نشریه توسعه پایدار شهری
پیاپی 10 (بهار 1402)

Recently the terms "governance" and "good governance" are being increasingly used in development literature. The concept of "governance" is not new. It is as old as human civilization. Simply put "governance" means: the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). Nowadays, countries claiming democracy are trying to achieve sustainable urban development by applying a new approach called good urban governance. Good governance relates to the political and institutional processes and outcomes that are necessary to achieve the goals of development. The true test of 'good' governance is the degree to which it delivers on the promise of human rights: civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. The present study tries to analyze the situation of urban management in Iran (Shiraz) based on the issues of good urban governance. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on documentary studies and field survey. The variables of good urban governance (consisting of 19 variables) were extracted from previous articles and they were used to design questionnaire questions. In this research quantitative and analytical model are used include exploratory factor analysis and multivariate linear regression. The process of selecting samples is purposeful and systematic, and the sample community was selected from among the regular visitors to the secretariat of the architecture and urban planning department of Shiraz municipality. Based on statistical principles and concepts, the number of samples is considered equal to 200 people. In the following, the data obtained from the questionnaires have been entered into the SPSS software. The output of the factor analysis model of good governance in Shiraz shows that it depends on improving the factors of "institutional capacity of organization", "transparency", "efficiency and effectiveness", "public acceptance", "citizenship" and "participation". Findings of this study show a considerable part of good urban governance factors and indicators have significant similarities with each other. But one of the differences that can be seen in this research with similar researches is the emphasis of this research on an important factor under the title of " institutional capacity of organization" in order to apply the concepts and criteria of good urban governance in the structure of local, regional and national governments. This factor emphasizes the important point that with the creation of institutional capacity in the society and the strengthening of non-governmental organizations, the two-way connection between the people and officials, which are the two main pillars of local management and urban development, has been accelerated other Governance factors. The main output of this study indicates that the two factors of "efficiency and effectiveness" and "transparency" play the most important role in achieving good urban governance. Also, in the case of Shiraz Municipality as the main body in the management of this city, the greatest challenge and distance to achieve good governance can be seen in the factor of "citizenship" and "institutional capacity of organization". In the following, some prominent suggestions are presented in order to promote good governance in the city of Shiraz: Changing the attitude of local managers towards city management as a dynamic, continuous process that requires the alignment of the interests of different groups; Facilitating people's presence and participation in city affairs and communication with managers; Increasing the sense of place and belonging through citizen participation in activities such as beautifying the environment; Citizenship education and familiarizing citizens with the concept of citizenship rights.

In the past, cities had a high pedestrian capability, so that walking was considered the main way of moving people around due to its easy access and low cost for all members of the society. This changed with the arrival of the automobile and the industrial revolution; This means that the pedestrian issue was forgotten. Paying attention to motorized transportation made cities face new issues such as environmental problems, increasing obesity of people, anonymity and lack of meaning. There have been many approaches to answer these dilemmas in the world. One of the new approaches to urban planning and design that has a special emphasis on pedestrian orientation and the pedestrian axis is the Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND) approach, many of its dimensions and indicators are closely related to the pedestrian orientation approach. Therefore, the current research aims to evaluate the pedestrianization capability of Modares Street located in the three municipalities of Kermanshah with the TND approach. This street has a length of 1840 meters and a width of approximately 17 meters, with an increase in width in the middle. Furthermore, Modares Street serves a commercial and service function in district three of Kermanshah. The current study uses a descriptive-analytical research methodology. The statistical population of this research is all the citizens of Kermanshah, which includes a population of about one million people. Also, by putting this value in Cochran's formula, the sample size is estimated to be 384 people, and simple random sampling has been done. Also, for data analysis, SPSS analytical software was used in the form of Pearson correlation statistical tests and multivariate regression, and univariate T-test. As a result of the current research, all variables of the TND approach are effective at enhancing walkability. Nevertheless, the degree of correlation between each variable of the TND approach and walkability varies. It is, therefore, evident that eight variables, such as "presence of attractive land use", "mixed land uses", "diversity of the facade", "variety of buildings", "security from crime", "quality of social life", "attractiveness and vitality" and "sensory richness", are more closely related to pedestrianization on Modares Street than other indicators. Due to this, they are more effective at promoting and pedestrianizing Modares Street. Moreover, all variables of the semantic index have a positive effect on the vitality and identity of Modares Street. Due to the fact that they also include the mental index of pedestrians.

