مجله جستار های زبانی
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 76، مهر و آبان 1402)

AbstractThe details of the fundamental mechanisms of translation can be analyzed through Semiotics. In his various works, Umberto Eco, one of the semioticians, has studied the symbolic aspects of translation. Umberto Eco's semiotics is based on how the text is combined with the reader's personal and cultural encyclopedia. In Echo's view, text has two levels of expression and content, and in poetry, expression prevails over content. In translation of poetry, the expression essence in the target text tries to be equal to the essence of expression in the source text so that it can affect the audience almost like the source text. The present investigation, using a descriptive-analytical method and a semiotic approach based on Umberto Eco's view, studies the transfer of Adonis's poetic signs at expressive substance level in the Persian translation process .To this purpose, Adonis's three volume book entitled" the past, the place of the present" translated by Amirhossein Allahyari (2019) is examined. At linguistic essence level, words and grammar are studied, and at the level of non-linguistic essence, puns, rhymes and melodies are studied. The result of this research shows that the transfer of the signs of Adonis's poetry in Allahyari translation is more pronounced at the level of non-linguistic essence. In order to convey the signs of Adonis's poetry in translation, after establishing a connection between the various linguistic and non-linguistic essences in the text of the poem, Allahyari negotiates them and uses encyclopedic information to create a text in the target language that affects the audience like Adonis's poetry; In this regard, he has sometimes neglected his allegiance to the essence of language.

This research focuses on the comparative study of proverbs and expressions in French and Persian languages. This branch of linguistics has keywords in different areas of meaning, such as plants, animals, human body, colors, numbers, nature, etc. To define the subject, the authors of the article chose the terms related to the human body and targeted five organs, that is to say "the head, the eyes, the heart, the tongue, the hands". The researchers wondered if the French terms in question are equivalent to those in Persian. If so, is the member used in both languages ​​the same or different? This comparative-analytical study is based on the studies of linguists in this field. Along with the examination of the terms cited, one encounters cases where two different organs, the repetition of the name of an organ, or the combination of the name of an organ and an adjective create a new expression. Also, the symbolic role of the limbs used in French and Persian proverbs and expressions is very evident. According to the search results, often these French expressions have equivalents in Persian, or find structures in our language in the form of explanatory sentences. In the equivalent of some expressions, the organ is not used as a keyword, and in some others it is used in conjunction with the name of another organ.

This study is conducted through a descriptive classification of interrogating defendants' spoken and written discourse in courts' conversations which has been designed based on ex post facto research. Research sample included 20 cases of criminal files gathered through available sampling method from the Archived Journals of Justice. McMenamin's (2002) Hierarchy Framework of Recognition Authenticity was used to examine stylistic and syntactic markers of defendants' spoken and written discourse. Stylistic and linguistic markers make a hierarchical model that is ranging from 1 to 9 levels. This model analyzed phonological, morphological, semantic, and syntactic clues that are unique among the defendants in the court files. The patterns concerned with that hierarchical model are resemblance, consistency, and population which are recruited to discover the criminals' spoken and written documents. The implications of this study showed that the use of this framework was successful in uncovering the criminals' identification for resemblance (50 percent), consistency (30 percent), and population (20 percent). Implications of the study suggest this framework may help the interrogators, judges, and attorneys to boost the efficacy of their profession.

The story of Orwell Animal Castle is a socio-political theme in which one can see the interaction of the main characters in the formation of a specific goal (independent animal society), which in turn led to the emergence of a revolution and the creation of an independent animal community. In the shadow of a series of paradigms becomes mandatory in the field. But in the continuation of the narrative, each of the characters exhibits specific characteristic actions towards the independent animal community, which challenges the same expectation of lifestyle and how it is approached in this story. For this reason, the present study, which is written using the analytical-comparative method, seeks to be based on the lifestyle model of Eric Landowski; The French social semiotics analyzes the issue of how the lifestyle in the story of the Animal Castle, while identifying the integrated or different lifestyle discourse in this story; How to approach it, which can include things like: static, dynamic, repetitive, and whether or not it is a process; Explain. The findings of this study indicate that according to the researcherschr('39') predictions in this article, the lifestyle discourse in this story is different, with chameleon and reference lifestyles and bear lifestyle having the highest and lowest frequencies, respectively. And in most cases, the lifestyle approach in this story is a static and non-process approach

