مجله زبان و ادبیات فارسی
سال نوزدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1402)

Jameolhekmatain is writed by Naserkhosro at 462(A.H).Naserkhosro has explained theological and philosophic ideas from Esmaelies vision.because of special attention to “language” and “ written type” he started to make and replace the new words by modernistic view. He tried to find Persian equivalence words for theological and philosophic terms. Even he mentioned directly that despite of Arabic forms of expressions but I tried to use Persian words. Since common philosophic ideas were “ Masha” and he was expressed by Farabi and Ebnesina. Even so he wasn’t new creator of all Persian words. Sometimes he uses common expressions by changing the meaning and sometimes without changing only by extending the words in middle Persian.in every case his activity is very valuable . This research based on library and analytical method, extracted 150 equivalence words by checking whole lines of” jameolhekmatain “ and represented a table of these words in Persian. In second column common and applied expressions in that time are showed. The Persian words are very important at word-making ideas especially to study the method of Naserkhosro.

Warding badness is one of the old myths that existed in various cultures to deal with the transmission of calamities. It represents the customs of nations and plays a vital role in people's lives. Humans have always avoided calamities in various ways to free themselves and their loved ones from unfortunate events. Establishing a sacrifice ceremony is one of these evidences that in the course of history, a myth has been modified into the form of animal sacrifice. Warding off the evil eye, is also one of the mythological manifestations that are intertwined with people's culture. To ward off the evil eye or badness they resorted to sacrifices, prayers, charms and amulets, burning seeds of syrian rue, etc. This research is of a library type, and after collecting and categorizing the data, it was done through a descriptive-analytical method. reviewing the sonnets, odes, and Mathnawi of Mantiq al-tair, Elahi-nameh, Mosibat-nameh, and Asrar-nameh, it can be concluded that a number of warding badness myths are used in these works in an internal and spiritual way. In the mystical belief, the seeker does not hesitate to do anything, such as burning seeds of syrian rue, or even burning or mentally sacrificing himself, using amulets and prayers, making vows, offering his life, etc., to ward off the evil eye from his lover. So that his beloved is safe from calamities and harm

Analyzing the symbolic concepts of animals in the poems of Madi Akhvan based on Jakobson's theory of verbal communication Polysemy elements are one of the most widely used indirect methods of expression in contemporary poetry, and among them, the symbol is the main artistic technique of modern poets, which is always used by committed creators to express social and political purposes. This study analyzes the critical and social symbols of animals in the poetry of Akhavan while examining linguistic roles based on Jacobson’s verbal communication pattern. Akhavan has given a special character to poetry due to the use of symbols that are rooted in the culture of ancient Iran, and because animals in the poetry of Akhavan are often used in a symbolic sense, the basis of the work is the role of metalanguage. The most important purpose of this article is to receive abstract messages and social and critical concepts embedded in animal symbols and to express social corruptions in the poet's homeland poems. Findings show that the symbols of the Akhavan are a representation of the conditions governing society and social and political unspoken. The method of collecting information is library and documentary and the statistical population of the study includes the Book of Poems of Mahdi Akhavan- Sales. The present research has been compiled in an analytical and descriptive manner that is suitable for conveying educational, social and symbolic concepts. And the messages of Akhavan in most poems reflect the metalanguage, emotional, referential and persuasive functions.

If today's themes are helped by ancient myths, we have a kind of mythical experience. The sea and its similarities are no exception. The sea represents infinity, life, breadth, depth, saltiness, movement, and the like. Contemporary poetry (especially Nima, Shamlou, Akhavan, Sohrab, and Forough) has referred to this phenomenon and its similarities symbolically. The sea in Persian poetry has a symbolic, mythical, religious, literary, romantic and mystical meaning that its understanding is important to realize the infrastructure of poet's thought. Nima separates the two vulnerable and affluent strata of society by the shoreline of the secrets sea. In Shamlou's Animism, the negative myth of the reincarnation of the evil spirit in human existence is mentioned as the breaking and conquest of the sea. Shamlou mentions the self-knowledge myth of the first human as diving at sea. Akhavan's poetry has been expressed in a magnificent, mythical, traditionalist, symbolic way and with a bitter and negative view on the contemporary society. Sohrab is more involved in the mythical symbolism of water and sea than the other poets mentioned above. Forough's new interpretations of the mythical expression of sea are expressed in a surreal tone

Rhetorical questions with secondary semantics play a crucial role in identifying style, increasing the semantic and emotional load of words, inducing different tones, diversity in artistic ambiguity, and beautifying the text. Therefore, seeking all kinds of rhetorical questions and classifying and criticizing them has been very important in stylistic research, rhetorical criticism, and discursive analysis. The present study aimed to examine the types of questions in Nima Yoshij's poems and analyze and classify the questions in order to induce secondary and discursive semantics. This descriptive-statistical and discursive study indicated that out of a total of 191 rhetorical questions, the themes of emphasis, denial, regret, complaint, rebuke, and prohibition allocate the highest frequency. The evasion, irony and mockery, surprise, wish, and desire semantics have been used a lot among the rhetorical questions in Nima Yoshij's poetry. These questions hold a prominent place in Nima Yoshij's inner and philosophical conversations with himself and nature, his social criticisms, presentation of phenomenological and ideological attitudes, and emotional and critical complaints. Further, the questions make Nima Yoshij's poems specific with respect to his personal style mixed with particular worldview.

In poems divan (book of poems) of most poets, the arrangement of poems is alphabetical, based on rhyming alphabet of poetry. But some poets have used another method to arrangements the poems in their divan, sayeri mashhadi is one of these poets. He is a shia poet from the safavid era that arrangements of his poems based on visual repetitive words. The tactics that he has used in repetitive words causes the music boost, beat, continuity and coherence of the text and by these tactics he has created a special poetic style for himself. Sometimes repetitive words in his poetry have obvious and hidden signs which phonetically and semantically make the structure of the text and these repetitive words emphasize the poet's desired feeling and mattering. Considering that the style of the poet it is not separated from the worldview, personality and spirit of the poet, as a result it is possible to get acquainted with the intellectual coordinates of the poet by identifying the poet's unique style in composing poems in his divan, and also can be aware the poet's purpose. His purpose about this conscious repetition, is giving importance to the topic and attracting the attention of his audience, by insinuation and repetition, he penetrates fleeting emotions in his audience minds. And that's how he clearly showed the inseparable relationship between word and meaning. By studying the repetitive words in his poetry, it can be concluded that he is a semanticist and naturalist poet. In this research, library method and analytical-statistical method were used.