نشریه آب و توسعه پایدار
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 27، بهار 1402)

Editorial:Evaluation of the position of water security and food security in the law of the seventh development planHossein Ansari/ member of the editorial boardShort note:Food security in the seventh development planeskandar Zand/ Professor of the country's herbal medicine research museumWith the cooperation of Ali Akbar Baghestani/Assistant Professor of Planning Research Institute, Agricultural Economics and Rural Development

The question of security is a fundamental question of survival and life (structure-function-performance of life systems). Water and food is a strategic necessity for the life, independence and interaction of any society (earth-soil, plant-livestock, socio-economic). Therefore, we are facing a biological and ecological question (search based on the link between natural and social domains). A central idea on the connection of natural and social spheres and the assumption of the article is the geographical and historical discontinuity and therefore the (temporal-place-spatial disconnection) resulting from the implementation of development programs and budgets in the country. Therefore, the main issue is the challenge of how to raise the question of water and food security in the 7th plan. In other words, the main question-challenge is how to design and implement water and food security in connection with the social environment. The gradual and continuous disconnection of societies from land on the one hand and the separation of scientific fields (social sciences, technical-engineering and medical sciences and animal medicine) on the other hand, have hindered the correct design of the problem in development programs. The gap between the biological and social spheres makes the scientific-operational efforts of water and food fruitless. The 7th plan, as the first program benefiting from the national land planning document after the Islamic revolution, is the best starting point for re-designing the country's development movement based on land use planning as biophysical land planning. Adopting a critical method influenced by the ecological approach to programming and budgeting is a way to analyze of biological changes with an emphasis on water and food security. It seems that in the first step, conceptual revision through linking and correlation, such as the correlation of "culture-biosphere-technology" and the creation of a composite interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary toolbox, can reveal a new formulation of the problem.

Water resource management has always played a crucial role in sustaining human life. Wherever water exists, civilization has flourished. Analysis of laws, programs and policies, and guidelines in the field of water is one of the topics that has attracted a lot of attention among humanities experts. The aim of the current research is to analyze the discourse of upstream water documents in the time period (2000-2009), the statistical population in this study consists of eight documents from upstream water resources. The current research follows the discourse analysis methodology using the Laclau and Mouffe approach. The findings demonstrate that the dominant discourse during this period is centered around protective and participatory discourse, which serves as the main theme and focal point of these documents. This discourse manifests itself by contrasting the governmental and non-participatory discourse with the protective and participation-oriented privatization discourse in these documents. The main and floating signifiers such as the discourse of qualitative support for projects and programs versus quantitative growth, the discourse of reducing government control and promoting public participation, the discourse of multi-dimensional approach to water resource management, the discourse of privatization of projects, the discourse of resource management change and decentralization, the discourse of environmental protection, and the discourse of technology advancement and knowledge production all contribute to this discourse.

Formulation of suitable strategies in the agricultural sector, considering the limitations of water resources, can ensure the food security of the country and reduce the country's food needs abroad. Aquatic production, as a healthy and nutritious protein source, can play an important role in employment, providing health and sustainable food security for society. In this regard, the use of modern aquaculture systems that have high productivity and less water consumption can be very valuable in achieving sustainable aquaculture. In this article, while investigating the current situation of aquaculture in the world, the amount of aquaculture production in our country will be presented. We will also discuss the role and importance of aquaculture in achieving sustainable food security. Finally, in addition to reviewing the tasks and performance of the Iranian Fisheries Organization in the sixth economic, social and cultural development program of the country, the obstacles to achieving the goals of development programs in the field of aquaculture in Iran will be discussed.

Water security includes sustainable use and protection of water systems, protection against water-related hazards, sustainable development of water resources, and preservation of water functions and services for humans and the environment. To investigate water security in the past decades, the WSIM-GLDAS water security model was used, and for assessing available water storage, the GRACE satellite data were employed. Then, a multi-model was analyzed using CMIP6 models to investigate future changes in temperature and potential evapotranspiration (PET) over the country's medium-scale under SSP scenarios. The results showed a decreasing trend in available water storage over the past two decades in Iran. The outcome of the water security model indicated a negative return period of water scarcity across the country. The lowest value of WSIM is -10.1 which is seen in the eastern and central regions of Iran, indicating the low water security of these areas. Climate projections show a significant increase in temperature (0.78 oC/decade under the SSP5-8.5 scenario) and evapotranspiration (153.5 mm/decade under the SSP5-8.5 scenario) in the country. To increase water security, it is necessary to take effective adaptation strategies, the purpose of which is to increase the water storage capacity in the soil (green water) and reduce soil erosion in order to increase the quality of the soil and maintain the storage capacity of reservoirs (blue water). Therefore, the adaptation strategies to climate change and its effect on water redistribution from green water to blue water, and the long-term socio-economic consequences of climate change should be considered in future climate plans of Iran.