The spatial characteristics of outdoor places are significantly influenced by trees. Using space syntax theory, this study examines how the spatial arrangement created by the suggested trees planting design and wayfinding affects the visual fields of a university campus. These methods are thought to be helpful in determining the proposed space's spatial organization and evaluating design options. An experimental study using three different planting and wayfinding design proposals for a university campus is conducted. The first proposal follows a regular, parallel array of trees and diagonal, symmetrical paths. The second proposal consists of a 5-point pattern of trees and straight and symmetrical paths, and the third proposal applies a random grid pattern of trees and radial paths. Data are analyzed using space syntax techniques. Results reveal a significant effect of planting configurations and wayfinding on syntactic measures across the three proposals. The highest levels of movement can be observed in the 5-point planting plan with straight paths, although radial and curved arrangements of paths and random planting of trees also generate comparably integrated and connected environments. Therefore, this study suggests that space syntax techniques may have a significant value in the assessment of schematic planting design, especially at the user's movement level.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyze the factors affecting the development of coastal tourism in Manjil city and to provide solutions for the development of the tourism industry in this region. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and research methodology is descriptive-analytical. In order to collect the required information and data, library and field methods were used. The statistical community in the current research was formed by professors and doctoral students of geography, urban planning and urban planning, experts and specialists in the field of tourism in Gilan province and Manjil city, who had sufficient knowledge of tourism and Manjil city. Also, the sample size based on Sample Power software, 30 people who were available were selected. In order to collect field data, a questionnaire tool was used, the validity of which was confirmed by experts in terms of content and appearance. In this research, in order to analyze the data, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Friedman's ranking tests were used in the SPSS software environment. The results of the research showed that among the factors affecting the development of coastal tourism in Manjil city, except for the social-behavioral and managerial-institutional components, as well as the social-behavioral and environmental components, which have a weak significant relationship between them, there is a positive and significant relationship in other components. In other words, the highest degree of correlation between economic and managerial-institutional components is (0.726) and the lowest degree of correlation is between social-cultural and managerial-institutional components (0.256). Also, by using Friedman's test, it was determined that the economic component with a total average of 2.206 is in the worst situation compared to other components of the research, and it is necessary for the managers and officials of Manjil city to make more efforts to improve this index.

Women are a significant part of the audience of commercial streets, that their needs to be present in these space have been given less attention than other groups, and so we may have heard many times from women that the experience of being present and passing through these passages is not easy for this gender group, Because it creates a sense of discomfort and insecurity in them. The sidewalks of Mossadegh and Nobahar commercial streets in Kermanshah are no exception to this rule, and what can be seen from the analysis and analysis of the functional situation and the experience of the presence of women, especially during the busy hours, in these two streets, shows the lack of attention to comfort standards both environmental and psychological comfort in the design of these spaces. Based on this, the purpose of the current research is practical and it seeks to investigate and analyze the state of comfort (environmental and psychological of women) based on the facilities available on the said sidewalks, as well as the analysis and evaluation of the quality of the environment based on the indicators of the quality of the environment, and it seeks to answer the question that What is the comfort situation of women on the sidewalks of Kermanshah's commercial street and what should be done to make it happen? In terms of its applied nature and with a descriptive-analytical approach, this research first deals with the knowledge of sidewalk elements, space quality indicators and women's comfort components using documentary studies and library resources, then based on the concepts extracted from the theoretical part and the relationship between the comfort needs of women and the indicators of the quality of sidewalk space, the evaluation criteria for women's comfort are compiled based on international standards. The tools used in this research are field observation, questionnaire (Likert scale) and interview. The sample size was based on the Cochran formula and 200 people for each sample, and the questionnaire was randomly distributed among the women present in the commercial streets. Data measurement has been done using common statistical test (percentage) and reliability evaluation using Cronbach's alpha in SPSS software. The results obtained from the systematic analysis of the data indicate that the condition of women's comfort on both the sidewalks of Mossadegh and Nobahar streets is evaluated as poor, so that the environmental (physiological and physical) comfort of women is unfavorable and the highest average is in the crossing area and the area rider is facing. In terms of mental comfort criteria, both streets in the edge area have a relatively favorable condition. Also, the results of the survey and evaluation of the spatial quality show that the sidewalk of Nobahar Street has a better quality than Mossadegh Street.

Urban social life is a mixture of cultures, religions, and ethnicities. On the other hand, due to the ever-expanding social relationships, tolerating differences and nonconformities has become a critical matter. Social tolerance, in conjunction with concepts such as respect and acceptance of diversity, is a tool for regulating the interactions of people and different groups with each other. Anything that has the potential to improve social relations will lead to improved quality of life and social health, guiding society to realize the goals of sustainable development. Based on the theories of Durkheim, Adorno, and Horkheimer, the present study aimed to describe the various social factors affecting social tolerance among citizens of Isfahan, Iran. Subsequently, 461 individuals from the target population were selected by stratified sampling utilizing the G*Power software. The collected data from the questionnaires were then analyzed using SPSS 22. The results showed a direct and significant relationship between religiosity (0.308) and cultural intelligence (0.383) with social tolerance. On the other hand, variables of authorities (-0.250) and stereotype (-0.151) showed a significant, inverse relationship with social tolerance.