Advanced Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Natural Products and Medical Chemistry
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Winter 2023

One of the most complicated tasks in digital image processing is image segmentation. Due to increasing attention to this technique by researchers and turning it into a vital role, it is used in many practical fields such as medical applications. Today, in modern dentistry, techniques based on the use of computers, such as planning and planning before surgery, are being developed day by day. Each of these sub-bands contains important information that can be used in image segmentation. This important information is ignored in image segmentation. The main idea is to somehow add this information to the original image. The sub-bands of wavelet coefficients are added to the first sub-band of wavelet transform coefficients, corresponding to approximation coefficients, which are closer to the original image in terms of value and appearance, using integration methods. After that, the wavelet transform image is done. In this case, the obtained image contains more information than the original image, and better and more accurate segmentation is done. In this study, the EM algorithm was used to segment the dental radiology images, and to improve this algorithm, the k-means algorithm was used for the initial estimation of the parameters of the EM algorithm. Despite its simplicity, this algorithm is considered a basic method for many other clustering methods. Morphological operators have been used to improve segmentation.

Soil pollution has increasing risks for human health and environment. Heavy elements are considered among the most important pollutants in the environment, which have been highly concerned in the last few decades. The accumulation of heavy elements in the soil, especially in agricultural fields, is gradual and the concentration of heavy elements can reach a level that threatens human food security. Every year, thousands of tons of these elements, which are caused by urban, industrial, and agricultural activities, enter the soil. The study of different researchers inside the country shows that the intensification of industrial activities, on one hand, and the non-compliance of environmental issues and standards by some of the industrial owners, on the other hand, has caused environmental pollution in some areas of the country. Soil is one of the important components of earth's bio-travel and plays an important role in the health of humans and animals. Soil not only plays an important role in the production of food and clothing, but also has a significant effect on maintaining the environmental quality. Therefore, soil contamination by chemicals is one of the most important biological issues. In the last few decades, with the progress of industry, the amount of toxic elements in the soil has been increased. Municipal and industrial effluents, solid wastes from various urban, industrial and agricultural activities, various fertilizers, and chemical poisons are important sources of soil pollution with toxic elements.

The 80s showed the world that the human environment has been so destroyed and the growth of the population and the ever-increasing increase in human production power have given such dimensions to this destruction that the habitability of the earth has been threatened and the lives of human beings have been endangered. The researches that took place in this decade and the huge changes that took place in the natural conditions of the earth indicated that the earth is warming. Global warming has brought drought, famine, and water scarcity. The cold and snowy winters of the past are no more. Summers have become hot and long, and also the amount of annual rainfall has decreased. This heat damages agricultural products and causes shortage of water needed for agriculture and drinking water. In addition, the increase in the earth's temperature has endangered the living conditions of many animal and plant species, and a large number of them have disappeared so far. This increase also includes the risk of melting polar ice and icebergs. If this happens, the sea level will rise. As a result, many coastal cities and low-lying deltas of the world will go under water, including the city of Miami in the United States of America and the delta of Bangladesh.

The use of plants, especially medicinal plants, for treating diseases and controlling pests biologically has increased significantly in recent years. Wild Mountain Thyme is one of these plants widely used in Iran, especially Khoy, Iran. Concerning the importance of this plant in the traditional medicine of the region and the need for controlling grain pests, we decided to study the plant’s chemical compounds, the antibacterial effects of its essential oil, and its repelling and lethality effect. Wild Mountain Thyme was collected from the southeast of Khoy in the spring and identified in the Institute of Forests and Pastures. The plant’s essential oil was extracted by distillation with water using a Clevenger machine. The resulting oil had a yellow color and a pungent smell, and its percentage was 1.64% compared to the dry weight of the plant. A total of 37 chemical compound was identified and isolated using a gas-mass chromatography device, the main of which was carvacrol (36.8%), thymol (36.8%), gamma-terpinene (10.6%), and paracymene (8.5%). The microbial test of the essential oil of the Thymus Fedtschenkoi plant was performed on three Gram-positive bacteria (E. faecalis, S. aureus, and B. anthracis) and three Gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa, Sa. paratyphi, and E. coli). Thymus Fedtschenkoi plant essential oil was effective on all Gram- and Gram-negative bacteria except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, plant essential oil’s repellent and lethal effect on rice weevil were evaluated in three repetitions with different concentrations. The highest removal rate was at the highest concentration of 25 µl and 72 hours. The lethal effect of the plant on the weevil was at a maximum concentration of 20 µl and duration of 72 hours. LC50 and LC90 of essential plant oil were calculated and determined based on probit analysis software. Based on the results, the plant essential oil can have a good effect in controlling the rice weevil pest both in the field and warehouse0.

