فصلنامه اندیشه نوین دینی
پیاپی 72 (بهار 1402)

Nowadays, as the importance of the systematic attitude to religion has appeared, it is necessary to explain a methodical and model-oriented theory to infer the relationships between the system's components. This article, while examining the most important existing methods of discovering the system, seeks to answer the question: What is the reliable method for discovering the relationships between the components of religion? This notable study is performed with the method of rational analysis and inference from narrative data. The findings make it clear to us that all the components of religion, while being legislative and revelatory, have an external manifestation as being realized. The elements of religion are dependent on each other in achieving their goals, and there is an inseparable cause-and-effect relationship between them. This causal relationship can be discovered and deduced by rational analysis and narrative data. The development and expansion of these relations step by step from the main elements to the secondary elements and the discovery of the evidential system of the elements of authentic religion will be a solid foundation for discovering the mechanism of establishing religion in the position of proof.

Rationality is the application of reason and its presence in culture and society; it has such different types as instrumental rationality, critical rationality and Islamic rationality. By this research it is intended to explain the nature, functions and Salafist rationality critically which in this research tries to express its perspective on understanding religious doctrines and propositions with a descriptive and analytical method. The findings of the research show that the basis of the Salafist system of thought and rationality is formed by serious attention to two important religious sources, namely "Book" and "Tradition", and an outstanding inferential method, namely the "Salafi" method. Contradictory to the fact that they theoretically accept qiyas, istihsan and istislah as the rules and principles of their ijtihad; However, in terms of practice, they find such limiting conditions that in fact "reason" is short of entering these methods of ijtihad and these principles are reduced to very limited rules of jurisprudence in the circle of texts, from "effective ijtihad principles" to " Redundant and unnecessary rules.

For a long time, the idea of the progress of societies and history from an inferior state to a higher state has been the subject of discussion among scientists. This article deals with the issue of whether it is possible to confirm or strengthen the evolutionary movement of society and history through divine traditions. In this research, to discover and extract traditions, the method of the study is narrative and revelation-based, the library method was used to collect information, and the descriptive-analytical method was used for data processing. Findings of the research: though in order to prove the evolutionary movement according to human innate nature and positing Divine caliphate (anthropological foundations), the role of religion and divine prophets (theological foundations) and the movement of the world towards God and showing its reaction to oppression and sin (cosmological foundations) has been noticed; but the requirements of divine traditions have been neglected. By combining these principles with traditions such as Istikhlaf Salihan, substitution of the righteous, and also previous traditions such as Istisal and ibtila, a clear picture of the evolutionary movement of societies and history can be presented.

The research question in this study is to examine the existence or non-existence of the connection between the Shiite reading of Ghadir Hadith and the claimed negligence of the Prophet (s) to announce the succession of Amir al-Mu'minin (a). According to some Sunnis, accepting the Hadith of Ghadir on the succession of Ali (a) shows the negligence of the Prophet (s) in announcing and confirming his succession. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. The research findings of this research show that before the Ghadir incident, the Prophet (s) informed the people of the superiority of the Amir (a) over other companions and his worthiness for the Caliphate in various ways. He also announced the succession of Amir al-Mu'minin (a) in the Ghadir event, using many authority figures and articles, and closed the way for any excuses. After the Ghadir incident, he tried to remove the obstacles from the path of Ali's caliphate in various ways and to establish his caliphate by writing a will.

Man's desire and tendency towards religion is an inherent, deep and rooted issue. But belief in the realm and its functions is one of the controversial categories among religious scholars. Apart from individual functions, does religion also have a function regarding political-social life? Among Muslim religious scholars, Seyyed Jamaluddin Asadabadi, as a Muslim activist and social reformer, pays special attention to the issue of comprehensiveness of religion and its functions. Based on the findings of this research, the discussion of the comprehensiveness of religion is one of the important topics from Seyed's point of view, and in his works based on the belief in the comprehensiveness of religion, he points out many of its functions. The acceptance of the active presence of religion in socio-political relations is related to the main feature of Seyyed's theology, and it is the acceptance of Islamic rationality, in the light of which the belief in the entry and involvement of religion in all aspects of human life is raised.

