پژوهشنامه تاریخ، سیاست و رسانه
پیاپی 20 (زمستان 1401)

Al-Muntaqi fi Sira al-Mustafi, peace and blessings be upon him" or "Mawlad al-Mustafisali, peace and blessings be upon him" is one of the detailed books in the prophetic biography, which Muhammad bin Masoud Kazruni (d. 758 AH) wrote. Prominent biographers and narrators of the 8th century of Hijri have made it a field of writing. After the popularization of eclectic and unreliable biographies in the seventh and eighth centuries, he has tried to see a complete and polite period of the history and life of the Prophet of Islam by using the original and old sources. Kazeruni finished this work in 752 AD in Shiraz. Despite the importance of Kazerooni's biography at the time of its authoring and until several centuries later, it has been less discussed in recent texts. Perhaps one of the reasons is the lack of knowledge about this work and its scholarly author. This article aims to introduce Kazerooni and his scientific family, and to introduce his scientific works, especially his comprehensive biography, which was written in Arabic and translated into other languages. To state the characteristics of the book "Al-Muntaghi" and Kazeruni's purpose of authoring it, and for the first time, through a scientific investigation through the versions close to the author's time and citing the text of the book and other contemporary books, to answer about the ambiguities of main title and other titles of the book as well as the year of its creation.

The present article was conducted with the aim of investigating the inherent dignity of the child from the perspective of Iranian law, using a descriptive and analytical method using library sources. The results showed that the basis of Iran's rights; The four moral principles and values are human dignity, freedom, justice, and equality, and their moral view on children's rights is based on these principles. The inherent dignity of children's rights in Iran depends on the anthropological and epistemological foundations, as well as the way of looking at ontology. The principles of children's rights in Iranian law are based on educational and educational discussions based on paying attention to all dimensions of human existence. In terms of Iranian law; In the educational process, the child needs special attention, and this special attention depends on the principle of inherent human dignity that the child enjoys. According to Iranian law, the child has a lot of vulnerability and if the right to inherent dignity is not respected in the education process, there is a high possibility of the child deviating from the right path and harming his education. Because according to Islamic traditions, a child has the ability to understand any good or bad things. In Iranian law, attention to children's rights is based on the natural rights that humans have. Islam considers the right to freedom as an absolute right for man, but it sets a framework for each of the human rights so that it does not exceed its limits and does not cause damage to the rights of others.

In explaining the causes of convergence inUnion Europehave been proposed several theories.Some of the theories have been of direct effect the convergence experience of Europe in the 1950s and 1960s. Each of these theories have Exhibiting analysis of Different and even contradictory of structural and institutional convergence Europe nature, And political, social and economic Conditions that needs and opportunities for consolidation, continuity and development thisprocess.in this way, the Neo-Functionalismhave helped to understand the issue, over other theories, Because it have takenmany of your assumptions and hypotheses from The direct experience of integration in Europe. In this study well Paid to discuss the factors affecting the convergence Europe, and this Question that Why do their countries will restrict their sovereignty, and Assignments to a supranational center. The research method is descriptive-analytic and used of Documentaries and library of resources. Finally, the results indicate that, on one hand, Parties, elites and interest groups and the other external pressures and environmental, And also the political and step by step accelerate, are Factors affecting the integration of Europe Union.

In the 20th century, the Middle East region has always been considered as one of the most important strategic regions in the world politics due to its geopolitical location and geo-economics characteristics. In fact, although the Middle East has been very important as the cradle of human civilization and then in the form of Islamic civilization in periods of world history, but in practice, after more than six centuries, in the 20th century, this region was again The heartland of international politics is back. This issue, especially with the exploration and extraction of oil in this region and its increasing importance in the international political economy and the competition of great powers over the world's energy resources, created the ground for the escalation of instability and continuous chaos and conflicts within the region. This article tries to examine the factors affecting the importance of the Middle East in Russia's grand strategy, and to address the main question, what are the most important areas of change and continuity of Russia's political-security strategy in the Middle East after September 11 until now? The hypothesis of this research, which was carried out in the descriptive-analytical method, is based on the fact that Russia's approach in the Middle East originates from several foreign policy priorities and principles, some of which can be understood from Russian doctrine and government statements. In general, Russia's national security strategy seeks to increase energy security, and the goal of Russia's military doctrine is to expand "military-political" and "military-technical" cooperation with foreign countries.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine has had far-reaching consequences in various fields, a situation that has turned into a humanitarian crisis, destabilized the world's food and energy security, and raised questions about the global security architecture. These challenges will not be limited to Ukraine, but because of the globalization of the world we live in, it will create challenges all over the world. Short-term and long-term solutions should be thought of to ensure that these consequences do not lead to one disaster on top of another. And international order will follow? And in response to this question, the hypothesis has been considered that both the short-term and the long-term effects of this crisis definitely include the transition from an international order to an anarchy that will not only be fueled by Ukraine but also Other countries in the region and the international system will also be involved in this disorder. The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive and the sources collected and used are internet and library resources.

The Caucasus region and especially Central Asia will be a hot spot in the region's developments in the coming years due to the wrong policies of the ruling governments and support for extremist groups. The geopolitical importance of Central Asia and the Caucasus and the efforts of important regional and extra-regional actors to be present in this region add to the need to know the situation of extremism and Takfirism in Central Asia and the Caucasus, and due to the fact that this region borders with Islamic Republic of Iran, this recognition is of double importance for us. The favorable internal conditions and the geopolitical importance of these regions have made Russia consider it as part of its traditional private life, Saudi Arabia provides the necessary platform for the promotion of extremist ideas, and the Islamic Republic of Iran due to its continuity and cultural commonality. consider it as a subset of cultural geography and NATO member countries, especially the powerful European countries and the United States, in addition to the economic and commercial view to act in the private life of Russia and also prevent the development of the regional influence of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Pay attention to these areas. In the meantime, what is worthy of attention and cause for concern is that some countries in the region, including Saudi Arabia, and some western countries, including the United States, prioritize supporting and equipping religious extremist groups in order to achieve their goals and have defined their foreign policies in relation to these regions. The result of internal weaknesses, problems and disturbances, along with the interference and role-playing of foreigners in Central Asia, explains the reality of the spread of extremist ideas in these regions.