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that disrupts the function of cell division in breast cells. Breast cancer cells multiply uncontrollably and are more than necessary in an infected person. There are different types of breast cancer. Its type depends on which type of breast cells is affected. This cancer may start from different places in the breast. It is possible that a person is about to undergo a mastectomy or breast tissue removal surgery due to breast cancer or being prone to it, or has undergone this surgery in the past. In such a situation, the doctor will probably talk to the person about breast reconstruction options. Breast reconstruction is usually done during mastectomy or shortly after, although it can be done even years after mastectomy or lumpectomy. Repair is done in two different ways: autologous repair, in which a part of the tissue of person's own body is used to replace the breast tissue, and repair by means of artificial implants or a combination of both methods.

One of the goals of nanotechnology is to mount molecules and drugs on carrier materials, and then send and release them into the cell. Since so far, the researches carried out on the loading of the active substance of silybum marianum, silybin in in lipid nanocarriers have been very few. Therefore, in this research, the effect of silybin lipid nano-system on BT-474 cancer cell line has been investigated. By preparing a stock solution of silybin in in isopropyl and PBS solvents, the wavelength at which silybin has the most absorption in the range of 200 to 700 was prepared by spectrophotometric method. To make nanoliposomes containing silybin in, the thin layer hydration method was used. The MTT method was used to check the toxicity of constructed lipid system and to determine the percentage of cell viability. The results of drug-free nanoliposome toxicity and its comparison with the control show that drug-free nanoliposome is not toxic on BT-474 cells and does not cause side effects on body cells. The data obtained from investigating the effect of silybin in and liposomal nanoparticles carrying silybin in on BT-474 breast cancer cell line by MTT method, in addition to confirm the anticancer properties of silybin showed the anticancer properties of silybin loaded in nanoparticles. The lipid system is more than its free state.

Recently, the use of knee braces in the elderly to increase the electrical range and activity of knee has become widespread, but the results have not been gathered in one study to determine its effects. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of the effect of knee brace (as a non-chemical treatment) on the electrical activity range of the lower limb muscles during walking in a systematic way. In this systematic review, keywords such as knee brace, electromyography, elderly, and walking with the help of Boolean operators in English and Persian databases Iranmedex, SID, Magiran, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Science Direct, PUBMED, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and Proquestand Ebsco/CINAHL were searched. In this review, 4 articles were included in the study. A total of 87 people were investigated and the period of publication of articles varied from 2010 to 2022. The results of all articles indicated that the use of a knee brace leads to an improvement in the functional state of the knee, an increase in the strength of the biceps biathlon muscles, and an increase in electrical activity and the quality of walking. The use of braces is effective in improving muscle activity in the elderly during different sub phases of walking. This is applied to both men and women. Despite this, more research is needed to prove this issue as well as possible.

Increased expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor increases the downstream signal. Therefore, the pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, inhibition of apoptosis, and migration are activated. In this study, the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism rs2981582 of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene and its relationship with breast cancer was studied.

Procedure: 

Five cc of peripheral blood were collected in EDTA tubes. The samples were transferred to -20 C freezer and kept at this temperature until DNA extraction. Iriazol kit was used for DNA extraction in this study. Extraction was performed according to the protocol of the kit. Determining the quality and also the concentration of extracted DNA was carried out through a spectrophotometer and electrophoresis of the samples on a 1% agarose gel. The samples were genotyped by RFLP-PCR method and AciI restriction enzyme at rs2981582 C/T position.

There is a significant relationship between TT genotype and disease. On the other hand, due to the higher frequency of the CC genotype in the control group, this genotype probably has a protective effect on contracting the disease. Likewise, the risk of breast cancer in patients carrying CT+TT genotypes was about three times. 

Genetic changes in some genes can increase the sensitivity to breast cancer. Concerning the significance of rs2981582 single nucleotide polymorphism in relation to breast cancer, this single nucleotide polymorphism can be used as a biomarker to predict breast cancer.

This article compares the effects of pre- and post-transplant diabetes on the complications and consequences of kidney transplantation. This study was performed in Rasht city on patients who received a kidney transplant annually in 2019-2020. This study was performed by historical cohort method. Patients were divided into three groups that were compatible in terms of age, sex, and type of underlying renal disease.  The first group consisted of patients who had diabetes before transplantation. The second group consisted of patients who did not have diabetes before transplantation but developed diabetes afterwards. The third group consisted of patients who did not have diabetes before or after transplantation. Record of all patients for one year in terms of function, delay and rejection of kidney transplantation, systemic infection, cancer, recurrence of underlying kidney disease, cardiovascular diseases, and their deaths are being investigated. The total number of patients participating in this study was 155 and their mean ages in the first, second, and third groups were 47, 47.1, and 47.3 years old, respectively. The incidence of the mentioned consequences and complications in each group 82.9, 57.1, and 97.1, respectively, was a percentage. After one year, the retention rate of transplanted kidney was 68.5, 77.1, and 47.1 was a percentage and the survival rate of patients was 82.8, 88.5, and 97.1 was a percentage, respectively. In this study, 21% of PTDM was obtained up to one year after kidney transplantation.