نشریه مطالعات راهبردی تعلیم و تربیت
پیاپی 2 (زمستان 1401)

The general purpose of this research is to express the philosophy, foundations, goals and principles of education in Iran. The main question of the research is that education is explained based on what principles? How has education been in the past and in the new? It should be said that the process of education takes place informally from birth to the end of life through human teachings in various environments. But the major part of it is entrusted to the official institution of education and education, therefore, education can be considered from three angles: a- education as an "institution" b- education as a "production and product" C- Education as a "process".The previous article, which was carried out with a descriptive, analytical and library method, and came to the conclusion that education and training in the past consisted of information and skills that could be applied, and the duty of education and training is to transfer this information and skills. to the new generation, preparing students for responsibility in the future and success in life; But the main goal in new education and training, in addition to playing this role, is to discover the relationship between education and training and personal experiences.

The purpose of writing this article is to investigate Wittgenstein's view on citizenship education and its dimensions and to infer its educational components. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and with analytical-descriptive and inferential methods, and after reviewing the sources, early and late Wittgenstein's views, and examining his opinions about the dimensions of citizenship education, a set of citizenship education components was deduced. The findings of this research show that citizenship education deals with the education of individuals in a way that they can play a role in the formation or establishment of a balance between the authority and responsibility of governments in society, and it has three important cognitive, emotional and behavioral dimensions. . In examining Wittgenstein's view on these three dimensions, it was necessary to examine Wittgenstein's theories in the period of his life, i.e. visual language and language games, and after examining the cognitive dimension using the theory of visual language and the emotional and behavioral dimension based on language games, he explained became . Finally, some components about citizenship education were deduced based on Wittgenstein's theories, which will be presented below.

With the increasing trend of migration from villages to cities, the ground for the formation of multi-grade classes is provided. The students of multi-grade classrooms are rural students or students from the suburbs of small and remote cities. There are different views on multi-grade classrooms: some consider these classes to be among the problems of the educational system that must be eliminated, and others consider the existence of these classes as an opportunity for an optimal education practice. . Research shows that there is no significant difference between students of multi-grade classrooms and students of single-grade classrooms in terms of cognitive ability. In addition, the students of multi-grade classrooms are superior to the students of single-grade classes in terms of social development, environmental adaptation, expression of emotions, spirit of cooperation, mental health, behavioral maturity, etc. they give. The results of many researches show the superiority and necessity of multi-grade classrooms have been approved.

Due to the increasing development of sports for the disabled, especially people with cerebral palsy, it is necessary to conduct detailed studies on the balance of these people and the effect of special sports exercises on the balance factor and postural control. These disabled people are an important part of society which through rehabilitation and more support can become an active member of society. This study aimed to investigate the effect of central stability and resistance exercises on the balance of children with cerebral palsy.

In this study, a comprehensive review was conducted to investigate the effect of central stability and resistance training on balance in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. For this purpose, databases PubMed, Medline, google scholar, PEDRO, Web of Knowledge, OVID, Psych info, Science Direct, Scopus, Rehadat, Rehab data with the keywords cerebral palsy, CP, Core Stability training, Progressive Resistance training , Resistance training Balance, Dynamic and Static balance, control posture, as well as in Persian databases Noormags, Iranmedex, SID, Irandoc, google scholar Magiran, Medlib and comprehensive humanities portal databases, with the keywords balance, static balance And dynamic, postural control, cerebral palsy, CP individuals, central stability exercises, resistance exercises, progressive resistance exercises from 1945 to 2021 were searched. Based on the criteria and objectives of the research, 41 articles were selected after the evaluation process.

Previous studies have positively expressed the effect of exercise therapy on static and dynamic balance in these individuals. Meanwhile, core stability and resistance exercises, by affecting the central area of ​​the body and creating stability and consistency in the person, can improve the static and dynamic balance of people with cerebral palsy and also help control their posture. Based on the results of the present research and the existing background, it can be suggested that the core stability training method can play an effective role in improving the balance of children with cerebral palsy. It is suggested that in central rehabilitation and occupational therapy of people with cerebral palsy, core stability exercises be used along with other therapies.