فصلنامه تحقیقات حسابداری و حسابرسی
پیاپی 57 (بهار 1402)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of institutional investors on the relationship between the quality of accounting reporting and the cost of capital available in Iran.The cost of common stock capital is measured through the regression model of capital asset pricing and the statistical population includes 90 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and the sampling method is done by systematic elimination method. The data are based on the years 1390 to 1397 and to test the hypotheses, the basis of estimation, multivariate linear regression has been used with the help of Excel and Ivyuz software.The results of the first hypothesis showed that the variables of accounting reporting quality, financial leverage, company size and return on assets are at the level of α = 0.05. Therefore, the existence of a negative and significant relationship between the quality of accounting reporting and capital expenditure is confirmed with 95% confidence. The results of the second hypothesis showed that the variables of accounting reporting quality, financial leverage, company size and return on assets are at the level of α = 0.05, but the variables of institutional investors are not significant at the level of α = 0.05. Therefore, the research hypothesis that the significant impact of institutional investors on the relationship between the quality of accounting reporting and capital expenditure is rejected with 95% confidence.

This study aimed at investigating the costs stickiness of hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Firstly, the costs stickiness behavior was examined based on total hospital costs. Then, it was done at medical and nonmedical service costs levels. Based on regression analysis, results showed that there was costs stickiness just on nonmedical costs (support and general). The behavior of total and medical costs was in the opposite direction in comparison with revenue reduction, that is, while revenues decreased the costs were still rising. As revenues increase by 1 percent, the aforesaid costs increase by 0.64 percent. In addition, as the former decreases by 1 percent, the latter decreases by 0.01 percent. However, considering the total and medical expenses, behavior of the expenses is not sticky. In such a case, when revenues grow by 1 percent, the total expenses increase by 0.67 percent and when the revenues reduce by 1 percent, expenses increase by 0.14 percent. Moreover, the rise of revenues by 1 percent leads to increase in the medical expenses by 0.70 percent and the reduction of revenues by 1 percent generates  an increase in the expenses by 0.26 percent. The main reason could be related to the goal and objective of public hospitals, which are public treatment and providing health service. Additionally, their activities are essentially different from profit-oriented units that all are seeking for profit. Therefore, while revenue decreased, managers did not seek for reducing the medical costs. They also increased the costs with a slower pace in comparison with the periods they increased in revenue.

Stock selection and optimal stock portfolio formation depends on various factors which lead to complicate making decision. Investors can maximize investment return and minimize their risk by choosing the optimal stock portfolio. Therefore always they are used to advanced financial algorithms to form the optimal stock portfolio. This study tries to find machine learning and Markowitz models ability in optimal stock portfolio formation and their efficiency comparison. The statistical sample of the present study includes 156 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during 2010 to 2019. After collecting the data, the deep learning and the Markowitz models were tested using Anaconda software and Python programming language, and then the ability of each model were determined in formation of optimal stock portfolio by portfolio return evaluation criteria, trenors and jensens index.In the ten-share portfolio of the deep learning model; Return of portfolio 0.697, trenors index of 4.541 and Jensens index of 0.480 and in ten-share portfolio of Markowitz model; Portfolio returns of 0.058, trenors index of -1.648 and Jensens index of -0.158 have been calculated. According to the results of the portfolio evaluation, it was concluded that the deep learning model has a higher ability than the Markowitz model in the formation of optimal stock portfolio.

For the first time, the present study has presented a mathematical model for measuring the transparency of the information environment in the Iranian stock market using the qualitative characteristics of accounting information. The research method is a mixed research method.

First, a questionnaire was prepared to assess the importance of each of the desired features and was submitted to academic and capital market experts for a survey. Shannon entropy method has been used to analyze these views. To assess the validity of the research model, 125 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange and real data from 1392 to 1398 and panel regression method with random effects have been used.

Results show that the qualitative characteristics of accounting information in the proposed mathematical model of the research have a significant effect on stock mispricing (inverse measure of transparency of the information environment) and this indicates the validity of the proposed model of research in the Iranian capital market.

The qualitative characteristics of accounting information have the necessary capability to explain the information transparency of firms and the proposed research model has provided a suitable coefficient and combination for this in the Iranian capital market.

Fluctuation Forecasting has always been one of the most important issues in financial markets and has attracted the attention of many academic researchers and activists and investors in financial and Capital markets in the past few decades. In the present study, the fluctuation of Total index and Dividend and Price index of the Tehran Stock Exchange were predicted using a harmonic quantum oscillator model. Monthly data of logarithmic return of total index and Dividend and Price index were collected and calculated in the period of April 2012 to March 2021 as a time series. In terms of purpose, this research is applied and in terms of its nature, it is part of descriptive-analytical studies. In order to implement the harmonic quantum oscillator model, the probability density function and the Fokker -Plank function were used and the prediction results were also compared with the random geometric Brownian motion model. In total, six hypotheses were examined based on the ratio of the Mean Absolute Percentage Error. The results of the hypotheses showed that in the total index of the stock exchange, the Harmonic Quantum Oscillator model for short-term (24 months), medium-term (48 to 72 months) and long-term (96 to 120 months) time periods compared to the geometric Brownian motion model. It has higher accuracy in predicting fluctuations. However, in the Dividend and Price index, this efficiency was observed only during short-term periods of 24 months and medium-term periods of 48 to 72 months, and for the long-term period of 96 to 120 months, the Harmonic Quantum Oscillator model cannot be considered a suitable approach for predicting fluctuations.

