فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگی و ارتباطات
پیاپی 70 (بهار 1402)

Abstract This research has focused on the monitoring dimension of social media and by examining the news related to the monitoring function of the media, it has investigated the effect of new media in monitoring famous people and officials. The statistical population is the political pages of the Instagram social network, and the sample includes three political Instagram pages with reformist, fundamentalist and independent tendencies. The sampling method is the total number of all posts related to the research topic. This means that through examining the content of these three important Instagram pages in the period of 2016, all the posts related to social network monitoring of famous people, officials and authorities have been extracted and until the writing of this research, the fate of each has been examined. Among approximately one thousand posts, 13 topics were identified that are related to the topic of this research. By examining these 13 issues, it was found that all the cases have finally led to the apology and withdrawal of the relevant official within a maximum of one week with the follow-up done on this social media. This indicates that not only the monitoring function of the media has been realized through social media, but wherever these media have entered into an issue, due to the nature of this media model, the relevant official has been forced to obey the public will quickly and in the least amount of time. Based on this, it can be said that with the emergence of social media, media monitoring of the power structure is pursued much more effectively than before. Keywords: Supervision, Instagram, Social Media, Power  IntroductionNowadays one of the most important reasons that made the role of the media more prominent is the influences they have on "public opinion". After the weakening of autocratic powers and the emergence of democratic systems in the world, "public opinion" and the need to pay attention to it has become one of the main variables in the field of political communication. In fact, in the examination of contemporary mass communication tools such as the press, news agencies, radio and television, satellite and internet media, they can be considered as the most important means of political communication from the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century.Before the emerging of social media, although mass media played an irreplaceable role in shaping public opinion, it was slowly and in a limited scope. In the age of social media, sometimes news becomes hot in less than an hour and reaches even to the most distant audience, which means a high formation of a new makeup in public opinion about a particular news. This new capacity has provided a different space for monitoring the power structure and power holders, meaning that the relationship between media and power has entered a new arena.PurposeThis article focuses on the supervisory dimension of social media and by examining the news related to the supervisory function of the media, it has investigated the effect of modern media in monitoring the power structure. In addition the process of forming public opinion around some events in the social media and the performance of the officials after the social Media disclosure have been discussed. With regard to the proposed premises, the research questions can be expressed in the form of the following questions:Is it possible to monitor the power structure through social media?What has been the effect of monitoring the power structure through social media on officials and reducing corruption?MethodologyThis research was done by content analysis method. The statistical population is the political pages of the Instagram and the sample population includes three political Instagram pages with reformist, fundamentalist and independent tendencies. The sampling method is the total number of all posts related to the research topic. This means that by examining the content of these three important Instagram pages in the period of 2016, all the posts related to the monitoring of social media on famous people, officials and officials have been extracted and until the time of writing this research, the fate of each has been investigated.FindingsBy examining three important Instagram pages of the three fundamentalist, reformist and independent political tendencies with about a thousand posts in the period of 2016, 13 topics were observed in these three pages, which are related to the monitoring function of the media on famous people and officials, and these three pages have published in relation to these issues.As it is known, all cases have finally led to the authorities' apology and withdrawal, or at least forced to answer and provide explanations. In all cases, within a period of one day to one week under the pressure of public opinion officials have been forced to respond and compensate, and even in some cases they have shown resistance against the negative wave created at first, but finally they have given up. This shows the strong monitoring performance of social media.ConclusionBy emergence of social media in Iran, not only the media's supervisory function has been realized through social media, but wherever these media have entered into an issue, due to the nature of this kind of media, the relevant official has been forced to obey the public's will quickly at the least amount of time.Areas of the power structure in which accountability cannot be seen before, with the advent of social media, they find themselves obliged to respond. In addition, it is impossible to ignore the fact that in some cases in the past, the authorities did not see a reason to respond, but with the shaping of public opinion and the creation of media pressure by social media, this issue gradually becomes a common practice. Officials see themselves and their performance in the eyes of the people, and for every word and action, there is a possibility for people's awareness. They could not stop people from taking any action or saying anything.Therefore, it can be said that with the emergence of social media, media monitoring of the power structure has entered a new stage. Of course, there are some flaws in this process, such as the spread of rumors, the effect of psychological warfare, fake news, and the emergence of some immoral atmospheres such as media accusations.

