نشریه هنر زبان
سال هفتم شماره 1 (آذر 1400)

Undoubtedly, magic and sorcery have a history as old as human history. Fantasy and its process are topics that can be explored in the literature. Iranian epics also have such dimensions. Especially since they have a close relationship with myths, legends and epics. Mandatory components in fantasy texts are magic, sorcery and sorcery. This article is an attempt to pay attention to the similarities and differences between the use of this component in the Garshaspnameh system with Faramarznameh and Banogshspnameh. To achieve the result, an attempt has been made to first provide a brief definition of fantasy, and then to examine the characteristics of Gershasp and Faramarz and Banu Gosps in these systems. Finally, by mentioning the evidence, the frequency of use of magic and the reason for the superiority of Garshaspnameh in the fantasy dimensions of magic should be compared. In comparing the frequency of use of these elements, first there are Garshaspnameh letters, then Faramarznameh letter, and finally Lady Gashsapnameh letter. Among the reasons for this superiority in the Garshaspnameh are the existence of travel and its types and the poet's mentality, as well as his closeness to the Khorasani style compared to the other two poems.

When a language is spoken in a very wide area, it changes, but the changes observed in one geographical area are different from the changes of that language in another area. Hence, an old single language appears in different forms in the next stage. The famous example of this is the ancestor of the roman language, the roman, and the derived languages, the new roman. These new languages are still similar in cases, but are not mutually reinforcing. In this article, in the historical survey of the ancestor of the romance languages, it is shown that this language has never died but is continuous and has been created by the diversity of language that has been done by companionship with other languages. The various forms of the Latin language used today in Paris, Rome, and Madrid, though different from Roman, but derived from the ancestor of the Roman language, and now instead of Latin Paris, Rome and Latin Madrid are used as French, Italian and Spanish. Also in this paper, by studying the branch of Italic language from large family of Indo-European languages, and studying the most important language among the languages of this branch, which is undoubtedly Latin, it tried to trace the traces of this language among the languages of that branch.

Textuality takes into account the global system that makes up a text, paying attention to both formal and semantic levels. Text linguistics recurs to both levels as a means for analysis that reveals text structure. The study of grammar interrelation is an essential step that aids in uncovering text structure and its cohesion, syntactically, semantically and in the diction choice as well. Grammar coherence is a pivotal component that contributed in making Al-lbrahimi's texts feel coherent, unique and homogeneous. Keywords Text linguistics. Grammar Coherence. Text. Text Cohesion. Structure. . El Bachir Al-lbrahimi

Speaking a foreign language in an academic setting is one of the most challenging tasks among Algerian EFL learners who lack fluency in the target language. The purpose of this paper is twofold: First, it tries to discover the principal reasons behind the learners’ feeling of anxiety when performing orally in class. Second, it attempts to maintain a supportive relationship between students and teachers in order to improve the learners’ oral performance and mitigate anxiety. Through the use of two questionnaires administered to teachers and second year graduate students from the department of English and studying at Belhadj Bouchaib University, data were gathered and analyzed via a mixed- method approach embracing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The findings revealed that anxiety is omnipresent among the learners who are supposed to perform orally in class, and it is only via better teachers’ sociability that the students may avoid anxiety and improve their oral performance.

The present paper explores the way postcolonial writers integrate prior texts in their novels while shedding light on the colonized people’s experience with their colonizer. It spots light on the different intertextual clues used in VS Naipaul’s novel A Bend in the River to recall Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. The paper thus probes how Conrad’s novella is reflected in Naipaul’s postcolonial novel, how the latter comes up to creates an original narrative, and how this generative intertextual relationship revokes the eventual claim that may restrict the originality of the postcolonial text. The paper argues that Naipaul’s borrowing from another text to write his work constructs a new sense of originality, for the claim to originality is not about isolation but about association: the way an earlier text is incorporated in a new one.

Sufism is the spiritual form of Islam. It has many theoretical and practical aspects. In practical perspective, Sufism has various types of Sufi orders, which are usually known as ‘Sufi Tariqa’ to all inheritors of south Asia since the Islam had entered in this territory. Quaderiah, Chishtiyah, Naqshbandiyah and Mujaddediah are very famous and noted sufi tariqas in all over the Indian subcontinent, especially in Bangaldesh. Besides these, Bangladesh has produced an indigenous sufi order for its own, Maizbhandari Tariqa. It had introduced by great sufi saint Syed Ahmadullah in Chittagong. Syed Ahmadul Haq wrote some articles regarding this sufi order. He was a great researcher of Sufism and devoted interpreter of Mathanavi of Mowlana Jalaluddin Rumi in Bangladesh. He wrote some books containing many sufi articles and messages and stories of the Mathnavi of Rumi. The purpose of this article is to introduce this unique Bangladeshi sufi order Maizbhandari tariqa and its representative Syed Ahmadul Huq, who commonly known as the Banglar Rumi (The Rumi of Bangladesh).