نشریه تفکر و کودک
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Philosophy for Children (P4C) is a program founded by the American Professor Matthew Lippmann in the early 1970s aiming at transitioning from traditional dysfunctional education. Using stories, it presents challenging life situations to children, so that by thinking about and discussing them, children can learn valuable thinking skills and take a measured approach to life challenges. In this descriptive-analytical study, using library sources, "Sang Ruye Sang", from Houshang Moradi Kermani's "Tanoor and Other Stories" collection, has been investigated and analyzed based on P4C criteria. According to the findings, characterization is desirable and believability is acceptable, except for the final parts. The story has a strong plot and a non-instinctive message, its only weakness being the unraveling of the end of the story. In this story, various philosophical concepts and challenges, non-indoctrinating philosophical themes and some dialogues appropriate to P4C can be seen. The language of the story is modern and suitable for the age group "D". Using ironic terms and expressions, poetry, and lengthy conversations is another weakness. Most of the concepts and themes of the story are understandable for the age groups "C" and "D". The violent scenes of the story, like its other deficiencies, need to be rewritten.

TThe purpose of this study was to design a conceptual framework for child-friendly elementary school in Iran. The present study was conducted by phenomenological method. In this study, 16 teachers with teaching experience in elementary school were selected as participants. Inclusion criteria included having at least two years of teaching experience in primary school and having at least one article, book or research project in a field related to a child-friendly school. Targeted sampling and snowball sampling were used to select participants. The process collecting data continued until the theoretical saturation of the data. Data collection tool was unstructured interview. All interviews were conducted by telephone or virtual network between May and October 2021. Data analysis was performed according to the steps proposed by Greenheim and Landman. The findings showed that the conceptual framework of a child-friendly school consists of 6 dimensions (healthy environment, happy environment, green environment, education, active education, safety and security, child-centered physical space) and 17 criteria. Based on these dimensions and criteria, 6 statements were formulated to explain the characteristics of a child-friendly school.

The purpose of this study is a) to explore and explain philosophically the foundations of TeWhariki (New Zealand National Program in early childhood education(ECE) ) and b) to do a critical review of the emerged foundation based on education philosophy in Iran. The research method adopted was a descriptive-analytical one in which an external review of TeWhariki’s philosophical foundation was carried out. The main findings are: a) TeWhariki is based on empowering the child to discover inside and outside of the self, making emotional relationships, paying attention to local and global culture, participation of all stakeholders in ECE, and accepting cultural pluralism; b) different philosophies are its educational foundation; c) it considers a spiritual origin and destination for human beings, pays attention to various aspects of the child's existence, benefits from national culture and indigenous tradition and pays attention to the role of family. From the perspective of "Philosophy of Education in Iran", TeWhariki ignores the role of religious teachings in child’s education, it does not rely on a comprehensive philosophical and value system, and there appears to be a kind of hidden relativism inside.

The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of moral reasoning in students in the second level of elementary school. To achieve this goal, the mixed research method was used. In the first stage, six schools from both districts 1 and 2 of Hamadan (two public schools and one non-profit school from each district) and one class from each school in the fourth, fifth and sixth grades were randomly selected. The statistical population was all male students of the second level of elementary school in Hamadan in, whose number is 12551 people. The standard questionnaire of MJT ethical judgment was distributed among 395 students and the results were analyzed. Then, according to the results, four people were selected from each educational level. Thus, two of the high scores and two of the low scores of the quantitative test were in each level of education and each of these levels were selected as a group. That is, a total of twelve people were studied in the second stage. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews based on ethical riddles and analyzed by coding and categorization. Findings from quantitative analysis showed that male students in the second level of elementary school in Hamadan had a high level of moral reasoning. Findings from the qualitative section also indicated that the categories "consequential thinking", "emotional relationships", "obedience to the law", "flexibility in the law according to circumstances" and "respect for the rights of others" in the argument Students are effective. "God", "parents", "self", "Quran", "textbook" and "law" were also identified as sources of moral reasoning. Students' moral reasoning is more influenced by family teachings and school has a small role in it, so it is necessary to pay more attention to the development of moral reasoning in curricula, especially in lessons and opportunities. Religious education should emphasize this more.