Attention to the increase in population, the limited capacity of water resources and climate change, the occurrence of drought will be inevitable. This issue has led to the sensitivity of development specialists regarding this life-giving resource and the regulation of the framework for the supply of water resources. In this regard, the multi-dimensional index in the form of five main axes, including resources, access, consumption, capacity and environment, would be beneficial for examining the effective factors contributing to the agricultural water crisis. in order to evaluate the access to agricultural water resources and investigate water scarcity at the trans-regional level. In this paper, with the aim of calculating the agricultural water poverty index, various dimensions affecting water poverty were investigated and then the critical indicators were explained in each city. Therefore, this article aims to calculate the agricultural water poverty index by examining various dimensions contributing to water poverty. Afterwards, critical indicators were explained in the studied cities to address the issue thoroughly. The research results showed that due to the weaknesses in two environmental components (high consumption of poisons and fertilizers and low water quality) and access (farmer's access to water and land potential) Kaboodarahang county has a more critical agricultural water scarcity situation of 42.06 compared to other counties. Malayer city has a more favorable situation due to better access to resources and higher scores in the environmental component from the point of view of the water poverty index, also the findings of the weak management of water resource consumption and the low human and real capacity (Farmer's ability to manage agricultural water at farm level), in the studied areas.

With the reduction of natural sources of fresh water, the activity of desalination factories is increasing. The effluent of these factories is returned to the sea environment. The effluent contains a lot of chemicals and salt, which in case of improper discharge will disturb the balance of the sea environment. Using numerical models to check different discharge methods is one of the cheapest methods. In this research, the results of CORJET, VISJET and RNG (k-ε) models are validated for the discharge of concentrated wastewater. For this purpose, the simulation results of these models in static and dynamic environments are compared with the results of various laboratory studies. According to the results, the RNG model estimates the axial velocity of the jet well and with a small error compared to the integral and laboratory models. All three models estimate most of the parameters related to the discharge of concentrated wastewater in comparison with the laboratory studies. CORJET and VISJET models estimate the amount of effluent dilution with a high error, but the RNG model estimates the amount of effluent dilution with an acceptable error due to the consideration of flow turbulence. The most important advantage of CORJET and VISJET integral models is easy modeling and very low calculation time compared to RNG turbulence model. According to the presented results, it can be concluded that the RNG model is suitable for carrying out studies related to the discharge of concentrated wastewater from desalination plants due to considering the flow turbulence and providing accurate results.

One of the goals of life cycle assessment is environmental decision-making regarding cleanup of contaminated sites, contaminated water, and water restoration with different methods. Water shortage problems are becoming more serious due to the decrease in rainfall, increase in population, the reduction of water resources and lack of legal framework for water management. Therefore, a proper analysis of the effects and results of the methods used for water purification, groundwater polluting factors, and various water supply processes is necessary, and one of the tools that can perform such an analysis is life cycle assessment. (LCA) is based on a complete understanding of the system from real data. In this research, the analysis of life cycle assessment of wastewater treatment processes, desalination, water footprint has been done considering different water sources. The results of this analysis showed that the most studied topic in the evaluation of the life cycle of wastewater treatment and the most studied type of wastewater was urban wastewater. The least studied subject was river engineering. Among different countries, Iran's share of life cycle assessment studies on water management is the lowest, and due to the importance of life cycle assessment and the environmental impact of various methods and processes on the supply of water needed in the agricultural, drinking and industrial sectors, attention is paid and it requires more studies in this field.

Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region, where a large part of its water needs is provided by groundwater resources. In severe and prolonged periods of drought when it is not possible to supply water from surface water resources; Groundwater will be the only source of water supply. Not paying attention to demand management and not controlling over-harvesting during the drought period can further reduce the groundwater storage. Preventive strategies are necessary to reduce the effects of drought and protect groundwater. But unfortunately, most of the strategies to reduce the destructive effects of drought are passive (or reactive) and seek to supply water shortages from groundwater resources during the drought period, and attention to the active strategies of combined groundwater-drought management has been neglected. Therefore, due to the increase of severe and long-term droughts under climate change, it is necessary to pay attention to active strategies and new approaches. Demand management and harvesting reduction as a proactive approach can reserve groundwater in normal and wet years and increase drought resistance by preserving underground resources and ensure water supply security during severe droughts. This article is compiled in two parts in order to explain this approach. The first part describes the planning of related organizations for the combined management of drought and groundwater, and in the second part, the new approaches implemented in California as well as its application in Iran are explained.

