose, in terms of the nature of the data, it is qualitative based on archival secondary data, and in terms of analysis, it is quantitative based on quantitative content analysis. The statistical population of the research includes all scientific articles and theses that have been published focusing on nomadic tourism. Upon receiving the files of these studies, they were combined and analyzed based on the research questions using SPSS22 and Microsoft-Excel 2016 software.Geographical area of research: The current research does not have a specific geographical area and with the approach of documentary-archival review, it has considered all the researches in the field of nomadic tourism.

The number of nomadic tourism researches is 68, and its beginning dates back to 1386. In 1400 and 1401, the largest number of it was published, but in 1402, it faced a significant decrease. 53% of the researches have been published in the geographical field. The most academic specialization has been combined (interdisciplinary) and geographical.The most subject trends are related to planning issues, capacity measurement of resources in nomadic regions and communities, and the effects of nomadic tourism, and most study approaches are related to scientific and knowledge-oriented approaches. Nomadic tourism is more related to the approaches of natural-cultural tourism, rural tourism and the construction of eco-residence. Qashqai and Bakhtiari tribes and Fars and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces were considered more than others in these studies. Most of the researches have used the quantitative method. The impactful role of nomadic tourism has been more pronounced and these researches have been conducted mostly from the supply-side.

As a general conclusion, the researchers of this field have taken the scientific and knowledge-oriented process in nomadic tourism researches and as a result policy making and the correct implementation of policies, but the process of these researches has suffered a premature decline in 1402. Practical suggestions based on findings and results were presented to the extent of adaptation by researchers in order to modify previous approaches or start new researches in this field.

Nomads are one of the most important producer communities in any country. This society in Iran has always formed an important part of the society due to its role in different periods of time. Over the past few decades, due to special decisions and planning for the nomadic community, a large part of them have been settled and this has had different effects on this community.Purpose of the research: The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of settlement on the economic status of the nomadic community and to explain the effective factors in improving the current situation.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection through survey. The statistical population of the research is made up of the nomads of Kermanshah province, which according to the limitations of the research, 381 people were determined as the sample size based on Cochran's formula. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through the elites and the reliability was also confirmed by completing 30 questionnaires and calculating the results through the Cronbach's coefficient of more than 0.70.Geographical area: The geographical area of the research is the nomadic areas of Kermanshah province, including Kalhor, Karand and Salas nomads.

The result of the Wilcoxon test showed that the economic effects of accommodation were significant at a level less than 0.05. According to the test average (3.302), the effects of accommodation have been evaluated as significant and positive from an economic point of view. Also, the result of the binomial test at the service level indicates the significance of the test at a level less than 0.05. The average equal to 3.883 confirms that the nomads' enjoyment of various services has improved after settlement. In this context, access to healthcare services with an average of 4.532 has the best status. Also, the result of structural equation modeling showed that 18 factors have been effective in improving the economic condition of settled nomads in the current situation by 58%. In this context, the most influential factor is related to the implementation of nomadic tourism projects such as accommodation and... with an explanation of 0.90.

Overall, the effects of accommodation have been evaluated positively; Although some economic indicators were in a better condition before the settlement, their analysis shows the dependence and unbreakable link with the life of the nomads.