The most effective approach to increase creativity, as one of the basic human abilities, is the development of creative thinking skills, which has been a desirable educational goal since the middle of the twentieth century. The aim of this study was to identify the effectiveness of computer games on creative thinking skills and consequently the problem-solving approach among preschoolers. This research was conducted by quasi-experimental method with pre-test-post-test design. Statistical sample consisting of 39 preschool students were selected by random sampling which was studied by Torrance questionnaire. Based on the results, there was a significant difference between the components of pre-test and post-test creativity of girls and boys, only in the flexibility dimension of girls. But no significant relationship was observed between other components of pretest and posttest creativity in both girls and boys.

Thepurpose of the current research was to provide a model of empowering life skills for children under the supervision of 24-hour well-being care centers. The research is applied in terms of purpose, qualitative and quantitative (mixed) in terms of data, and phenomenological in terms of study method. The statistical population included specialists in the field of child psychology who had work experience and familiarity with children, the well-being and injuries of these children, who were selected through targeted sampling in the form of snowball until theoretical saturation. First, by using in-depth interviews, the components of empowering life skills were identified and the training protocol was extracted, and then the tool was designed to measure the effectiveness of the model. In order to analyze the data, thematic analysis was used in the qualitative part, and exploratory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity were used in the quantitative part.The data was analyzed through SPSS, MAXQDA and smart-pls software. The results showed that the life skills empowerment model includes 6 components (friendship, kindness, participation and cooperation skills, creative thinking skills, sense of responsibility and self-confidence) and 36 indicators, and the resulting model has convergent and divergent validity. was also accepted. Also, the obtained questionnaire had good validity and reliability.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of education based on "Technology Application Model in Philosophy for Children" program on critical thinking of talented second grade students.The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest with a control group design. The statistical population included all talented male students in the second year of elementary school who were studying in one of the public schools of Tehran in the academic in year 1399-1400. Using multi-stage cluster sampling method, 40 talented students were identified and randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups.Statistical sample of the research was completed before and after training, Watson-Glears Critical Thinking Questionnaire, which was the tool of this research.The training was designed based on the educational model of using technology in the philosophy for children program and was performed in 10 sessions for the experimental group and the control group was trained in the usual way.In the online section were used from the Grasp platform And in the offline section were used Multimedia and educational animations. Statistical methods were used to analyze the data at two descriptive levels of mean and standard deviation and inferential multivariate covariance.The results showed that after adjusting the pre-test scores, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the variables of critical thinking (P <0.05).The results of this study, in line with other studies, showed the positive role of using the capacity of technology in the philosophy for children program and improving the critical thinking of talented students.According to the research findings, it can be suggested that this model be used as an executive solution for one of the major goals in the document of fundamental transformation of education "intelligent use of new technologies in the formal public education system based on the Islamic standard system."

The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges and provide solutions for teaching creative thinking in primary schools in Yasuj. The method of the present study was qualitative and phenomenological. In order to collect data, semi-structured interview technique was used considering the theoretical saturation rule. By analyzing the inductive content and scrutinizing the data in different stages of the data analysis process, and extracting meaningful codes, 25 central categories were counted and in the form of two selective codes, the challenges of teaching creative thinking (12 categories) and solutions to teaching creative thinking (13 categories) was categorized. To validate the research, the audit trail and the reviewing by the participants’ methods, and other method such as the study by the research team and the scientific accuracy of the researchers were used. The result of the research indicates that the central categories can have a dual function in such a way that they can both challenge the teaching of creative thinking and by considering the appropriate path, a solution to solve the challenges of teaching creative thinking. From the teachers' point of view, what causes creativity, if not addressed and the needs are not considered by education system, will lead to challenges. paying too much attention to the thirteen solutions, will lead to the flourishing of creative thinking in students.