Having access to safe drinking water is the biggest key to overall public health. Throughout human history, water has been recognized as the most basic element for survival and referred to as the rare elixir of life. The main purpose of this article is to estimate the economic value of the household water quality in Dehloran city using the contingent valuation method (CVM). Simple random sampling method was used, and the sample size of 384 individuals was determined using the Cochran formula with a 95% confidence level, P=50%, and a 5% error rate. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for the reliability of the questionnaire, and its value was obtained as r=0.86. The logit model was used to measure the willingness to pay, and the parameters of this model were estimated based on the maximum likelihood method. In order to calculate the willingness to pay (WTP), three suggested amounts of 2000 Rials, 4000 Rials and 6000 Rials were presented as three interrelated questions for each family member per month based on the average household water consumption in Dehloran city. The results showed that the average willingness to pay to improving household water quality was 5875 Rials and the economic value of household water quality in Dehlran city is 29316 Rials per month. Moreover, variables such as age, concern about drinking water quality, information about communicable diseases, and monthly water bill have a significant effect on willingness to pay.

In order to investigate the effect of Cenocarpus extract on the resistance of spinach to drought stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with two replications in the crop year 2019-2020 in the research greenhouse of Gonbad Kavous University. Experimental treatments including 5 levels of drought stress (0.10, 0.20,0.30,0.40 and 0.50 MAD) and 5 levels of extract (0, 2%,4%, 6% and 8%) were applied. The results showed that the greatest increase in consumption efficiency in the growth period and total water consumption was obtained from the 6% extract concentration with values of 1.045 μg/mL and 0.235 μg/mL, respectively. The efficiency of water consumption based on dry weight and the efficiency of water consumption on wet weight of the treatment without extract were obtained as 603.2% and 695.8%, respectively. The results of the comparison of the average weight of aerial parts under water stress and from the treatment of 2% extract were obtained. The maximum root length was obtained with 8.17 and 8.07 cm for 20% and 30% drainage, respectively, and the minimum root length belonged to the 50% moisture drainage treatment. The highest amount of chlorophyll, efficiency of consumption during the growth period and total water consumption were obtained from the control treatment, and also the highest efficiency of water consumption per dry weight and efficiency of water consumption per wet weight were obtained from the 2% extract treatment.

The inadequacy of water resources to meet the needs of food production is a very important issue that will increase in importance in the future. If local renewable water sources (in soil) and water (in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, aquifers) are sufficient to produce a reference food supply (including 3000 kcal of daily requirement, of which animal products include 20 percent) for all residents. If not, we consider a food production unit to have a lack of green-blue water. If it is not enough for all residents, we consider a food production unit to have a lack of green-blue water. The number of people living in food production units affected by green-blue water scarcity has increased from 360 million people in 1905 (21% of the world's population at that time) to 2.2 billion (34%) in 2005. During this period, the lack of green-blue water has spread to large areas and has increased in previous areas. Water security is a concept that is examined in different dimensions and aspects. Four dimensions of these cases were identified, each of which consists of two complementary aspects: direct-indirect, macro-micro, technical-political and peace-conflict. In this study, the indirect role of water on food security on a global scale was investigated using a quantitative spatial approach. Since food security is intertwined with water security in many ways, the role of water scarcity on the disruption of food production and the impact of trade on this interaction was analyzed, and while examining the relationship of social resilience with these issues, the areas that It was identified that they were facing certain challenges in this field. With this work, the concept of water security became systematic and finally related to the issues of vulnerability, resilience and sustainability.

Nowadays, the term governance has become one of the most used terms in policy making. Part of its attractiveness is that the concept of governance in a way shows the weakening of the state-centered views of power and the direction of policies towards community-centered governance. Another part of this appeal is that 'governance' brings private actors and civil society into play as resources and tools for joint public policymaking, at least on paper. Therefore, effective governance is one of the biggest drivers of prosperity and the expansion of justice in societies, which is associated with planning and foresight.