فصلنامه دراسات الادب المعاصر
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 57، ربیع 2023)

Among philosophical schools of thought, the philosophy of existentialism is undoubtedly one of the most influential schools that left a deep impact on the opinions of people such as Hedayat, Al-Ahmed, Freud, etc. Ahmad Shamlou and Sohrab Sepehri were among those who were influenced by this thought in part of their literary creation. Shalom's influence on the philosophy of existentialism can be seen in the following ways: In the philosophical field - the content that includes more of Sartre's thoughts, in the political field, Camus's thoughts are the focus of his attention. And in the literary field, due to the closeness of Sartre and Camus' opinions to each other, it includes, if not influences, but agrees with their opinions.Sohrab Sepehari was not a poet with existentialist thoughts in today's real sense, but the ontological system can be found in his works, especially throughout the "Sound of Footsteps" poem. And his thinking in this system has an ontological aspect, Sohrab's revelatory beliefs have made the foundation of his system in two capabilities, that is, the external level, which is the description of nature and its elements and the inner and latent level which is the expression of the philosophical and epistemological concepts of the elements will appear.In this research, the author by comparing philosophical poems by Shamlou and Sohrab, he came to the conclusion that the contents of existentialist philosophy are strongly and weakly The poetry of these two poets can be seen.

The sky, with its enchanting beauty and the astronomical phenomena that surrounds it, was and still is a source of inspiration in describing, comparing, similarizing, metaphorizing, and creating wonderful artistic images. Their poetic language and highlighting their ability in it, and they may deprive it of the subtlety of its beauty, the secret of its beauty, to add to it artistic aesthetic values. The galaxy was one of the tributaries that occupy a part of the poetry of Arab poets for purposes such as praise, description, pride and pride, which they use in their poetic discourse, especially in their analogies. They derive their colour, height, shape, appearance and the lights of the stars they possess to depict the wonderful meanings expressing their feelings, emotions and whims. The contents and images derived from them have evolved over the ages. This study, in summary, attempts to extrapolate the poetic verses in the galaxy from ancient poetry until the end of the Abbasid era and to study the aesthetics of their artistic use.Keywords: aesthetics. galaxy. old poetry Abbasid

Nostalgia or the feeling of loneliness or sadness resulting from alienation from a psychological point of view is heartbreak and a person's longing for his past. This feeling appears as a manifestation of unconscious human behavior. Nostalgia, or feeling lonely and sad, manifests itself within the framework of longing for home, lover, family, happy childhood and adolescence, and favorable political, social, economic, and religious conditions in the past. The result of this research shows that Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati and Simon Behbehani, as followers of the romantic school of contemporary literature (Arabic and Persian), used nostalgia as one of the basic and necessary foundations in their poetry and based on psychological sources and indicators are presented among the poets of nostalgia, although al-Bayati's words and feelings are more attractive and emotional Compared to Simin Behbehani. This research studies the poems of Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati and Simon Behbehani with an analytical and descriptive approach based on library sources. Its aim is to discover the components of nostalgia and to know the intellectual and poetic lines of these two poets.

There is no doubt that colonialism forces resistance and protection that the defenders endeavor to achieve freedom; This poem has harmonies and ideas that inspire others to resist and protect against the colonialists.Ibrahim Munzer, a Lebanese poet, is one of the most prominent poets who stood up against the colonialists; he was a superpatriotic poet whose poetry retains the spirit of resistance.The outcomes of this study indicate that this poet is a resolute poet who has the spirit of patriotism and nationalism, irritation and rebellion against the colonialists and communication for brotherhood among the Arabs, and martyrdom for the cause of the motherland and the evolution of science and the conservancy of the Arabic language in There is his poetry.There is no doubt that colonialism forces resistance and protection that the defenders endeavor to achieve freedom; This poem has harmonies and ideas that inspire others to resist and protect against the colonialists.Ibrahim Munzer, a Lebanese poet, is one of the most prominent poets who stood up against the colonialists; he was a superpatriotic poet whose poetry retains the spirit of resistance.The outcomes of this study indicate that this poet is a resolute poet who has the spirit of patriotism and nationalism, irritation and rebellion against the colonialists and communication for brotherhood among the Arabs, and martyrdom for the cause of the motherland and the evolution of science and the conservancy of the Arabic language in There is his poetry.

