فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 53، بهار 1402)

Identifying the level of tarnslocal resilience of rural settlements is important to deal with drought and is necessary for the good governance of villages, in fact, by identifying and ranking the tarnslocal resilience of villages, it is possible to take suitable management strategies to reduce the damage caused by drought. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the translocal resilience to the drought of six rural districts of the city of Rawansar in Kermanshah province. In this quantitative research, five indicators of translocal resilience to drought were selected based on the literature review, which include: flows of people, funds, products and goods, information, technologies and innovations. Then, using a one-sample T-test, the influence of each of the mentioned indicators on the translocal resilience of the villagers from the point of view of the villages governors of Ravansar City (N=99) was checked, which was based on the table of Krejcie and Morgan and by random sampling method 79 of them were selected. In the next stage, 17 experts of agricultural jihad and the governorate of Ravansar City were selected using the snowball technique and purposive sampling method, and their opinions were used to determine the weight of the mentioned indicators. The results obtained by TOPSIS technique based on these indicators showed that rural areas of Zalu Ab and Hasan Abad in Rawansar City, had the greatest translocal resilience to drought, while rural areas of Dawlat Abad and Badr had medium and Mansour Aghaei and Quri Qala had lowest translocal resilience to drought. This could be caused by the imbalanced and translocal flows and links and the lack of spatial justice in the same rural area.

One of the undesirable consequences of the country's development policies in the border areas is the rupture in the spatial structure, which reflects these policies in the form of disruption of the balance in the endogenous growth of settlements at different levels, disorder in the spatial system of the complex human problems and discontinuity in spatial relations and disorder in economic, social, cultural, administrative and physical functions and finally geographical isolation and underdevelopment are evident. With an overview, it is possible to find the weak position of the border and marginal regions in comparison with the central regions of the country in the process of spatial development, comprehensive security and social justice. The current research with the statistical population of rural settlements in Piranshahr City in West Azarbaijan province is of a practical application type, with a descriptive-analytical method, a systemic problem-solving approach and library-documentary and survey-field information collection tools based on rural development plans. And the emphasis on the passive defense approach has been done as a security-building and defense-oriented approach. The spatial findings were analyzed by GIS and using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy logic. The obtained results indicate that out of 147 villages of the city, more than 60 villages, which constitute more than 40% of the population of rural areas, are very vulnerable. Also, the highest level of vulnerability is observed in the rural settlements of three western Lahijan, Piran and Western Mangur districts, which are border districts.

Non-representational theories have influenced rural geography, and geographers are dealing with rural issues not only discursively, but also as part of a set of embodied, practiced, and experienced elements of life. Local plans of rural settlements are among the important rural issues and the present study aims to identify the shortcomings and inadequacies of these plans in East Azerbaijan province. Research in the context of NRT as a mixed inductive thinking method has used a qualitative method (phenomenology with MAXQDA) to discover propositions; from the mixed method (Q) to subjectivize and discover mental patterns and finally, the quantitative method (SEM by LISREL method) to determine the final effective factors in rural local planning. "Lack of a clear management system for the village" (local management); "Lack of attention to local production methods" (knowledge-based); "Weakness in the procurement system (scientific weakness of consulting engineers in recognizing the needs of the villagers)" (evaluation-oriented); "Process and content ambiguity in how policies and programs are formulated" (explicit); And "Lack of attention to local indigenous knowledge and rural participation in local planning" (participatory and eco-oriented) were identified as five perspectives or mental models on the most important shortcomings of local rural development planning. The final comparison and validation of quantitative and qualitative methods showed that the "lack of a clear management system for the village" and "weakness in the local planning system" as the main shortcomings are two important propositions that provincial experts, local managers, and members of the local rural community agree on them.

Every year, some of the best agricultural lands in the country are changed for various reasons and converted into non-agricultural uses, and the departure of such lands from the field of agricultural and horticultural production causes irreparable damage. In this regard, the present study was conducted qualitatively, using the fundamental theory method with the aim of investigating the causes of land use change in Dashtestan City of Bushehr province. Participants in this study were 16 experts from agricultural centers in the city who were selected for the study through targeted snowball sampling (chain reference). The criterion for the number of samples was theoretical saturation. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Finally, the collected data were coded and analyzed in the form of 55 concepts and 18 categories. Finally, the extracted factors based on their nature in 8 mechanisms (economic (13 factors), social (7 factors), environmental (9 factors), welfare (8 factors), legal (7 factors), human (4), supportive (2 factors) and psychological (5 factors) were placed in the model of Strauss and Corbin.

Responsible behavior is a set of actions of people towards the environment that social capital is a fundamental construct about this behavior. Considering the importance of social capital in environmental sustainability, in this research, we seek to investigate the role of social capital in environmental sustainability. In the paradigm category, this research was a quantitative research that was conducted using a survey method. The statistical population of the research is the members of grape growers’ cooperative of Malayer County, whose number was 3000, and 341 of them were selected based on stratified random sampling with proportional assignment. The main data was collected using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with the members of the grape growers' cooperative of Malayer County. Data collection in the social capital section was also done using the Aphof (2000) social capital standard questionnaire (2000) and a researcher-made questionnaire related to the assessment of environmental sustainability. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by technical experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha test and was 0.86. Different statistical methods were used to analyze the data using SPSS and PLS software. The results of fitting the model of the relationship between social capital and environmental sustainability showed that the structural dimension of social capital (36.2%) and the cognitive dimension of social capital (33.9%) directly explain the changes related to the environmental sustainability variable. Also, the final study of the results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the factors of the structural dimension of social capital and the cognitive dimension of social capital.