IntroductionEducation plays an important role in identity formation and its amplification. As textbooks are suitable means to change or form beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes and students have limited access to other identity seeking sources in this period their lives, elementary training importance is more significant.Features such as identity sharing, the transfer of experience through lived one, socialization and any other latent structure that reflects the common values of a society are precisely the conceptual foundations that Bourdieu calls school nationalism (Bourdieu, 1397:327). Although school may distribute the obligated culture and identity of a society among students unbalancedly, but it widely distributes and places the recognition.Textbooks as something that shape the structure of emotion in the school setting, are the special characteristics of a country. Identity and specialness of a country are its logic and in fact its mental image. In fact, textbooks content is a stimulus that can be effective in shaping students’ national beliefs.In achieving identity various factors such as family, educational institution, socio-political and cultural systems governing society, media and press, etc. are influential. In this regard, the institution of education after the family is the most effective factor in the development of people identity.Students in each country are considered to be the best human resources in social (collective) life and have an effective share in ensuring the cultural and national life of their country. Undoubtedly, the identity crisis is the most important social damage in today’s world, the signs of which can be seen in all socio-cultural, economic and political relations. From this perspective, identity as one of the major categories in social and cultural processes is affected by the process of globalization and its consequences.Materials and MethodsThis investigation has been done based on Laclau and Muffe Theory. Data analysis was done based on conceptualization and discourse semiotics proposed by Soltani (2014). There are two semiotic systems, i.e., image and text in textbooks; therefore using the above method for analyzing and interpretation of text and images in social studies textbooks of elementary school (First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth graders social studies textbooks) published in (2017) includes three stages: first, textual analyzing in which each book analyzed individually. In this stage, sampling and analyzing were done out of written text and images. Second, intertextual analyzing in which all mentioned textbooks analyzed in relation to each other based on Laclau and Muffe theory. In the third stage, contextual analyzing was done in which propounded discourses in textbooks were analyzed regarding to macro social and cultural discourses based on Laclau and Muffe theory. Soltani (2014) in his discourse semiotic method has tried to propose a model based on which long texts analysis be facilitated. Combining his method with Laclau and Muffe theory would result in one that has micro and macro explanations simultaneously.Discussion of results and conclusionsThe findings indicated that giving priority to religious discourse and presenting Iranian identity based on Islamic ideology, a critical picture of all governments before Islam development and Islamic Revolution, reinforcing Occidentalism and dividing the world to Islamic/non-Islamic is the all that students learn from social sciences studies textbooks till twelve. So, it seems that Iran government is based on Islamic culture; in this sense, Iranian identity is a reconstructed culture to restore the former societies against west culture. Therefore, in Iran, government is formed by defining a legitimated and Shia’-oriented culture and naturalizing it in a systematic way through tools such as education.Boosting traditional identification in educational textbooks is what is generally followed by textbooks authors in Iran; that is, the close connection of space, time, and culture in a given land that meets identity needs; in this sense human beings easily achieve the identity and the meaning they need within their small, stable, and united worlds. But the reality is that the media, advertising, and the globalization process in general have greatly reduced the possibility of traditional identification, and continuation of this practice in textbooks could lead to a kind of identity crisis

The importance of finding a safe and supportive online environment for children and adolescents, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, is an issue that requires attention in the field of communication sciences. Various countries have been working for years to understand the experiences of this age group in the online space. In Iran, theoretical resources on this subject are severely limited. Therefore, the aim of this article is to explain the dimensions and theoretical approaches that support the virtual life of children and adolescents using a descriptive-analytical approach.This article designs a model for explaining the communication behavior of children and adolescents in social media by taking a comprehensive view and considering different approaches to their relationship with media (child-centered and media-centered), as well as different approaches to new communication technologies (such as deterministic, instrumentalist, cultural studies, and social formation). Finally, by explaining various aspects of this issue, it concludes that at a micro level, the relationship between access to social media, interaction patterns, and learning in social media can lead to the formation of a media identity for children and adolescents.Technological changes are a process that has no direction. Understanding the place of the virtual space in the lives of adolescents requires us to avoid having a purely technological interpretation and to understand the social position of technology and its variable outputs. The virtual space can be an element that creates new cultural characteristics in the social life of young people, but these behaviors may also reproduce older conditions. In fact, a purely technological approach ignores the material and cultural conditions in which these technologies operate. Digital spaces such as websites, social networks, etc., are owned by commercial companies that target adolescents and try to shape their consumption patterns. At the same time, adolescents become empowered by using these spaces and seem to become partners in creating content. They play an important role in society and find a global and wide audience with their creative presence. Therefore, in this article, we follow this tradition and do not seek to value, accept, or reject one of the theoretical traditions or approaches in the field of the relationship between communication technology and childhood and analyze the virtual world of children and adolescents with it. Instead, considering the research background, we aim to combine these approaches and provide a model that is suitable for the problem and research background. Children will either become social media users or not due to digital selection or social inequality and lack of access to social media users. How children access social media is related to their interactions in this space and their view of how to use and learn from social media. Also, the type of view of social media is related to the interaction and learning patterns of child and adolescent media users, and all of these factors can affect how they identify themselves in social media and shape their own media. One of the key features of a media-centered approach is the display and management of identity in online backgrounds. "Who am I?" has become a central issue: how adolescent users present themselves as flexible subjects and gain a sense of control over their public network. Online content production is an intrinsic process of managing the identity, lifestyle, and social relationships of every child and adolescent user. Online self-representation involves a symbolic interaction that Mead and Goffman have explained, and today this symbolic process has evolved into a display that details friendly links and is used as an identity marker in user profiles. Self-managed online identities also include judgments about complex multidimensional relationships. Adolescents use their interactions with "friends" as part of this process to display their identity.