Parents, as one of the basic components of early childhood education, perceive children's play in different ways than educators. Understanding and identifying parents' perspectives provides the foundation for a deeper understanding of play and, consequently, its more effective implementation in the preschool curriculum. The aim of this study was to investigate parents' views on children's play. The method of the present study was qualitative with a phenomenological approach. The study population was mothers of children in preschool centers in Tehran. Data were collected through purposive sampling of 15 mothers through semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed by Colaizzi(1987) seven-step method. The findings led to the identification of three main parental views on play: play as a tool for learning, play as a fun activity, and play as energy draining activity. The findings also showed that most parents had a results-oriented view of play. They valued play mostly for its developmental and academic learning achievements

The purpose of this study is to design a model of factors to promote the scientific, intellectual and cultural level of students in the cultural and educational centers of the Relief Committee. The method of the present study is a survey and is applied in terms of purpose that the statistical population is the managers and cultural affairs experts of the western provinces and cultural officials of the cities, managers and educators of cultural centers of the Relief Committee and faculty members in the western provinces (Ilam, Kermanshah, Hamadan , Kurdistan) that due to the infinity of the statistical community, 383 people were selected as a statistical sample. In order to collect information, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, which has 61 items, the validity of which was confirmed by professors and educational management specialists and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. In a thematic context, they were distributed and collected, then their suggestions were considered in the final edition of the questionnaire with the concurrence of the supervisors and consultants. In order to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses at the level of inferential statistics, PLS structural equation modeling software was used to measure the proposed research model. The results showed that organizational factors, social factors, individual factors, cultural factors, educational factors and environmental factors, legal system, intrapersonal characteristics and individual educational system are factors affecting knowledge and promotion of students' scientific, intellectual and cultural level. There are relief committees in the cultural centers and the model of the factors affecting the awareness and promotion of the scientific, intellectual and cultural level of the students in the cultural centers of the relief committee has a suitable fit of GOF = 0.320.

The research aimed to study the role of teachers' Burnout (Emotional exhaustion and Decreased personal accomplishment) and the dimensions of teacher-student interactions in students' happiness. The statistical population of the study includes all Yazd teachers and students of elementary schools (sixth grade) in the 2018-2019 academic year. The sample group consisted of 50 teachers (25 men and 25 women) and 350 students (175 boys and 175 girls) selected by stratified random sampling method. The two components of emotional exhaustion and decreased personal accomplishment from the Maslach burnout inventory (1981) were completed by teachers and the students were asked to complete the teacher-student interaction questionnaires by Wabels et al. (1993) and the Oxford happiness questionnaire by Argyle and Lu (1991). Data were analyzed by independent T-test and stepwise multiple regression method. Generally, the results showed that the teachers with lower emotional exhaustion and decreased personal accomplishment have happier students. Among teacher-student interactions dimensions, negative predictors of students' happiness included Dissatisfied and Strict behavior variables, and positive predictors included Leadership and Helping/Friendly behavior.

The aim of this study was to identify the components of civil rights education in primary school based on upstream Iranian documents and international studies. The research approach is qualitative and its method is synthesis research in which recent researches have been systematically selected, content analyzed and categorized. The studied sample is the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, document of fundamental change in education(2011), national curriculum of the Islamic Republic of Iran(2012), approved goals of courses(2018) And the Law of the Sixth Five-Year Plan for Economic, Social and Cultural Development of the Islamic Republic of Iran(2016) Among the international instruments is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights(1948) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child(1989) and 54 related research items that were purposefully selected. Analyzes were performed through coding and classification.The identified components of upstream Iranian documents and international studies included eight main categories: religious, civil, political, cultural, educational, economic, judicial, health, and environmental, and 59 minor components. Paying attention to the identified components and their inclusion in the targeted policies, textbooks and executive sections of the general course curriculum can acquaint primary school students with citizenship rights, increase their demands and social life. Regulate them. The effect of these trainings on the government will also be such that its governing function will deepen and expand.