The present research was carried out with the aim of strategic planning of empowerment of rural women of Kermanshah province through entrepreneurship in a descriptive–analytical way. Data was collected through interviews and questionnaires. Meta-SWOT software was used to analyze the data. Participants in the research are 18 experts on rural women's affairs in the agricultural jihad organization, Imam Khomani relief committee, Governor's office, Welfare, Rural Cooperative Organization, General Development of Cooperative, Work and Social Welfare of the Province and Razi University who were selected purposefully to identify and prioritize rural women's entrepreneurship empowerment strategies based on the 5 steps of the Meta-SWOT technique. According to the results, two factors, "high capacities in agriculture of the province", and "the presence of medicinal and comestible plants" had the highest weights, which indicated their importance compared to other factors in the development of entrepreneurship empowerment of rural women in Kermanshah province. The results of the investigation of environmental factors also indicated that the factor of "complete lack of coordination between executive organs " with the highest power and effectiveness was an obstacle to the development of rural women entrepreneurship in Kermanshah province. Based on the strategic plan, three important strategies for empowering women's entrepreneurship are "promoting social solidarity and facilitating the communication network between rural women"; "compilation of laws and providing fields for supporting rural women's home productions and markets" and "creating the necessary contexts and platforms to support the handicrafts brand of agricultural and livestock products".

The failure and inefficiency of past water resources management policies have led to a movement to review, pathologize, and find ways to increase the efficiency of water resources management and subsequently increase water security. Since many factors affect water security, recognizing these factors can improve the performance of sustainable water resources management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the water security index (WSI) with the help of the watershed security assessment framework at the watershed scale to comprehensively analyze the water crisis and the consequences of this water shortage in the Neyshabour Plain. The statistical population of the study is 125 farmers in the area the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula and people were interviewed by random sampling method. Also, institutional factor questionnaires were completed by snowball sampling method from experts of water-related organizations. The results show that among the 5 main dimensions identified to assess water security, the water economy dimension has had an increasing trend during the 3 statistical periods studied (2012-2013, 2016-2017 and 2019-2020) and in 2019-2020, it has had the highest amount. But in general, the water security situation in the watershed of Neyshabour Plain has been decreasing over the past 10 years and is in a weak status. In this regard, if stakeholders in water resources management pay attention to the factors affecting the concept of water security, by using and implementing the framework presented in this study, it is possible to improve the compatibility capacity and develop effective operational plans with correct and timely pathology and achieve more stable and comprehensive management of water resources in the country's watersheds.

Much research has been conducted in the field of conflict in rural projects, however, less can be found to analyze these conflicts in a collaborative framework. Meanwhile, the identification of these conflicts by water planners and policymakers can lead to sustainable management of water resources through conflict management. Therefore, the present study seeks to gain a deeper insight into the conflicts using a qualitative method. The samples were selected through critical case sampling. Data were collected using individual semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was done using a two-dimensional graphic table of constellations. The results showed that there were conflicts between the beneficiaries of the water supply project, and the biggest conflict was between the rural, the regional water company and the agricultural organization, and the conflicts between the local people. It is hoped that the results of this research will help the water trustees of the region to gain a more realistic understanding of the water conflict in the region, and in this way, help the effective management of water resources.

The house is an essential human need; over time, its spaces have taken on a different structure due to the conditions and external changes. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the rural settlements in Talesh to extract the patterns of evolution. To recognize the properties of the changes, we can use the design of rustic housing patterns. Data collection tools were library research and observation. The research method was a mixed study (qualitative and quantitative). In this research, using mathematical formulations, the goal of the study could be achieved. In the quantitative stage, 150 rural houses, selected purposefully from different Talesh regions, were analyzed using data mining and Python scripting language methods. The results indicated that in the Talesh region, the shape of a rectangle, east-west orientation, and the orientation of the veranda toward the south are common features in all of the areas found in the region. But the porch, which is a semi-open space, has played an influential role in constructing the form and improving the function of the spaces over time. Its area has been reduced, and moving it to the middle of the building has caused the formation of the houses to be more closed than before. Also, the examination of the pattern of traditional houses showed that the function of closed spaces has increased by separating different spaces due to their absence in the past.

One of the pillars of the development programs is to pay attention to the construction of rural houses. Renovation of these houses is not possible without paying attention to the identity issues and the historical background of the villages and the continuation of local patterns. The contexts of the continuity of residential patterns depend on understanding the native architecture. Therefore, it is necessary to explain the modeling process of native architecture and extract these models to be used in new designs. Savar village in East Azerbaijan province is one of the villages with historical values and native architecture. Therefore, this study seeks the modeling process and local patterns of housing in the village of Savar for implementation in the construction of new houses. This research is considered qualitative in terms of the implementation process and uses the descriptive-analytical-exploratory method to achieve its goals. For this purpose, while reviewing the relevant literature, it explains the process of modeling local patterns and then examines these steps in the case of Savar village. The findings of the research show that in the process of modeling native architecture, there are four essential stages of comprehensive understanding of the existing situation based on library and field studies, extracting the components that affect rural housing, presenting the basic model of rural housing, and finally, refining this model based on changes in the contemporary life of villagers. Consequently, the main components affecting the rural housing of Savar were identified, including the slope, orientation, substrate and spatial organization of the housing.