This article draws on the research of Kordestan Province Residents to find out the correlation between language identity and language identity development. The present research is a descriptive survey, a type of correlational research method. For this purpose, 407 questionnaires were distributed among statistical samples. Sampling was done by proportional classification method. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained and confirmed by Cronbachchr('39')s alpha and its validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The study was done in the light of  Khatib and Rezaei (2013(and  Taylor (2010) method, the language identity and the second language identity model. To test the research hypothesis, correlation test, Pearson test and structural equation model were used. The results show that except for pronounciation, there is a meaningful negative correlation among the categories of language identity and language identity development in residents living in Kurdistan province and regarding  to language identity development, loyalty has the most explanatory role.

During the second half of the 20th century, looking to the language as the basic raw material of the literature, leads to overlapping some of the achievements of Discourse Analysis and Sociocriticism. In fact, getting an internal approach to the literary text in order to degage its sociality, and focusing on the discourse in the context of social involved situation, these are the common bases of the two analytic methods. Therefore, Pierre V. Zima introduces his approach as the “sociology of the text” and believes that the social questions could appear through the languages, sociolects and discourses, as well as the lexicon, semantics and syntax could have a social function. In the present article, we aim to analyze the social function of the semantics and the syntax inside the novel Ace Heart by Moniru Ravanipur to find out the interdiscursive relation between the text and the surrounding society.

With the development of the language-based learning approach, language pedagogy takes more advantage of Child and Adolescent literature in teaching to non-native speakers. Besides, language plans were driven to adopt certain expected features; such as modern grammatical and morphological structures, expressing tangible meanings and events of everyday life, being pleasant, equipping learners with eloquence methods, and applying general and universal language pedagogy issues. Since literary texts have various levels and types, language education policymakers need to consider them in designating language plans. With survey methods, this paper illustrates the significance role of Child and Adolescent literature in teaching Persian to non-Persian learners. To achieve this goal, the authors created a questionnaire with eight literary genres in Child and Adolescent literature at three levels of language proficiency. The questionnaire was sent non-randomly to 94 Iranian teachers, experts in teaching Persian to non-Persian speakers and acquaintance with Persian literature. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 22, calculating one-way Chi-square, applying Friedman and Mann-Whitney statistical test. Data analysis reveals that the relevant indices for beginner levels are either minor or insignificant. However, in the intermediate and advanced levels children’s tales and stories, along with adolescent poetry, are more emphasized.

Among derivational outputs, we sometimes come across derivates with no symmetry between their form and meaning, and their analysis is problematic according to morpheme-based approaches. These asymmetries taking place in  Persian verbal derivatives include suppletion, deponency, defectiveness, and syncretism. In such cases, within the framework of the paradigmatic approach in theories such as Paradigm Function Morphology by Stump (2001) and Stewart and Stump (2007), the whole form of the derivative is important. This study seeks to answer the question of how the theory of Paradigm Function Morphology ,by using the theoretical paradigmatic tool, analyzes and explains Persian asymmetric verbal derivatives. Analysis of Persian asymmetric data in terms of paradigmatic approach showed applying the paradigm function, as a realizational rule, to the lexical root and syntacticosemantic features pair can determine the form of a derived word. Also, morphological dimension and semantic dimension in the paradigmatic organization of a lexeme behave separately in order to justify the analysis of these asymmetric morphological phenomena. So, the asymmetry between form and meaning will no longer be a problem. Of course, verbal derivatives can be analyzed and explained in the same way, whether with or without symmetry between their form and meaning. As a result, a more uniform, general, and economical analysis is provided, and there is no need to propose secondary solutions such as zero morpehme, zero derivation, allomorphy, mediating element which all arise from the assumption of a one-to-one relation between the form and meaning of the components of derivatives in morpheme-based approaches.

