فصلنامه فرهنگی - تربیتی زنان و خانواده
سال هجدهم شماره 63 (تابستان 1402)

Many prenatal effects, which are known as effects on the development or behavior of children, may be influenced by the characteristics of the mother. Reports on the impact of the unborn child on the environment and her parents have been studied as scientific studies that have had an upward trend and high progress in the development of the child before birth from the level of physiology to psychology and even learning.The main purpose of this study is to review the studies and researches related to fetal growth and development in the prenatal period and seeks to answer the question what are the dimensions and components of parenting in the prenatal period? This is a qualitative research and the synthesis research method has been used. The approach adopted in this research is mixed synthesis and an integrated design has been used. Therefore, all research works from 1980 to 2021 have been reviewed.By reviewing and synthesizing selected and screened articles, the dimensions and components of parenting in the prenatal period were extracted, which included five dimensions: physical-behavioral, emotional-emotional, cultural-social, cognitive-educational, parenting and sixteen components including planning. Fetal, Maternal planning, Genetics, Diet-physical activity, Health care, Prenatal attachment, Prenatal transplantation, Male support and participation during pregnancy, Pregnancy culture, Social support, Fetal learning, Language development, Parent training program, Attitude Positive to pregnancy, positive family relationships, competence and satisfaction in the role of mother.All "physical" or "mental" events can affect the health of the mother or her unborn child. In this study, the dimensions and components of parenting during pregnancy showed that the prenatal period in terms of learning, intelligence, memory and emotional-emotional experiences can be a very crucial period and therefore this period is one of the most sensitive periods that a human being experience.

In recent years, the tendency to cosmetic surgery in Iran has increased. Numerous researches in the field of psycho-social in relation to the tendency to cosmetic surgery have been done among different groups and with different methods. The purpose of this study is using meta-analysis method to analyze and combine the results of studies on psychological and social factors affecting the tendency to cosmetic surgery in Iran. In order to perform meta-analysis, 55 "scientific-research" and "scientific-promotional" articles that were published in this field in Iran during the years (2001-2011) were selected and analyzed. These articles included the conditions and criteria for meta-analysis study. The results showed that the "maladaptive scheme of self-regulation" had the greatest effect on the tendency to cosmetic surgery (r = 0.80). Thus, the average effect size was positive and high. After that, the most influential factors on the tendency to cosmetic surgery were “body deformity disorder”, “histrionic personality disorder”, “inferiority feeling”, “phobic disorder”, “body management” with positive and high effect size, respectively. In addintion, “self-esteem” had negative and high effect size. Findings indicate psychological and social harms in people seeking cosmetic surgery, which results from the cultural atmosphere of society.

This study aimed to evaluate the concept of privacy from the perspective of couples. This was a qualitative study based on a descriptive phenomenological approach. The study population consisted of all couples living in Tehran in 2020 who were married for 1 to 10 years, some of whom were selected as the sample by using the purposive sampling method until data saturation (12 women and 6 men). The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and then they were analyzed by Colaizzi interpretive analysis method. After coding the views of participants about privacy, 4 main themes and 31 sub-themes were extracted. The four main themes included privacy conceptualization, factors affecting the privacy of couples, consequences of privacy with tight boundaries, and examples of privacy. The results showed that each person considers privacy for himself/herself, and privacy is generally a relative concept. Examples of privacy include factors such as family issues, mobile phones, communication with friends, clothing, work issues, and thoughts and emotions. Since marital relationships are inherently complicated, it is difficult to consider inflexible boundaries of privacy for couples. In addition, complete adherence to privacy with tight boundaries in a marital relationship can reduce spouses’ trust in each other as well as the stability of their relationship.

The aim of this study was to investigate the structural model of the relationship between social support and psychological capital with empowerment with the mediating role of perceived stress in female-headed households. The present study was a correlational and path analysis. The statistical population of this study consisted of all female-headed households in Yasuj. From this population, 250 female-headed households were selected as a sample group by simple random sampling. The instruments of this study were the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale of Zimet et al. (1988), the Lutans (2007) Psychological Capital Questionnaire, the Spritzer and Mishra (1995) Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire, and the Cohen Perceived Stress Questionnaire (1983).Findings showed that the direct relationship between psychological capital with empowerment and the direct relationship between social support and psychological capital with perceived stress is significant, but the direct relationship between social support and empowerment is not significant. Also, the indirect relationship between social support and psychological capital with the empowerment of female-headed households through mediated perceived stress is significant. It can be said that women heads of households who have social support in dealing with problems with empathy and consultation with others and with the help of psychological capital can cope with the stress caused by daily problems and as a result of this empowerment of adequate mental health.

