نشریه اصلاح و به نژادی دام
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 5، پاییز 1401)

Achieving technologies that can depict the behaviors of genes at the transcriptome level and the interaction between them is particularly beneficial. In this regard, the microarray technology is based on the previous discoveries of qPCR and hybridization blotting technology, which uses the same rules but on a larger scale to measure the expression of several thousand genes. In fact, it is a method based on hybridization in combination with nanotechnology and the use of labeled fluorescent dyes. This technology is based on a chip and a glass plate, where special identifier sequences are placed together in a two-dimensional order of several tens of thousands of units, and it's responsible for simultaneously identifying the differential expression pattern of several thousand special sequences or coding regions. Prior knowledge of the microarray architecture and backstage details used for this technique has a direct impact on raw data analysis. Data pre-processing methods and their normalization, using the principal component analysis method, Heatmap drawing, clustering, and data correlation test dendrogram drawing, and the advanced TSN method are among the leading methods. Also, the challenge of comparing multiple averages, the existence of type one error, and the concept of fold change are also briefly discussed. In the present study, it has tried to discuss the theoretical foundations, raw data structure, statistical analysis, and interpretation of the results of microarray technology and to be able to independently analyze the path of data to interpretation as well as overcome the existing challenges with the information that is given.

Humped species of camel have been used as a source of meat, milk and wool since their domestication around 3000 6000 years ago and they also can be breed and used to transportation in the tropical and cold desert areas. The mitochondrial circular genome with double-stranded DNA passes from mother to offspring and has a low recombination and high evolution rate, the sequence of which is commonly used for elucidate rate of genetic diversity and evolutionary history. According to the effect of ATP6 gene on ATP synthesis and energy metabolism, it can be affect economical traits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate inter and intra species consideration of the ATP6 gene in camels and compare them with Turkmen camels. For this reason, sequence of ATP6 gene with 681 nucleotide in length were prepared for 123, 26 and 32 one-humped, domestic and wild two-humped camels, respectively. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree of gene and protein for inter and intra species of the camels were constructed using CLC Genomics Workbench 21 software. Then, genetic diversity and phylogenetic tree within and between camel species were constructed. Results showed that the one-humped and wild two-humped camels had the highest and the lowest diversity also, some of one-humped camels was closely related to the two humped wild camels. This study showed that the genetic diversity of ATP6 gene in one-humped camel species is much higher than other species.

In this study, the performance of pure and crossbreed of Lori-bakhtiyari sheep was investigated. Data related to natives were collected during 1989 to 2018 and data related to crossbreed during 2011 to 2019 were collected at Sholi station in Shahrekurd. Conception rate at lambing was 87.5% for crossbreed sheep and 86.56% for Lori-bakhtiyari sheep. Litter Size% obtained 138.22 and 114.6 for crossbreed and Lori-bakhtiyari sheep respectively. Lambing percentage obtained 120.95 and 99 for crossbreed and Lori-bakhtiyari sheep, respectively. Fecundity (produced by a ewe) for crossbreed was 1.38 and 1.15 for Lori-bakhtiyari sheep. The weaning percentage for crossbreed and Lori-bakhtiyari sheep estimated 109.49 and 90.99 respectively. Survival rate estimated 90.5% and 91.7% for crossbreed and Lori-bakhtiyari sheep, respectively. Weaning weight per kg Weight of ewes was calculated 0.593 kg for native lambs and 0.610 kg for crossbreeds, this difference was statistically significant. According to the obtained results, use of genetic production method in Lori-bakhtiyari flock led to an increase in per capita profit of each crossbreed ewes of 4286000 R compared to native ewes in 2019. This amount was calculated for crossbreed ewes after second calving 4886480 R compared to native ewes.

The myxovirus (Mx) gene play a crucial role in the antiviral responses of chicken. The Mx gene is a potential candidate as a genetic resistance marker to the avian influenza virus in chickens. This study was conducted to determine the polymorphism of myxovirus gene polymorphism using PCR-RFLP method in Khuzestan native chicken. In this research, blood samples were collected randomly from 100 Khuzestan native chicken (Malasani, Andimeshk and Shush) and DNA were extracted. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify 299bp fragments of myxovirus (Mx) gene by specific primers. Then, the amplified fragment was digested with HPY8l enzyme. Allele frequency for A and G, in Shoosh 0.54 and 0.46, Mollasani 0.85 and 0.15 and Andimeshk 0.57 and 0.47 and genotype frequencies of AA, GG and AG, in Shoosh 0.40, 0.33 and 0.27, Mollasani 0.8, 0.1 and 0.1 and Andimeshk 0.45, 0.40 and 0.15 were achieved, respectively. The results showed that the frequency of allele A was higher than G. Furthermore, the observed heterozygosity and the effective number of alleles demonstrated low diversity in the population. Chi-square (X2) analysis showed that the locus allele frequencies are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The results of this study suggested that the MX gene had polymorphism and had a high potential for use as a genetic marker for resistance to avian influenza and Newcastle disease.

In the present study, the analysis was performed to investigate the evolution of the VF gene in sheep, phylogenetic analysis and natural selection process during the evolution of this gene. The VF gene sequence in sheep and other organisms including cows, goats, and buffalo were sequenced and then aligned to examine each copy of the gene sequence. Percentages of nucleotide substitution and replacement were determined based on the Genome Database Search (NCBI) using maximum likelihood method, phylogenetic tree mapping and natural selection process from bioinformatics studies; The replacement percentage of pyrimidine bases was greater than the purine, indicating a positive selection during the evolution of these genes. The dN / dS ratio was also calculated, indicating a positive evolutionary selection for this gene. This type of dN / dS was purine. The phylogenetic tree for the aforementioned gene in different organisms shows that in general, the VF protein in different organisms is divided into two distinct groups based on their evolutionary pathway, with one similarity in the organisms studied.

Genetic differences in expression of traits between sexes can be applied for developing efficient genetic evaluation of animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the existence of sexual dimorphism (SD) in birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW) and six months weight (6MW) and also correspondingly the genetic analysis of SD in male and female Kermani lambs applying pedigree information and records, collected from 1993 to 2013 in Breeding Station of Kermani sheep,. The SD values, defined as mean body weight of male lambs to mean body weight of female lambs were 1.04, 1.09 and 1.13 for BW, WW and 6MW, respectively. Six bivariate animal models, contained different combinations of direct additive genetic, maternal additive genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects, were used for genetic analysis of SD. Each body weight traits were considered as distinct traits in male and females. The considered bivariate animal models was evaluated via Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Direct heritability estimates for BW, WW and 6MW in male lambs were 0.11, 0.35 and 0.32, respectively. The corresponding estimates in female lambs were 0.10, 0.36 and 0.23, respectively. Cross-sex genetic correlations for BW, WW and 6MW were 0.92, 0.93, and 1.00, respectively. High and positive genetic correlations indicated that the studied traits in male and female lambs are control by common genes. Due to high and positive cross-sex genetic correlations for the studied body weight traits it may be concluded that selection in male lambs would result in a positive correlated response in females.