نشریه مطالعات دفاع مقدس و نبردهای معاصر
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 7، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Holy Defense is a turning point in the history of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, which has reached victory under the influence of various cultural, social, political, and administrative factors. The purpose of this article is to provide a model of cultural and social factors of holy defense. The research method was thematic analysis. Three types of descriptive, interpretive and integration coding were used for data analysis. The codes were finally validated through homogeneity matching in the data. According to the findings, the most important social factors of holy defense include: unity and solidarity, brotherhood and brotherhood, the role of Imam Rah, presence on the stage, patriotism, mobilization of different classes and social forces, honor and pride, enjoining what is good and forbidding what is bad. The presence of women, the presence of the elderly, the presence of young people, the presence of clergymen, the role of collegians, the role of educators, ethnic groups, workers, models and revolutionary institutions, and cultural factors included: faith and trust, stewardship, resilience, sacrifice, sincerity, revolutionary spirit, jihadi spirit, insight, symbols, propaganda and art. The research results can be used for the propaganda and cultural centers of the armed forces.

"Pasdar" is a familiar concept in Islamic education and, accordingly, in the discourse of the Islamic Revolution; A concept that has been applied to many examples at different times from the beginning of Islam until now, and many examples can be expressed for it; Basically, the concept and meaning of "guardian" and "guardian" becomes meaningful when we are faced with a phenomenon and a living and valuable creature and for this reason it has been threatened from various aspects; It is in this situation that the duty of "guarding" is determined. The basic question here is who can protect that valuable phenomenon - which is the Islamic revolution - under what conditions and characteristics? In this article, by placing martyr Hajj Qassem Soleimani as the subject of study, we have validated the statements of Imam Khamene-Imdzaleh as a "Balance Guard Indicator"; Based on this, by using documentary and Delphi methods, after counting the statements and analyzing and confirming them, the indicators of Pasdar in the level of the Islamic Revolution have been determined and described. Based on this, some of the most important indicators were determined, such as sincerity, courage, persistence and innovation in doing work, being present and ready in the field, etc.

Teacher training collegians, like other classes, had an active presence during the eight-year holy defense, and research shows that among the martyrs of the eight-year war, some of those honorable martyrs were among the collegians of teacher training centers. Therefore, considering the importance of preserving the values of holy defense and the cause of martyrs, the present research was carried out in order to examine and analyze the wills of teacher training martyrs in South Khorasan, and the method of content analysis and document review was used. The text analysis unit was martyrs' wills. According to the nature of the research, available sampling method was used, and 12 wills of teacher training martyrs were examined. The data obtained from the examination and analysis of the martyrs' wills were analyzed with the method of Gal Et al. Findings from the analysis of wills were categorized in 8 main themes: "Philosophy of being at the front", "The martyrs' view of Imam Khomeini (RA)", "Giving importance to the mosque and ceremonies", "The mission of collegian-teachers", "Guide for the people", "Honor of father and mother", "Respect Hijab and Islamic issues" and "Transmission of Ashura culture". It can be concluded from the findings of the research that the martyrs, with a deep look at the importance of the important mission of collegian-teachers, while conveying the importance of the right education of the future generation in their wills, emphasized on avenging the blood of the martyrs from the enemy. And issues such as paying attention to ceremonies and the importance of praying and continuous attendance in mosques, observing hijab by women and paying special attention to Muharram were part of the will of the martyrs to the collegian-teachers and people.

The relationship between rationality and events such as holy defense is one of the basic questions in political thought and philosophy, especially in the new era. Certainly, political action based on rationality and events as foundations of society has always been on the focus of political thinkers from past to present. Since the beginning of the Islamic revolution, some people have been trying to interpret the victories, especially during the war, as equivalent to a kind of extremism and radicalism, as well as contrary to rationality. In the meantime, Imam Khamenei (Madazla Al-Aali) as a sage and scientist of the Islamic world, believes that the holy defense from the beginning to the end was one of the "most rational and resourceful movements of the Iranian nation". The present article tries to show the function of reason in the brilliant passage of the Iranian nation from the era of holy defense. The necessary data has been extracted through library and document study and analyzed by descriptive-analytical method.