These days, virtual space plays a vast and significant role in human’s individual and social life. Many people spend a lot of time and energy in this space in order to produce digital products and consume another one’s productions. This style of consumption is called Digital Virtual Consumption. Social networks are very important in the procedure of consumption, because they gather so many people in their space and all virtual space have been republished there as multimedia productions and links. The goal of this research is to study of consumers’ meanings and interpretations about their lived experiences during digital virtual consumption. The research method qualitative and interpretative phenomenology technique is utilized for research. Telegram and Instagram as two famous and popular social networks in Iran are selected for the study. Data are gathered from three resources including news and reports about social networks, social network contents and deep semi-constructed interviews with consumers. The finding led to four important phenomena including: “Knowledge Network”, “Representation and Identity”, “Hypermarket” and “Challenge of Norms” which construct the main phenomenon of the research named “Pleasure of Freedom”.Keywords: Virtual Space, Social Networks, Phenomenology, Phenomenology IntroductionDigital virtual consumption is a relatively new term that is becoming more and more popular. These days we are surrounded by virtual space and telecommunication technologies and many questions have been raised about this digital life. Virtual consumption is a way to explain a kind of consumption that occurs in the computer atmosphere. Just like classic consumption, this kind of consumption can influence our lives and culture significantly. This research tries to study the effects of DVC on lifestyle and cultural aspects Tehran citizens buy utilizing phenomenological methods.PurposeDigitalization is a fast-growing trend in all people's lives. Qualities and results are these lifestyles is a very important question that can affect all aspects of policy making and cultural studies. No adequate research has been carried out in order to investigate the meanings and motivations of Tehran citizens that live in a digital atmosphere and describe their acts and meanings of them. This research can be the first step to discuss this matter and utilize the next studies as well.MethodologyBecause this research is designed to investigate the people's acts and their meanings, a phenomenological method was utilized. The research method is completely qualitative. Three data sources are utilized to discuss obtaining a better model of the case. Content analysis of Telegram and Instagram as to popular social media in Iran besides interviews to 45 social media users and eventually content analysis of news, policy documents and other media are data resources. The results have been coded and conceptual model is introduced.FindingsCoding and categorizing the results let in four important concepts that are; hypermarket, identity and representation, the conflict of norms and knowledge networks. The spirit of this research leads us that all of these concepts are related together via a more general and global concept which is named the joy of freedom. So, it could be claimed that Tehran citizens act and spend their time in virtual space especially in social networks in order to experience the joy of freedom. Concisely it could be claimed that freedom is the ultimate purpose of digital virtual consumption among Tehran citizens.ConclusionIt could be concluded from this research, that that freedom experience is a very strong motivation for users to stay and act in social media and barriers like filtering cannot avoid this act. So that the more filtering technologies are being strengthened the more users try to find some other technologies to bypass filters and preserve their free atmosphere of communication and consumption. This conflict results in a prolonged controversy between people and policymakers. Just an extended dialogue and cultural studies can modify this conflict and end the wasting of natural capitals.NoveltyDVC is a new term in virtual space studies and no previous research in Iran has investigated this term and its aspect. This study can be pursued in many other disciplines like sociology, economy HCI and policy.

According to technological and theorethical tranitions in communication, the 1990s can be considered as the treshhold of the end of mass media. A break from the Television Era that was completed with the emergence of Web2 and virtual social networks in the first decade of the 21st century. The main question of this article is that considering the collapse of traditional mass media apparatus and disconnection of the dominant link between mass brodacasting media and the central state after the communication revolution, what is the sociological position of the social media and ite embedded social networks in Iran's social structure?PurposeTransition from Television era to Social Networks era can never be considered as a usual change in one of the differentiated sectors of the society. In the Television era there was a corresponding relationship between the cold-war view of the power of mass communication tools in shaping public opinion and socio-cultural engineering of a unified nation-state; and the pyramidal idea of power, hierarchical discipline and centralized social structure in Western societies. In the 21st century this dominant apparatus has been seriously challenged by the transformation in communication technology as such as many theorists talk about global transition from the mass society to the network society.One of the results of these changes is exploration of the new emergent relationship between society and media especially in the countries with historical lack of democratic institutions and live public sphere. Methodologically this new finding, requires a contextual historical-sociological understanding of communication technology which is completely absent from conventional technocratic view of media in the Television era. Of course, such reseach can’t have a general universal answer and need local historial detailed investigations in each national context.  In the case of Iran, this article is an effort to emplace the “Network Society” theory in the particular historical context of Iran, by getting assistance from theories in Iranian Studies which talk about traditional network society and social networks in advance. MethodologyConsidering the necessity of setting the insights of “Network Soceity” theory inside the framework of contemporary Iranian social theory, three prominent sociological researches have been chosen which each include great communicational capacity to being used in relation to the question of this article: Rafipour's theory of Iranian informal society (2013), Migdal's theory of Strong Societies -Weak States of the third world (Migdal, 1988) and Serberni-Mohammadi's theory of “Small Media, Big Revolution” about special characteristics of Iranian field of communication during the Islamic Revolution (Serberni & Mohammadi, 1994). Following Manuel Castells who uses “Grounded Theory” to "explaining the structure and dynamics of the communication process in the historical context" (Castells, 2016: 38), the method of this research is also grounded theory, in the sense that the most relevant texts appropriate to the research problem are purposefully selected and with the critical analysis of the texts in the context of the Iranian experience, a new articulation of the concepts is presented.FindingsRafi’poor, Migdal and Serberni-Mohammadi are talking about a dichotomy in Iranian socio-communicational structure: in front of thecentral, formal and hierarchical mass society that is under control and manipulationof the state, there is an informal social network in Iran which is historicallyacting as a powerful resistant force in spite of central tendency to unifyingthe nation-state. By re-articulating the concepts provided by the three stated theoretical frameworks, we can induce that Iranian informal society is a network society that shapes its own media and communication tools to communicate, mediate, express and develop the appropriate social conduct. In this sense, the confrontation between the state’s mass media with the ability of centralized widely broadcasting especially in television; and the small social network media with the capacity of self-communicating, have always been the main field of socio-communication conflicts in contemporary Iran. It is precisely on this basis that new virtual social networks have been welcomed by the Iranian society due to their high networking capabilities and spontaneous diffused communication. In fact, the old informal social network absorbs the new virtual social networks: a mutual socio-technical reinforcement of pre-modern and post-modern mediation.ConclusionPutting these three social theories of Iran together and re-articulating them using the method of grounded theory in order to examine the relationship between the social context and the communicational imperatives shows that the victory of small networked and scattered media over the great centralized state media in the Islamic Revolution was one of the most important manifestations of the power of the Iranian informal society. In fact, according to the theory of informal society, it can be said that Iran's society is traditionally a network society with its adapted spontaneous collective communication, and virtual space is only one of the new capacities in the new chapter of this dynamism. If television is the media of the Iranian formal society, social networks are the media of the Iranian informal society. Considering the network characteristics and self-motivated communication of the Iranian informal society, which along the technical and communicational capacities of cyber social networks is creating and sharing its contents and discontents especially in the resistance and conflict with the centralized mass media of the formal society, it would be clear that the research and policy discussion over social networks should be recognized as an important branch of "sociology of informal society" in Iran.Novelty“Network Society'' theory is talking about the global transformation in social structures as consequence of the Information and Communication Revolution. This article, trying to contextualize this theory historically and sociologically in the case of Iran, argues that this phenomenon shouldn't be considered as a totally new revolutionary change in social structure, but is a new chapter in an extensive historical conflict between formal and informal society in Iran. From a Science and Technology Studies (STS) perspective, this conclusion is a critical revised interpretation of technological determinism embedded in the network society theory. Furthermore, this article is an Interdisciplinary study that reveals the need to multi-dimensional approaches to study the social media in 21st century.