logotherapy was invented by Viktor Frankl as one of the existentialist psychotherapy schools. The main mission of this school is to emphasize the importance of the meaning of life and its unique role in getting rid of existential emptiness and aimlessness in life. The three main beliefs of this school are: belief in the existence of God, religion and immortality. The present research, which was carried out by descriptive-analytical method and through library sources, after carefully reading the metaphysical beliefs of Frankel's school, evaluates them based on the intellectual foundations of Allameh Tabatabayi (r). The main research question is what are the most important metaphysical beliefs of Frankel's logotherapy school? And what are their similarities and differences with respect to Islamic teaching, based on the opinions of Allameh Tabatabayi? The research findings show: the incorrect and superficial explanation of the concept of God and its degradation from the level of necessary position to the pure level of a meaning-giver, a minimal definition of religion and a pluralistic and instrumentalist view of it, and not paying attention to the reality of happiness and vague interpretations of immortality are the most important points of difference between Frankel and Allameh Tabatabai is in the field of metaphysical beliefs.

The power of human will is one of the important characteristics of a human being, with which he chooses his manner of life and destiny. In this research, the problem of human will from the perspective of Thomas Aquinas and Mulla Sadra has been investigated with a qualitative and descriptive-analytical method. Research findings show that, in both perspectives, human will is an internal desire directed toward its goal. Aquinas considers the origin of human will to be nature and passion in general; And he considers the principle of free will to be rational rules. But Mulla Sadra considers human will according to the principles of transcendental wisdom to be of the nature of existence and gradational that human beings have the strongest will due to the high rank of their existence among creatures. Both thinkers believe that man's will is a divine gift that is at a lower level than God's will, but man has free will also.

The issue of the influence of demons on religious knowledge is one of the issues of Quranic origin. The present research is intended to study the quality, quantity and extent of the effects of devils in the acquisition of religious knowledge from the perspective of the verses of the Qur'an, with an emphasis on the opinions of Allameh Tabataba'i, using a descriptive, analytical and library method. The findings of the research indicate that the Satan tries to prevent man from acquiring religious knowledge by creating neglect, weakening his intellect and embellishing his thoughts and actions. As a result, by following purely the desires of the soul and being attached to the world, a person will have a breakdown in religious teachings and the Satan will have complete control over him. In this way, Satan's efforts in the decline of religious knowledge are realized. At such a stage, man starts denying the divine verses.

The book Al-Hujaj al-Damighat is the last, most important and comprehensive work of the Wahhabi sect, which has criticized the content of the hadiths of the narrative sources of the book Al-Muraji`at. In the introduction of this book, by criticizing the content of some hadiths, the author has tried to discredit the sources of Shia narratives that are cited in Al-Muraji`at, in order to make what he criticizes in the rest of the book more justified. The aim of the research is to examine the method of content criticism of the hadiths of the Shiite narrative sources by the author of Al-Hujaj al-Damighat and to express the methodological shortcomings of this review, with a descriptive-analytical method and a critical approach; the criticisms of Al-Hujaj al-Damighat in relation to the hadiths of some of the narrative sources of Al-Muraji`at are based on reference criteria. In the findings of the research, we have come to the conclusion that the criticisms of the author of Al-Hujaj al-Damighat have many methodological weaknesses and none of the criteria of content criticism of hadiths have been met by him.

The discussion of the essence and the shell of religion is one of the topics of "Philosophy of Religion". About the meaning of "essence" and "shell" of religion, various theories have been proposed, which have influenced the wide and narrow scope of religion, often of a minimal view of religion. The essence and shell of religion means "essentials" versus "accidents", "truth" versus "skin and shell", "principle" versus "branch", "what forming participation" versus "what forming deference", "far goal" versus "primary and intermediate goals" are the theories that have been examined in this article with analytical and library-based methods. The weaknesses of their arguments are revealed, and then the theory of "faith as the gem of religions" has been explained as an acceptable theory. Considering the essence of "faith" and considering its related aspects, the extent of religion is the radius of those things that need to be believed in, that is, all the things that were revealed by the Almighty God to the beloved Prophet of Islam (s) and by the Prophet has been notified to us.