The Holy Defense is one of the most brilliant and significant portions of the history of the Islamic Revolution and one of the greatest credits of the Iranian nation in the history of the country. "Support" was an important part of the holy defense that its management in the war had a great impact on the fronts. In 1365, in the midst of the Iran-Iraq war, since the Supreme Defense Council was unable to resolve the issue of war support due to its operational volume, the Supreme War Support Council was founded to regulate the relations of the three forces and coordinate and address the support situation of the fronts and provision of troops. The members of this council were selected and introduced by Imam Khomeini (RA) and this council had wide powers. Considering the lack of research content regarding the performance of the mentioned council, the present research seeks to answer the question, what was the role of the Supreme War Support Council in the holy defense? The hypothesis of the researchers is that the Supreme War Support Council has had an effective and fundamental role in the human support and logistics of the holy defense through the organization of the people's forces and the provision of material facilities. This research is applied based on the results and the data has been collected from reliable sources using library and documentary methods. Qualitative content analysis method was also used for data analysis.

Martyr and martyrdom are considered to be one of the most central categories of holiness and transcendence in Islam, especially in Shia religion. The categories which changed from a strange and unfamiliar form to a familiar example and the daily experience of individuals and society in contemporary time and in the process of the formation of the Islamic Revolution of 1957 and the eight-year imposed war afterwards. After the end of the war and with the time gap and many ups and downs made in the way of governance, neglecting and forgetting the ideals and goals of the martyrs was perceived as a serious void by the public opinion of the society, especially the popular revolutionary and religious movements. In this regard and with the recommendations of the leader of the revolution that the ideals, goals and path of the martyrs should not be forgotten, the burial of the martyrs at the level of the cities and in different places got pritorised by officials and those involved in the matter. An act that has been in the center of discussions and sometimes criticisms between groups of different people in the society since the beginning and in the process of doing it until now. The groups, each according to the type of attitude, are finally placed under a spectrum from supporters to critics on different angles of this practice. In this research, we are aiming to find the most key attitudes of this group with the qualitative approach and narrative ethnography method and discourse analysis, and with the help of open and case interviews, along with the tools of observation, participatory observation, documentary review, etc. and to collect and describe the spectrums regarding the burial of martyrs in the city and provide a brief analysis of the functional logic of each one.

Villa Dwellers (Vīlā Īha) and The Scout (Dīdē Bān) screenplays are about people who are struggling with difficult situations in their lives. They don't have any individuality, they apparently have nothing in common, though in the points of self-consciousness and self-development, like when various lakes with different paths pour into the same sea. In the other words, their only similarity is their patience which leads them to the field of spirituality and self-consciousness. This research with a descriptive analytics method based on Gérard Genette’s theory of narratology, studies the function of time among two of the prizewinning screenplays from the Resistance International Film Festival; Villa Dwellers and The Scout. Overall, the study illustrates that the time in these screenplays is a context of narration and a mean for motion in it. The screenwriters use effective scenes full of suspensions and associations in order to depict the character's concerns, emotions, and personal lives. This shows that the screenwriters not only didn't neglect narratological implications but also intentionally use them in their works.

In most crises, especially war, the reduction of human casualties is the main condition for victory. The development of medical sciences and the use of advanced facilities besides equipping of personnel with the latest medical technologies lead to the reduction of weak points and therefore increases the factors related to the victory in war. The current research aims to analyze the role of the Ministry of Health and Medicine in the war, and tries to report the support of this ministry has been applied to the forces engaged in the war in the historical period from 1359 to 1367. First and second hand documents and sources and the narration of informed people were the resources cited. With the start of the imposed war, the health and treatment system, in coordination with other institutions, got involved in war issues. The results demonstrate that the development of health education, the development of hospital and hospital departments in the affected areas, the provision of health care services to the injured of chemical and aerial bombardment, martyrs, immigrants, refugees, prisoners, the provision of medical and health staff and the provision of medicine and the medical equipment of the fronts, as well as the coordination and sending of the wounded abroad, are among the most important types of specialized functions have been considered. On the other hand, collecting and sending cash donations and goods to the front, legal and legal measures for martyrs and students, witnessing and expanding Service to the community to increase satisfaction has been one of the most important types of public performance of this ministry. Also, initiative and creativity, fast dynamism and flexibility, decision-making power and freedom to act logically and effectively in the field of action, organizing according to combat and attracting creative and innovative forces, revolutionary management and command and control, maintaining the spirit of risk-taking and courage as characteristics The activism of health and treatment in the war was counted.