Following the Enlightenment movement and then the French Revolution, competition between the great European powers for access to Iran intensified, on the other side the Tsarist Russia did play another role in these competitions. Unlike Russia, which used military means to open her way to European boarders and the Far East, European powers pursued their goals with the Enlightenment ideas alongside with economic investment. At the same time, some Iranian intellectuals emerged who put the same goals of the Enlightenment movement at the forefront of their activities. With the aim of promoting Iran, they tried to spread some new instructions such as the rule of law in Iran. It was thought that if Iran follows the same attitude as Europe, it would soon achieve progress and growth. These people not only did not pay enough attention to the requirements of the civilization, but also did not pay attention to the fact that the new civilization also has a colonial aspect that is contemporaneous with the new ideas. With the descriptive-analytical method of research, this study shows that these intellectuals did not have a critical approach to these categories and as a result, instead of establishing an idea according to the custom of the country, they took the path of imitating something that could not prevent the colonial risk upon.

IntroductionThe tremendous changes of the Internet have led to the emergence of new forms of social life. These changes have even caused some new philosophical attitudes to be produced. Social networks have accelerated this change and have forced various issues such as the perception of the body and the change of beauty culture into everyday life. Creating an online identity that has a placeless and even timeless nature. This online identity requires a special kind of presentation that is different from the everyday presentation in the past. Goffman had given detailed explanations about the theatrical performance in the past. But are those explanations useful for showing in online life? Social networks, especially Instagram, have been able to create a tool for their display that is different from the display in the past. So a new framework should be made in this field and a new theorizing should be done for this new reality. PurposeOur goal of this research is to try to re-conceptualize display in this space by using the data available in the Instagram social network and to expand Goffman's theory in the field of online life to determine the differences between these two contexts. MethodThe method used in this research is netnography. Netnography is a method for understanding the attitudes, ideas, images and feelings of users in online communication. In other words, discovering culture online. Netnography is a qualitative and innovative method to support sociological theories in the Internet space and emerging social networks. In this research, the researcher, with continuous observation of more than three years of the online space of Instagram and accuracy in all kinds of interactions including posting, self-presentation, comments, directs, stories, captions, biographies, likes and followings, etc., reached the norms and subcultures. has been found In addition, short and long-term conversations have been conducted with more than thirty people to make the researcher's understanding of space more accurate. Then, some of the researcher's discoveries were turned into internet questionnaire questions and were placed in a popular Telegram channel, which was generally people with an Instagram page. It has been tried to test Goffman's concepts in this space and explain the differences qualitatively.ResultsEach user tries to create an online identity for himself based on existing stereotypes and adjust all parts of his display based on this general identity. In this space, people present their show through a photo or video that is voluntary and with self-awareness. Users can choose to perform their demonstration whenever they want. Self-presentation on Instagram can be done without the presence of the person himself. When a person takes photos and videos of the living space, tools around him, nature, etc., but he is not in it; This means that a show takes place without physical presence. The present audience is a term made up by the mind to refer to the mentality of the presenters of the Instagram show from their own audience. Users talk to their followers and perform their show for them. While they don't see them, on the other hand, through their reactions, they can create a spectrum of their audience in their minds, which may be different from the audience's reality, because the audience may have performed those reactions themselves in a show. Behind the scene in this space means that it happens when a person wants to prepare a photo or a video for his screen which means in front of the scene. In Instagram, the host can control and select his contacts to a great extent. ConclusionIn summary and in the form of a metaphor, it can be said that the difference between showing on Instagram and showing in everyday interactions is like the difference between making a movie and performing a theater. The differences between these two shows can be summarized as follows: 1- As it was said, in this show, the control of the environment and which show goes on the stage is entirely in the hands of the presenter. 2- In this show, a person can advance his show by using writings or taking pictures of the surrounding realities, and in the meantime, there is no need to be seen. 3- A person can advance his show in response to the realities around him. In fact, he should confirm and repeat the identity he has defined for himself, not by action, but by reaction. This issue makes the basis of the show to measure yourself and your position. 4- People can delete or control their contacts in this space by using the option to block or close comments. 5- Users with high followers in this space are faced with invisible contacts who know they are real but do not know who exactly they are. 6- The ability to remain and not be removed is one of the very basic things in this space. Photos that belong to an old show can be seen in the first encounter of a new user, while this is not possible in a personal show. In general, the display tool in this space is its own, but in its infrastructure, it is based on the same form of communication that Goffman explained. 7. Self-disclosure is difficult in this space because the audience is from different spectrums8. Due to the visual nature of this space, it becomes easier to compare and spread a subculture or specific normative practices. This causes new standards to be formed in different fields.