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of emotion-based therapy on cognitive emotion regulation and death anxiety in the elderly with cancer. The design of the present study was mixed, which in the qualitative part was by narrative research method and in the quantitative part was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all elderly women with cancer in Tehran in 1401-1400, from which 30 people were selected as the research sample by available sampling method. The package was compiled and presented in the form of 10 90-minute sessions, and content validation was used to validate it. The research instruments were death anxiety and cognitive emotion regulation questionnaires and the analysis method was performed by repeated measures analysis of variance. The results of the research in the qualitative part showed that the four main categories of supportive challenges, physical and physiological challenges, spiritual challenges and emotional challenges were extracted with nine central categories. Then, based on the obtained categories and library studies, an emotion-based intervention package for the elderly with cancer was developed and its validity was approved by emotion-based treatment specialists. The results showed that the emotion-oriented intervention package could significantly reduce death anxiety and negative emotion regulation and increase positive emotion regulation. In addition, the emotion-oriented intervention package was followed up after the post-test, and the results showed that there was no significant change in the post-test after two months. It can be concluded that the emotion-based intervention package is effective on death anxiety and cognitive emotion regulation in elderly women with cancer.

Hijab and chastity as an individual-social phenomenon are related to psychological and social variables. The purpose of this study is to meta-analyze the psychological variables associated with hijab and chastity in the two decades of 1377 to 1397. This research is applied based on purpose and descriptive based on data collection method. In its implementation, two methods of systematic review and meta-analysis were used. Comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA2) was used for statistical analysis of data. The population in this study was the documents published in the databases of Jihad Daneshgahi, the Comprehensive Portal of Humanities, the Iranian Institute of Information Science and Technology, the database of Iranian publications, the Noor specialized journals database and the Civilica database. Twenty-two documents were meta-analyzed based on entry and exit criteria and validated by two evaluators based on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The results show that the average overall effect size of studies in the field of psychological factors for the fixed effects model is 0.4 and the random effects model is 0.337, both of which are significant at the level of 0.001. The average size of the overall effect of studies in the field of psychological consequences for the fixed effects model is 0.333 and the random effects model is 0.359, the former is significant at the level of 0.001 and the latter at the level of 0.04. As a result, psychological factors such as psychological structures and endogenous personality traits of the individual and exogenous traits resulting from family upbringing that appear in different degrees and coefficients in individuals affect the state of hijab and chastity. Hijab and chastity also affect some psychological components such as mental health, peace and psychological and social security.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the fit of the psychological capital model with family empowerment with the mediating role of meaning of life and perceived social support. The research method is a descriptive correlation type, which was done in the form of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research was the married female students of Guilan University in the academic year of 1400-1401, out of which 230 people were selected through convenience sampling. Luthans psychological capital questionnaires (2007), Sham et al.'s family Strength (2001), Steger's meaning of life (2010) and Zimet et al.'s perceived social support scale (1988) were used to collect data. SPSS and AMOS software were used to analyze the data and examine the fit of the model, and the bootstrap method was used in the Macro program of Preacher and Hayes (2008) to examine the role of intermediate variables. The results showed that the structural model of the research has a favorable fit and all exogenous and mediating variables predict 48% of the changes in the family's ability, which is an average amount. Also, except for the direct path of psychological capital to family Strength, all the coefficients of direct and indirect paths were significant. Also, the meaning of life and perceived social support play a mediating role in the relationship between psychological capital and family Strength. Therefore, the meaning of life and social support by strengthening the psychological capital, enhances the family's capability, which can be included in the intervention program of counselors before and after marriage.

The issue of childbearing, while one of the most important issues of the family in particular, and the social system in general, is a superstructure issue. The increase or decrease of population is affected by many variables that neglecting the correct knowledge of these variables makes the problem more complicated and the situation worsens. The main question of this research is "According to the Qur'an and Hadith, what are the most important factors in reducing or increasing the population"? By analyzing the Qur'an and the narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), the causes of increasing or decreasing generation can be classified into individual, family, social and political causes. Early marriage, kindness to parents, economic independence of children, religious affiliations, kinship relations and policies in line with reproduction are the most important factors of reproduction in society from the perspective of the Qur'an and hadiths.