Every country faces with various problems in which the solutions related to those depend on having a model for setting priorities, explaining the angles of the problems, designing solutions, etc. Since the requirements of the countries have been different from each other, we needed a local model suitable to our needs. Post-islamic revolution of Iran also faced complex issues with the needs regarding to the Iranianness, Islamism, and modernity. In the meantime, holy defense has been experienced in carrying efficient and native knowledge in recognizing and solving complex issues while this knowledge is implicit and needs to be investigated, deepened and modeled to become explicit knowledge. The present article examines the practical experiences of the holy defense commanders and how they face complex issues, using the theme analysis strategy and semi-structured interviews with 8 experts of the holy defense era, identifying 180 identifiers, 31 basic themes, 8 organizing themes and then using the ism method, he presented its interpretive structural model. The results showed that in order to face the complex issues in the sacred defense of an 8-step model including recognition of the desired situation, information gathering, analysis of the current situation, discovery and identification of issues, environmental science, idea generation, action planning and evaluation and effectiveness measurement. It has been used and can be extended to other management fields needed in the Islamic Revolution.

Celebrating commemorative ceremonies in all parts of the world is one of the rites and ceremonies that are in great attention of that society; our country is not remitted from that and as a result of holy defense war, programs and rituals have been carried out to honor the status since 3 decades ago. The pattern of holding these ceremonies, has basic weaknesses in the idea and performance. We have tried to achieve a favorable pattern of holding through interviews with elites and opinion leaders in this field. The research method in this paper was qualitative and based on thematic analysis. Data collection was also done through deep and targeted interviews. Findings in this research are derived from 13 main themes as well as 4 integrated themes including: institution-oriented performances, performances based on knowledge of the public and specialists, partial-oriented performances and art-oriented performances based on the specialization of art fields; The research indicates that in order to achieve a successful model the followings should be considered: Several performances from different points of view should compete with each other in fair cost coverage and advertising so that the audience can freely choose among them. Specialized and scientific institutionalization in order to increase the programs, therefore, each field has its own departments and specific budget, which can have the power of expansion and development under a main department. Avoiding any kind of uniqueness in the design and implementation of a network of people-centered institutions that can be in sync with each other in the design and idea. Building a network of people-centered institutions that can be in sync with each other in their plans and ideas.

Symbolism is one of the most significant literary genres that play an essential role in holy defense literature. As the reader scrutinizes these symbols and archetypes, not only enjoys deciphering these literary works, but also gets acquainted with the standards, style, and thoughts of the author. Over the years, these archetypes were inherited by the subconscious of human beings which manifested in the form of symbols. Razieh Tojar is one of the contemporary and prolific authors in the holy defense genre who has written many stories about the lives and sacrifices of warriors and martyrs. She has artistically described the characteristics of martyrs and warriors by using symbols of resistance, such as rose, pigeon, bird, river, sea, and moon. Moreover, she encouraged them to be optimistic about the future and join the battlefield. This research aims to analyze and introduce the natural symbols of resistance in three selected works of Razieh Tojar, which have been done by a descriptive-analytical approach. The obtained results indicate that Razieh Tojar used seven categories of natural symbols in these three works. Since the book “Doubtlessly the Flame Will Never Die” belongs to the 80s, which is considered the golden decade of Tojar's works due to becoming more technical stories of the holy defense genre, it has made the most use of natural symbols of resistance. The least symbolism can be observed in the book “My Star” from the 70s, as the war stories became more objective in the first decades.

One of the most essential approach for maintaining, promoting, and preventing any phenomenon is the continuous evaluation of that phenomenon and extracting existing problems and trying to solve them. Rahian Noor, as the most important soft technology for exploiting the great wealth of the Holy Defense, is no exception to this rule and needs to be evaluated and moved towards renewal every day. This research was done with the aim of evaluating and extracting the problem network of Rahian Noor collegian trip. So regarding to aim, this research is applicable and regarding to the type of data and how to analyze them,  this research is classified as mixed research. The statistical population of this research includes: the officials of Basij collegian camps in the provinces, the officials of the provincial and national institutions and camps related to the subject, and the officials of the convoys sent to the Rahian Noor collegian camps. A semi-structured interview was conducted to collect data and thematic analysis method was used to analyze the interviews. The results of the research showed that factors such as attitude and general view of the Rahian Noor collegian camp, executive planning before the camp, the vehicle, the route are the main issues facing the collegian Rahian Noor trips in the functional field, and issues such as weakness in leadership And the support of Rahian Noor Collegian Path and the weakness of the content components of Rahian Noor Collegian Path can be mentioned as the basic issues facing these trips at the discourse level.