social media plays an important role in politics and culture. Representation of Iranian temperaments in the media discourse and Twitter communication styles is one of the most important platforms for cultural studies. One way to understand the hidden order of change in society is by recognizing the layers of the media and constructing the actions of individuals. Where inherent patterns and situations for accepting moral rules give rise to social behaviors. Moral preferences are qualitative in the culture of societies and affect the perception and prediction of behavior before other contextual variables such as psychological characteristics or political tendencies. Discovering the regular pattern of these preferences triggers fundamental methodological conflicts, and the best case scenario occurs in a phenomenological situation without the intervention of the researcher. Social media data has made this possible even more. The purpose of this article is to discover the pattern of moral preferences of activists in the political decision-making situation, which seeks it in the context of Twitter metadata during the 1396 presidential election in Iran. The implementation method is qualitative content analysis and building a low-to-high model of ethical values. The results indicate the identification of group preferences, responsibility, cognition, attention, trust, value, power and inertia as the most important moral foundations, each of which has two positive and negative poles. Cultural contexts of inter-group moral socialization based on the acceptance of reciprocal responsibilities can be the pillar of Iranian moral foundations and explain the pattern of their order of action in political decisions.

IntroductionIn recent decades, the advent of the Internet and social media platforms has had a profound influence on global interpersonal dynamics. This transformative process has given rise to a novel social life known as the network society, as conceptualized by Manuel Castells (2005). Within the network society, individuals can instantly access and disseminate information, enabling simultaneous communication across geographical boundaries. Consequently, the proliferation of large-scale online platforms has exerted substantial impacts on economic, social, political, and cultural domains.Among the existing platforms, Twitter focuses more on politics than other social media such as Instagram and Telegram. Twitter's inherent nature lends itself to users expressing concise and rapid opinions, particularly regarding public and political affairs. In Iran, this platform primarily serves as a hub for public and political activists. Furthermore, the prevalent practice of sharing tweets on more popular social media such as Telegram and Instagram often leads to the dissemination of media content flowing from Twitter. Beyond serving as a mere outlet for expressing diverse perspectives on events and political matters, Twitter fosters an environment that enables user interaction and influence concerning these events. The communication and reactions of users on this platform can have an impact on political opinions and even shape broader perspectives. PurposeWhile the number of Twitter users in Iran may be relatively low, with only 3% of people reported to be using Twitter according to a recent survey by the Iranian Student Opinion Center (ISPA) in June 2022n, the platform holds significant influence over politics in Iranian society. This is primarily due to the active participation of political and social activists who make up the majority of Twitter users in the country. Notably, both local and international media outlets, as well as political activists, heavily rely on Twitter for disseminating information and engaging in discussions. Furthermore, popular topics and discussions on Twitter often find their way to other platforms such as Telegram, Instagram, and even email, indirectly exposing a wider audience to Twitter's impact. Despite these observations, the relationship between Twitter and the political landscape in Iranian society has yet to be thoroughly investigated in a scientific and systematic manner, highlighting the need for further research in this area.Given the evolving political landscape in Iran, particularly in light of the significant events in October and November of 2022, it has become increasingly vital to explore the association between Twitter and the emergence and characteristics of these developments. Notably, Iran's political environment has long exhibited a stable feature of bipolarity, making it the focal point of this article. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the manifestation and perpetuation of these polarizations within the Persian-speaking user base on Twitter. By doing so, the study aims to shed light on how political polarization in Iran is mirrored and perpetuated within the Twitter sphere. MethodologyThis research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing participatory observation and case study methods. Purposeful sampling is employed to examine specific events that offer significant insights into the research topic. Data collection involves observation and data mining techniques. Initially, the researcher presents their observations on Twitter, while also independently analyzing unique situations aligned with the research question through data mining. To support the research objectives, a selection of noteworthy economic, political, social, cultural, and sports events in the years 1400 and 1401 are studied, as observed on Twitter, to validate and reinforce the findings from participatory observation. Social Network Analysis (SNA) methodology is employed in this section. The importance of nodes is primarily measured using the PageRank centrality measure, with each node's size and tag size corresponding to its PageRank centrality. In the PageRank centrality measure, a node's significance is determined not only by the number of its connected nodes but also by the importance of these nodes. Node classification into distinct communities is achieved through Lovin's algorithm (Blondel et al., 2008). Graph visualization predominantly utilizes the Force Atlas 2 algorithm (Jacomy et al., 2014). Gephi software is employed for graph illustration and analysis purposes. FindingsThe findings of this research reveal the following: First, within the Twitter space, the presence of anonymous users, bots, and organized accounts is prominent, contributing to the propagation of computational propaganda.Second, likes and retweets by users have become tools for drawing boundaries and intensifying mistrust and polarization.Third, during periods of societal tension, Twitter users tend to silence opposing voices through blocking and unfollowing, creating further polarization and reinforcing echo chambers. This limits exposure to diverse and conflicting opinions, as social media, instead of being platforms for diverse voices, inadvertently contribute to the silencing of differing perspectives.Fourth, in this polarized environment, voices in the middle ground users have fewer opportunities to emerge, as they are subjected to negative labeling from both ends of the spectrum. The term "middleman" is frequently used to protest against individuals expressing differing opinions within the bipolar atmosphere of Twitter.Fifth, different views are disregarded by “checking” individuals' past records, as this checking has become a significant criterion for discerning right from wrong and a means to suppress diverse thoughts and voices.Sixth, Persian Twitter demonstrates a bipolar atmosphere across various topics. The pattern of polarization usually involves a minority pole and a majority pole. The majority pole encompasses diverse spectrums and groups, while the opposing spectrum to the Islamic Republic holds a louder and clearer voice, often leading to the marginalization of moderate perspectives.The research findings indicate a polarized atmosphere within the Twitter environment that hinders communication and dialogue between different groups. While this situation may reflect social and political conditions, Twitter algorithms, content suggestion mechanisms, and features like blocking, unfollowing, and muting have also played a role in shaping and intensifying polarization, effectively creating an echo chamber within the Twitter space. ConclusionObserving the Twitter platform prompts us to think about its essence. Twitter appears to possess a distinct character and nature characterized by blocking and unfollowing, condemnation of moderation as the "middleman," widespread online hate speech, and a polarized environment. This attribute can perhaps be attributed to Twitter's constraint of limited characters per tweet, setting it apart from social media like Facebook or Instagram. The findings reveal the prevalence of