Global crises have contributed to the importance and dominance of reporting, particularly integrated reporting in such dimensions of general management as performance, sustainability, and environmental and social reporting. Therefore, the identification of corporate specifications contributing to the improvement of the integrated reporting quality deserves particular attention. The present study employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches to scrutinize the corporate characteristics influencing the integrated reporting quality. From the qualitative perspective, the meta-analysis method serves to recognize factors, among which the influencing ones are identified using two-phase Delphi questionnaire based on experts’ opinions. From the quantitative approach, on the other hand, the data collected from 120 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2011-2017 is used to analyze the effect of these factors on the integrated reporting quality. The regression analysis based on panel data is also employed to test the research hypotheses. The results indicate that firm size and growth opportunity are positively correlated with integrated reporting quality. It is also revealed that institutional ownership has a significantly negative association with integrated reporting quality. Corporate governance quality also shows no significant connection with integrated reporting.

Financial statements fraud is increasingly a serious problem for businesses, governments and investors have become. In fact, the issue of the reliability of capital markets, bosses and even threaten the auditing profession. Auditors in particular face their apparent inability to detect large-scale fraud, and therefore various methods have been proposed to identify this problem. The aim of this study was to compare different models of traditional and modern simulation and predict fraud in the financial statements. Study the practical approach. Research period 1390 to 1398 and the model of the selected companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange has been used. In this study, based on three traditional approach, genetic algorithms and methods to predict non-linear Markov switching models have estimated fraud and accuracy.  Based on the prevailing regime in Tehran Stock Exchange regulations fraud is high; According to the results of highest accuracy in predicting fraud regime change and genetic algorithms and logistic highest and the accuracy of the model, respectively.

The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of Tehran’s Stock Exchange by designe the informatics and disclosure ‎quality ranking indicator (IDQRI) in the proper guidance of investors‎ when it is contradiction between earning per share (EPS) and operating cash flows (OCF) in evaluation ‎of companies performance. In order to reach the goal, we controlled different conditions such as the ‎presence or absence of corporate and ultra-corporate financial crises with pay attention to the ‎presence or absence of IDQRI.‎ The large ‎statistical sample including 4048 accessible observations for a long term ‎period between 2005 to 2017 and the research hypotheses are tested by applying the multivariate ‎regression procedure. The findings show that in case of the presence of IDQRI, the shareholders are determined in their decisions-making and will do their investments even in the terms of existence of the corporate & ultra-corporate crises; also, in the performance evaluation of such companies, the EPS criterion has absolute priority to the OCF criterion. However, in case of the lack of IDQRI, naturally, the shareholders will be more conservative in the evaluations due to the created uncertainty and will consequently change their evaluation criterion from EPS to the OCF criterions.

Following the various dimensions of personality and their impacts on the various parts of the organization, and the emergence of conflict, is formed the main issue of this article. In this regard, the dark structures of personality are as a focal point and their direct relationship with the auditor's performance of  fraud risk and also relationship through the mediation of perceived conflict  has  been researched among 283 members of the Society of Certified Public Accountants and the Private Auditing Institute. Jones and Paulhus Questionnaire (2014) was used to examine the dark personality triangles, Jane Questionnaire(1995) was used to assess the conflict, and Elizabeth and Robert Questionnaire(2005) was used to assess the fraud risk. Also, in order to statistically analyze the data have been used the Structural Equation Model (SEM) and the Smart PLS-3 software. Studies have shown that the characteristics of the Machiavellianism and Narcissism affect on the risk assessment of fraud, but the Psychopathy does not affect on the performance of the auditor. In addition, the auditor's Machiavellianism and Narcissism personality traits do not affect the fraud risk assessment due to perceived conflict, but through conflict mediation, the Psychopathy dark factor affects the auditor's performance of the fraud risk assessment.The results showed that the dark triangle of auditors' personality in performing activities related to the fraud risk assessment directly and also through the mediation of perceived conflict has different results. In the other word, Narcissism has been a negative impact on the auditor's performance in assessing fraud risk, but Psychopathy and Machiavellianism have been impact on the auditor's performance in assessing fraud risk. However, these result have been changed by the mediation of the perceived conflict. It means that Narcissism character has a significant effect on fraud risk assessment, but Psychopathy and Machiavellianism have  not been impact on the auditor's performance in assessing fraud risk.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of auditor personality types on the dimensions of auditors' organizational silence. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of survey method. The method of data collection is field library type. The Van Dine Questionnaire (2003) was used to measure organizational silence, the Blumenthal Questionnaire (1985) was used to measure the personality types of two-sided auditors (A and B), and the NEO test was used to measure the five-dimensional personality types of auditors. For reliability of the questionnaires, Cornbrash's alpha coefficient was used, all of which were confirmed. The statistical population includes all managers of the Iranian Society of Certified Public Accountants. The number of samples was estimated to be more than 200 observations according to the minimum required observations for the studied model in structural equation modeling. The results showed that the auditor personality types (A and B) are effective on the dimensions of organizational silence (obedient, defensive and altruistic); it should be noted that the effect of personality type A is greater than personality type B on all dimensions of organizational silence. The results showed that the auditor's five-dimensional personality types are effective on defensive organizational silence. The results showed that the auditor's five-dimensional personality types are effective on obedient organizational silence. The effect of neuroticism and extraversion on organizational silence is negative.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the significance of market perception of audit quality with actual audit quality. The type of research is descriptive and in applied - developmental research category. The statistical population consists of the financial statements of ninety firms listed in the stock exchange market. The sample size is evaluated by examining the audit reports and financial statements of these companies and examining the course of the annual adjustment which shows the actual quality of audit society members. The results indicate that the 42 mentioned companies did not have annual adjustments. As a result, the financial statements of the 48 company that had annual adjustment have been investigated. In order to collect data, a researcher - made questionnaire was used which its validity and reliability was confirmed by Amiri et al. (1398) and to analyze the research hypotheses, wilcoxon and chi - square non parametric test were used. The results showed that there is no significant difference between perceptions of audit quality and actual audit quality.