The dualism of East and West is one of the most frequently used expressions in modern and contemporary Arab discourse, and the problem of communication between them is perhaps the biggest problem the twentieth century world faced during the reign of Rihani and is still facing in the twenty-first century. On the one hand, the general principles and intellectual and cultural foundations of the West are based on humanity or human-centeredness. Industry, giving originality to the tool, belief in the principle of progress, and on the other hand, the characteristics of Eastern civilization and culture (and what is meant here from the East, the geographical area of the Arab countries, including the Arab world) are religiosity, belief in the unseen, practical adherence to religion and religious orders and traditions, and focus on God Almighty and not The exclusivity of the world in matter and the material world, the concern and emphasis on human happiness and the non-exclusivity of knowledge in empirical knowledge. This situation created a strange defect in Al-Rihani's thought. Therefore, the study seeks, using the descriptive-analytical method, to present the proposed solutions to Al-Rihani to remove this imbalance and create an interaction between the two civilizations by counting the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Recently, the modernist novel was based on the visual data taken from the visual arts, especially the seventh art, so the features of the cinematic image appeared in the narrative depth engraved on a large scale. Employing the visual image in the narrative has several effects, which are reflected in the movements of characters and objects in the narrative space, or the framing of scenes depicted by specific techniques. Zahran Al-Qasimi's novel "Al-Qafar's Alienation" is considered one of the most important novels in which the writer uses vocabulary related to the cinematic language.This study relies on the descriptive-analytical approach to reveal the common windows between the cinematic elements and the narrative text, through which junctures emerge that include vocabulary that characterizes both arts. From this point of view, this study aims to show the extent to which vocabulary and narrative paragraphs are subject to cinematic techniques, and to emphasize the two functions of the snapshot; Reading and visual and the reflection of the semiological connotations of them, so the results obtained from this convergence is the transcendence of the fictional text towards the narrative text. With this work, the writer may give the recipient the opportunity to enter into a visual world that adopts the idea of depicting the scene and directing it. The focus of this study revolves around five techniques that intersect with the written narrative. Action and reaction shot, witness

Sacred Defense authors were interested in writing stories and novels for adolescents and young adults because of their importance and fundamental role in society, especially during the war. They considered the teenage novel a platform for conveying their thoughts and messages to the readers. They tried to document the events of the war imposed on Iran by the Iraqi forces, the accompanying material, and moral sacrifices by the Iranians to defend the homeland, and the negative, psychological and material effects on those who lost their loved ones, homes, and members of their bodies, and how their lives became after all these calamities and misfortunes. In addition, the authors address these issues through ethical aspects. Accordingly, this article aims to study the features of the adolescent novels ethically for the sacred defense based on the works of Mohammad Reza Bayrami (Smoke behind the hill, suspension bridge, and locust shadow) and Daoud Ghaffarzadgan (Ayoub night and Midnight Song) using an analytic-descriptive approach. The results show that both authors encouraged the reader to have two critical moral values. The first is the love of the homeland and sacrifice to defend it, while the other is hope. Because the first aspect is the best solution to war, and the second is the best solution to the psychological effects of war. They showed that a person, despite his pain, weakness, and injury, must accept new circumstances and continue his life with positive thoughts and a strong spirit because despair and weakness are actual losses.