distrust, intolerance, insults, and aggression within political discussions on Twitter, hindering the cultivation of equitable dialogue. Within the Twitter space, the interplay of three factors—namely, the formation of "communities of like-minded individuals," the removal of dissenting perspectives through blocking and unfollowing to avoid the challenges of disagreement, and the existence of "filter bubbles"—has contributed to the creation of an echo chamber, amplifying polarization within the Twitter realm. One notable aspect of this bipolar environment is the inherent mistrust and escalation of verbal violence observed between opposing poles, even targeting individuals positioned among the bipolar factions. As this situation becomes more pervasive, users who do not align with either pole, forming a gray area, choose silence out of fear of isolation, consequently intensifying the spiral of silence. With the fading influence of the middle ground users, the cycle of bipolarity further deepens. NoveltyThe phenomenon of political polarization within the Twitter sphere has been extensively explored in various studies. However, the specific context of Iranian Twitter users remains largely uninvestigated, prompting this research to apply existing theories to the Iranian society. In conducting this study, unique characteristics observed within Persian Twitter were examined, shedding light on behaviors that have not been extensively studied in comparable research. One such behavior is the act of checking individuals' past and disregarding their current positions based on their previous opinions on a given topic. This particular behavior is distinct to the polarized Twitter environment within other communities.

Introduction Sociology of literature is one of the subsidiary branches of cultural sociology that analyses the products and consequences of literature from social views, the formation of this interdisciplinary field traces back to 19th century and some sciences like linguistics, philosophy, history and sociology have great contribution in its expansion. Among the greatest theorists of this rather newly science one call name George Lukach and Lucien Goldmann.The life of social poetry is as long as man's history and his social life. Indeed, the poets, these sensitive people, due to the fact that they possess more power of imagination and daydreaming could more deeply analyze the social events in compare to the common people; they could employ this particular capability in various aspects. One of them is social aspect that appears in their poems to describe and criticize the social issues. To analyzers and critics, this approach is regarded as poet's social view which is deserved to be studied. The Method of ResearchTo collect the needed data and information for the present article, the descriptive method and to analyze the finding of the research the qualitative method have been employed and by benefiting from the Lucien Goldmann's genetic structuralism, the sociological aspects of Shahriar's poem has been studied. Data and Findings of the ResearchAs it is said before sociology of literature tries to analyze the product of literature from the social view and the present research is to study the social grounds of Shahriar's poem, on the basis of Lucien Goldmann's genetic structuralism by using the descriptive methods. According to the findings of the research the determinate social aspects of Shahriar's poems have been classified into 12 sections and here one by one have been analyzed.For all the sections some Shahriar's poems have been presented as evidence. It should be noted that the poems which have been presented are only a small part of a large whole.  Reproofing The Manifestations of Social Unjustness The social unjustness like poverty as well as being carelessness to the oppressed and deprived children and even granting promotion to the people who are not deserved to be promoted are among the points that Shahriar has attacked them straightforwardly. For example, the stanza of "The Lord of the Winter" is an instance of Shahriar's attack to unjustness in the time of his life.Therefore, literature and the criticism of literary works are placed among the cultural achievements of the society.The social poems while is impressed by the social issues, could affects upon them too. In other words, there is an interaction between the social issues and poetry. The impressive social poem by embossing the social problems incites people to solve their problems and to blow the spirit of hope if life in the body of the society and to encourage people to struggle for social and cultural perfection. Almost all the celebrated poets of the world are those who have looked with the sense of responsibility to their circumstances and are committed to man and the society. They have renounced the view of "art for art" though the rate of this sense is different in various poets but most of them believe that fighting against the social problems is their main duty.Monzavi (1993, 25-71) calls Shahriar the poet of mania and fluency, while Ebtehaj describes him in this way: "Shahriar was a citadel for me". To Monzavi, Shahriar is a romantic poet he has mostly focuses on the romantic aspects of life while Ebetehaj emphasizes upon the visible and invisible corners of Shahriar's world viewing including the social aspects of life. Alavi (1983, 47-95) mentions in his book under the title of "History and Transformation of Iran Modern Literature": "Mohammad Hossein Shahriar is the most talented poet in the years of 1940s, he was a shining star who evinced in that oppressive and despotic circumstance. Shahriar has stood in front of us as a great poet; a man with laudable merits and an exceptional talent for poem chanting who possesses multi aspect talents, who could not show his merits as he deserved due to the social circumstances and to employ his capabilities at the service of his homeland.In the present article some social samples of his Persian and Turkish poems have been studied, though studying the social themes of his Turkish poems needs an independent research and here only a glance has been cast at these poems.    Conclusion Mohammad Hossein Behjat Tabrizi known as Shahriar, the contemporary Iranian poet due to his poetical nature was very sensitive towards social issues and humanistic affairs. He possesses some ideas about culture and society which are deserved to be thought. Many of the themes of his poems are reproofing the issues such as poverty, unjustness, ignorance. He invites people to fight against ignorance oppression and despotism. He criticizes the wrong social structures, studies the issues of modern life and warns people of the consequences of poverty which terminates to cultural poverty and destruction of man's dignity. The existence of these themes in his poem has made him a committed poet towards social affairs.According to the findings of the present research, the Shahriar's poem is teemed of reproofing the manifestations of social unjustness, criticizing the political conditions of his homeland and giving ethical advices to his society, he also encouraging people to step into the constructive affairs and to struggle against viciousness. He commemorates the cultural elites and social relations; he focuses on the problems that women are faced in a conventional society. He is a moderate patriotic and the lover of the old simple style of life and nostalgic for this life, he criticizes the western culture and appreciates his native culture, he emphasizes on joining the world society and at the same time adheres the Iranian Islamic Civilization.His poems are fraught with the colloquial words to establish a deeper relation with the common people.Studying the social and cultural issues that Shahriar has entered into his own people shows that he is a folk poet not only he is not drawn in an illusionary life but also he is living in the depth of the reality of society, and is familiar with the masse's suffering and has touched their pains and is not indifferent to social issues.His social poem shows his concentration upon the various aspects of Iranian social life in such a way that his poems are the taintless mirror of his society and he is an honest narrator of the challenges that the Iranian society are faced.Shahriar as an intelligent member of his society mirrors the reality of society and shows the problems of people and his social themes are mainstream of his works. The poet invites the attention of his addressees to the pains and problems of the society and wakes them of their negligence. It is true that Shahriar as he deserves is not supported by the social and literary institutions, but his literary commitment and the social themes of his poems in the field of social and humanistic issues are determinant factors that turned the look of people to various social stands.