The present study was done with the aim of structural equation modelling of educational citizenship behaviours based on family emotional climate and family cohesion by the mediating role of academic ethics. The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of the study included all upper secondary girl students in khorramabad city to 9981 students in the academic year 2016-2017, of which the statistical sample size was determined based on the rules of thumb Kline equal to 240 people, which was done by stratified random sampling method and according to district and educational level. . To collect the required data from academic ethics hosseini nezad & et al (2016), educational citizenship behaviours golparvar (2011), family emotional climate questionnaire of Hill Berne (1964) and family cohesion samani (2003) was used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling. The findings showed a positive relationship between family cohesion and academic ethics with educational citizenship behaviours (p<0.01), but the family emotional climate and educational citizenship behaviours did not show a significant relationship (p>0.05). Also, the results indicated that family cohesion with the mediating role of academic ethics can explain educational citizenship behaviours (p<0.01). According to the obtained results, it is suggested that by creating cohesion in the family, it provides the basis for strengthening the moral foundations in children, which increases educational citizenship behaviours (adherence to rules, helping and participating, establishing cordial relationships) in them.

AbsractThe aim of this study was to confirm the confirmatory factor analysis of the Happiness Assessment Scale in middle-aged women. For this purpose, among middle-aged women (40-65 years old), 280 people were selected by convenience sampling method and answered the happiness assessment scale in middle-aged women (Shin & Kim, 2021). In the present study, the results of data analysis by confirmatory factor analysis showed that the happiness assessment scale, like the main form, consists of four factors: Self-value, Positive thought, self-management and Family relations. The results of validation based on Cronbach's alpha were also 0.93, which is an appropriate value. The results of this study show that this scale is a reliable and valid tool for assessing happiness in middle-aged women.Keywords: Happiness assessment Scale, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, reliability, validity, Middle-Aged Women.

Healthy and reciprocal relationships within families enable children to learn life skills and to control their emotions in critical situations. The purpose of this study was to predict family functioning and children's educational methods based on the use of mass media and virtual communication networks. This study was a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population included married men and women living in Qom in the age group of 30-50 years who had at least one child, from whom 386 people were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula and available sampling method. The instruments used were Bamrind (1978) parenting style questionnaire, FAD family functioning questionnaire and researcher-made questionnaire on the use of mass media and virtual communication networks. Regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is an inverse and significant relationship (P=0.048) between family functioning and the use of mass media and virtual communication networks. Also, there is a significant relationship between the negligent educational method of children (P=0.041) and the authoritarian and authoritative educational methods of children (P=0.01) with the use of mass media and virtual communication networks. Findings of the study indicate the importance of parents' use of mass media and virtual communication networks and the role it plays in parenting practices and family interactions, which pave the way for family helpers to guide and improve children's educational practices and family functioning. is.

In the present era, the family has undergone extensive changes affected by social changes and deformations. The Iranian family has not been dismissed by these changes so that its structure, especially the relationships between people within the family has undergone fundamental changes, so that they have faced with various issues and problems such as family violence .The purpose of the present study is to understand the meaning, causes and consequences of family violence experienced by spouses among the people who referred to the court of the Isfahan. The data were collected on the basis of a qualitative research using deep interviews and analyzed with the help of "thematic analysis". Finally, the results were categorized in six main themes, "profiteering and preference for personal benefit to common interests", "heterogeneous thought and behavior and unsimilarity and understanding", "the pressures of children and spouse's family resulted from the negative role of spouse", "imposition of equality and mutual action", "imposed structures, reinforcing and violence in society" and "continuous cycle of violence. The understanding the meaning of family violence is different in men and women in proportion to experienced instances. The family violence is interwoven with a variety of reasons in its shaping .However, the violence can be considered as any kind of harm done by spouses, which causes the creation of problem in their relationships and loss of kindness, and calm and respect in family. Among the consequences of family violence is the type of continuous violence cycle based on the taking of revenge and repay strategies. This cycle starts with the act of violence of one party and continues with the opposite of violence of the other, such that it may start from moral violence and turn into psychological, physical, sexual, social and economic violence. Thus, the most important consequence of family violence will be the continuation of violence in a consecutive cycle and with different issues from the individual to family and social domains.