Continental and rural literature is one of the branches of literature which is expressing the natural geography, human traits and social evolution of a special location and posses a special place in the literature of most of the countries, Ahmad Mahmoud as one of the realist continental writers,he has played an important role in the contemporary Iranian novelist literature to the extent that she is one of the active writers of the southern school. "Scorched Earth" is the first novel after the Iran-Iraq war. This novel reflects the sufferings, sacrifices and perseverance of the people in the war that Iran witnessed at the end of the twentieth century. The importance of this work becomes apparent when, as a social, historical plan The events of the war and the reflection of the situation of the southern climate are portrayed by Ahmad Mahmoud with mastery in the scenes of showing the story in a realistic style in the eyes of the critic. The present study is based on the descriptive-analytical method of the characteristics of continental literature in the novel "Scorched Earth" in relation to social consequences. The results of this research studied the impact of the author's native identity on an important historical event of the sacred defense in the novel Scorched Earth. In addition to the climate problems after the imposed war, due to the living and economic conditions, it is necessary to avoid ethnic and social challenges for the purposes of sustainable development.

Abstract Irony is one of the important linguistic tools that writers and poets always rely on to express their views on the general society and especially the political government. In this regard, Mazni is considered a famous poet and critic in the contemporary era, to the extent that he was very influential in the trend of contemporary literature towards progress and promotion. In contemporary literature, irony has been discussed a lot, and in some books, irony has been discussed from different angles. Among them, Hamed Abd al-Hawal, who wrote a book entitled (Al-Sakhriyyah fi Adab al-Mazni), which deals with the aspects of this linguistic tool in Mazni's works and analyzes and examines it. This research, with descriptive-analytical method, examines irony as a weapon that writers and poets have armed towards Mazni and others with this tendency to criticize the society or the government, from another aspect to the criticism of the book (Al-Sakharih fi adab al-Mazni) by Al-Hwal provides a critique that has an elaborated structure, the results of this research indicate that Mazni, according to Al-Hwal's point of view, used irony as a weapon, with which he stood against the negative moral issues ruling the country and then torturing the people. The innocent side of the government is armed.

Non-verbal communication is one of the branches of semiotics, which includes all kinds of movement behaviors of people, including facial expressions, body movements, gestures and movements to regulate conversation, etc. Also, posture, standing, posture, artifacts, time, etc. are signs of non-verbal communication that can independently convey a message or help verbal messages become more effective. This type of communication has six functions of completing, denying, repeating, controlling, substituting and emphasizing. Examining contemporary Arabic novels shows that the authors are fully aware of the role of non-verbal communication and body language in creating new scenes. Iraqi novelists are no exception to this rule and have tried to use this type of communication in their novels. Iraqi writer Ali Badr uses non-verbal elements in his novels in addition to spoken language. In this research, three of his novel Al Tariq ela Tal Matran have been tried from the point of view of non-verbal communication patterns, including facial expressions, eye expressions, hand movements and head movements, etc., using the semiotic approach and adhering to the descriptive approach. be analyzed analytically. The results of the research show that Ali Badr used a total of 171 signs in the selected novel. In these novel, he has made the most use of the different modes of speech, face and look, along with their related functions. Ali Badr has used these modes to express things like: fear, anxiety and discomfort, hiding something, getting information, etc.

In contemporary literature, addressing social, cultural, historical, and political issues, including the struggle between tradition and modernity, has been significantly reflected. Among literary genres, the novel is considered as the best format for narrating such issues. One of these narratives is the novel " Sayyedat al-Qamar " by Jokhah al-Harethi, which is written in the style of socio-historical realism and in which the lives of the characters are beautifully depicted on the two orbits of tradition and modernity. The author describes the Omani society in the transition from a traditional system to a modern system based on the depiction of the families of Azzan, his wife Salemah, and his daughters Miya, Asma and Kholeh, London (Miya's daughter), the family of Ankabooteh and Zarifeh (maid), Najiya (Azzan's mistress). Characters are receptive to modernity (Kholeh, London and Najiya) and are considered to represent the mentality and behavior of modernity, and characters are left in their traditional thoughts and can not accept modernity (Salemah, Ankabooteh, Zarifeh). This research deals with the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the theory of dual confrontations to the confrontations of female characters on the focus of choice in marriage, child name, place of delivery, tolerance with spouse or divorce, etc. The findings of the study indicate that ancient Oman was dominated by hegemony of tradition and patriarchal system, an issue that has faded in modern and developing Oman.