Introduction The media does not act as a mirror to reflect reality, but rather affects the social construction of reality. Media representations are important in the sense that they shape public knowledge and belief, so media representation is not a neutral and neutral meaning-making, because any representation is rooted in discourse and ideology from which the representation takes place. What is meant in this research is the role of "Manoto" Tv in representing the discourse of Pahlavi and the Islamic Republic of Iran, because the researcher believes that after the Islamic Revolution in 1357, Iranian society is facing various threats and sanctions from the West, and now this situation is due to various reasons. including economic pressures, recent social events, sanctions, embezzlements and social inequalities and factors such as the events of 1996, the events of November 1998, the crash of the Ukrainian plane, the summer and autumn protests of 1400 in Isfahan and Khuzestan, the dissatisfaction of businesses and unions such as workers, environmental activists, teachers And... it has continued until it has put the Iranian government and society in a fragile and critical historical situation. In the meantime, the Farsi-language "Manoto" Tv  in addition to directing public opinion, has simultaneously focused on the negative representation of the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the positive representation and introduction of the Pahlavi government as the savior of Iran and Iranians from the current situation.  Purpose  and research questionsthe main topic of this research revolves around how Pahlavism and the Islamic Republic are represented from the discourse positions of Menuto TV, and the purpose of this research is to identify the discourse positions of  Manoto TV to identify the methods of marginalizing the discourse of the Islamic Republic and to identify the methods of highlighting the Pahlavi discourse. It's on Manoto TV. Also, the central questions of this article are:How does Manoto TV represent the discourses of the Islamic Republic and Pahlaviism? Who are "self" and "other" in "Manoto" TV and how are they represented? And how do the discourse conflict mechanisms of the Islamic Republic and Pahlavi take place on "Manoto" TV?  MethodologyThis research uses "Manoto" TV documentaries and qualitative analysis method and Fairclough's critical discourse analysis methodology. After identifying the desired signifiers, they are placed in the three levels of description, interpretation and explanation in the critical discourse analysis of Fairclough, and then a summary is made. Considering that the documentaries of this TV are in the categories of science, culture and art, wildlife, political/social, historical, comedy, series and entertainment, we select the sample with the method of deliberate, targeted or judgmental sampling; But the question is, how have we identified the documents that directly or implicitly represent the discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the discourse of Pahlaviism? The answer is that by clicking on any document, a summary of the topic of that document will be displayed. In this way, four documentaries that had the desired characteristics were selected as samples.FindingsEmphasizing the destruction of the country's financial and human resources by the government of the Islamic Republic, Manoto TV has negatively represented the Revolutionary “seppah Pasdaran” and its commanders, statesmen, the presidential institution, the leader of the revolution, and the revolutionaries as elements and pillars of the government of the Islamic Republic. According to the issues raised and the issues mentioned below, "Manoto" tv has been trying to represent the discourse of the Islamic Republic in a negative way. also  By emphasizing the positive actions of the first and second Pahlavi kings, the wife of the second king and its statesmen, and emphasizing the influential and powerful political position of Iran in international communities during the Pahlavi rule, this television has represented this government in a positive way. ConclusionIn the last decade, Manoto TV has become a sub-discussion against the discourse of the Islamic Republic and its actions, which, according to the research conducted, by making attractive and entertaining production programs, in addition to the audience's media consumption, due to the production of political, discursive, cultural, scientific, and historical content. and... has been able to attract the audience and influence them; This influence not only changes the discourse environment of the society but also leads to instability, crisis and gap between the government and the nation, which results in the reduction of the social capital of real and legal persons, including statesmen, and the loss of credibility or even the discrediting of the domestic media; Therefore, it is suggested that the national media, having sufficient knowledge of the economic, social, political and cultural conditions of the society, should make a fundamental revision in the policies related to the production of its programs so that its influence becomes deeper compared to similar media. Also, by adopting a suitable approach and away from the political point of view and specific ideology, it will attract different sections of the society to the national media. What is of fundamental importance is reducing the gap between the state and the nation to reduce the effect of negative representations.Novelty According to the conducted research, although the general and explicit result of the present research is similar to other researches in the positive representation of the Pahlavi regime and the negative representation of the Islamic Republic, but what distinguishes this research from other researches is dealing with two new documentaries centered on two recent controversial events. which occurs after the assassination of General Soleimani and the crash of the Ukrainian 752 plane, which have not been addressed in any research so far. Also, in previous researches, the focus is on the production programs of "Manoto" TV and emphasis on the representation of Iran and Iranian identity, politics and entertainment, news, press and media; However, in the current research, the way of representing the two discourses of Pahlavi and the Islamic Republic has been studied and investigated with the method of Norman Fairclough.

Social relations pave the way to form and reinforce a mutual trust between people. If the network of informal interaction is based on a kind of emotional deep contact and away from individual self-interest, it will not only make the atmosphere of society better, but also facilitate the conditions for creating social trust. The present research studies the type of relations and interactions in youths’ informal interactions. As such, deep interviews were conducted using a qualitative method and according to an interpretational approach. In methodology, the grounded theory was applied and the narratives were analyzed according to Strauss and Corbin's objectivist approach. The target population of the study was the youth of Yazd. Twenty people were selected through targeted sampling and the required information was gathered by interview. “Small pieces of intimacy in relationships” was the name of a phenomenon portraying the kind of relations and interactions among the interviewees. This term indicates lack of span and depth of relationships and intimacy in these interactions. On the other words, it shows fragmented and undeveloped relations with family, friends and acquaintances, because in spite of the existence of a relationship with each of these groups, the kind of relationship is separated and isolated and it is not like a chain. Moreover, the intimacy was not emotionally deep and far-reaching. In fact, the depth of this relationship with friends is lost, and the interactions with friends and acquaintances happen in a non-intimate situation with contacts even weaker than family relations.Keywords: Youth, Informal Interactions, Surface Interactions, Intimacy, Yazd. ____________________________________________________________________________ Extended abstractIntroductionOne of the foundations for the formation and strengthening of mutual trust between people is social relations. If the informal relations are based on some kind of deep emotional interactions and far from personal interests, it will not only soften the atmosphere of the society but also facilitate the conditions for improving social trust. Every society needs emotional and empathetic bonds among the members of its small groups in order to speed up and facilitate its reflection in the big social space, the conditions of solidarity and national harmony. But for some time now, in the society, the type of reactions to the happenings, from the way of expressing anger and anger, or satisfaction, criticism and appreciation, has reached a dangerous way, and that is indifference.The basis of every social order is formed by emotion, differentiation and emotional connection, which is rooted in the dependence on the group with the feeling of membership in it, but a phenomenon such as social indifference is an expression of insensitivity, pessimism, reluctance and social depression. From a pathological point of view, indifference in society is known as a kind of social disease. As in its opposite point, any social concern and altruism in individual and social life is a sign of social dynamism and health.PurposeThe current research has investigated the type of relationships and interactions as well as the continuity and quality of communication in the informal relationships of young people. In detail, it should be said that the observation of daily behavior among young people shows that their emotional relationships have weakened and the reflection of that is the increase of indifference at the social level, which can lead to the reduction of the social responsibilities of young citizens in their future social life. In the meantime, Yazd province is exposed to these changes and transformations due to reasons such as pioneering and leading the use of the Internet in the country, having a huge flood of students who are the young generation and future builders of the society, and the arrival of tourists with cultural diversity. Therefore, according to the importance of the topic, the present research aims to evaluate the type of communication and friendships of young people in Yazd society in a qualitative study and to represent the informal interactions and the contexts of the formation of daily interactions of these young people in their own language.MethodologyThe present study is carried out in the form of qualitative methodology and using the background theory. The sampling was based on theoretical and purposeful sampling. In this regard, the information of this study was collected using in-depth and semi-deep interviews. The target population was the youth of Yazd city, 20 of them were selected by purposeful sampling. It's worth mentioning that the sampling process has continued to reach the theoretical saturation. Data collection and data analysis were done simultaneously. In this study, open source, axial and selective coding were used in data analysis. Findings"Small pieces of intimacy in relationships" is the title of a phenomenon that has been the representation of the relationships and associations that took place among the interviewees. This term reflects the lack of breadth and depth of relationships and the depth of intimacy in it.In other words, the narrator has fragmented and undeveloped relationships with family, friends, and acquaintances, and despite the relationship with each of the groups, the relationships are isolated and separate and the chain relationship is not formed. Although affection and intimacy can be seen in some of these relationships, it is in small dimensions and lacks emotional depth. The relevant interviewees have appeared in different forms in informal communication with their family and friends. In such a way that the majority of them had a deep relationship only with their family and in their friendly relations it was superficial and limited to meeting the needs and meeting personal needs.ConclusionAccording to the discussions of the participants and identifying the lack of deep relationships in informal relationships and interactions between them, it should be said that the depth of communication with friends is not very defined and socializing with friends and acquaintances is in a vacuum of intimacy with superficial and far weaker and faint relationships. It is more than family relationships. In order to get out of such a space, the necessity of social cohesion can be made clear to people by promoting the culture of cooperation and cooperation in the social space and making them aware of the feedback of such interactive behaviors in individual life. These solutions can pave the way to reflect on informal relationships and reduce individualism by highlighting social teachings in promoting empathetic attitudes, paying attention to friends and acquaintances, and evoking a sense of responsibility and philanthropy in social interactions and relationships.NoveltyUnlike the methods used by the respected researchers in the past, which were mainly quantitative methods, the present research deeply investigated social indifference with a qualitative method as a deep look at the roots and hidden layers of this problem from the participants' words. Is. Another thing is that these researches have often considered the type of relationships in the social space as a whole, but the main difference of the current research is separating informal interactions and relationships in the fields of family, friends and acquaintances and clarifying the type and manner of each of them. These connections are in the relevant community.