Symbolism is one of the prominent schools of Russian literature in the early twentieth century, in which some of its representatives composed outstanding works inspired by mysticism and teachings of the poets of the ancient land of Iran, including Hafiz. Vyacheslav Ivanov and Mikhail Kuzmin, two representatives of this school, were active members of an association founded in 1905 by Ivanov in his apartment in Hafez's honor, named Hafez's disciples.  This clique, known as Bashnya (Dome), was considered the most important literary and philosophical center of its time. The members of the association were lovers of Hafez and Hafez's teachings in this place became the source of inspiration for mystical poems. The purpose of the present study is to examine the linguistic and lexical units that Ivanov and Kuzmin have used in connection with the thoughts of Hafez and his mysticism in their poems. An attempt was made to answer these questions: How did the Russian symbolist poets understand Hafez's poems? Which linguistic elements of Hafez did they use to express their thoughts and what common linguistic units and vocabulary did they use? Examining the poems of Ivanov and Kuzmin in connection with the subject under discussion, we conclude that despite cultural and linguistic differences, they have combined Eastern and Western symbols in their poems and, like Hafez, they have used a combination of earthly and metaphysical vocabulary, symbols, contradictions, metaphors, polysemous words, and paradoxical concepts to express ontological thoughts. The vocabulary used in their poems, such as Hafez's poems, include the concepts of love, dialogue, call for unity between nations and religions, "other-praising", as well as an understanding of the beauty of the universe.

"Language" element and related issues are one of the most challenging aspects of philosophy and new critical approaches in reading religious texts. This issue is doubly important in postmodern critical approaches and especially the Derridian reading of texts, which is one of the tools of some neo-Mu'tzalites in reading the Qur'anic text due to the authenticity of the language in these approaches, and it has caused great challenges due to the difference in the way of looking at the language. It comes from. In this regard, the present research aims to "explain" two different views from the perspective of Derrida and Mulla Sadra in order to provide the conditions for the visibility of two approaches to being and knowledge through the window of language and the extent of the possibility of such readings with an analytical-comparative method. to check. The findings of the research show that according to Mulla Sadra's view of existence, knowledge, and language, and his belief in the system of formation and education, which is derived from three sources of knowledge, the intellect, the heart, and revelation, and the divine language has three creative stages. Considering the formative and legislative and considers human language to be sub-territorial, Derrida's view on the third linguistic level can be examined from this point of view, and due to Derrida's failure to proceed from the intellectual-philosophical method, he never from the "verb" stage (in the epistemic system of creation and Amr) has not gone higher.

The present article aims to analysis Rumi's discourse in Shams's Ghazaliyat based on "Interpersonal Transcendence" within the framework of Halliday's role orientation. In studying and examining the texts, what is important is to understand the message and the author's main purpose of writing that text. In literary texts, the speaker's meaning is not always what it seems to the audience at first glance. Rather, concepts and layers of hidden meaning are brought behind the apparent words that contain the main purpose of the author. Reaching the author's intellectual world and worldview creates a deep and different mental space for the reader. This research answers these questions, how is Halliday's role-oriented systematic order efficient in the analysis of literary texts. In the interpersonal trans-role, how to deal with a larger structure than the text, and the possibility of analyzing the text is created. The hypothesis of the research is that the transpersonal role increases the interaction between the speaker and the audience and creates a more open space for discourse analysis. The statistical population is ghazaliyat Shams and the method used is analytical-descriptive. This research has shown that Halliday's role-oriented systematic theory is efficient in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the text, in the discourse analysis. Based on the interpersonal role, the speaker's interaction with the audience and the characteristics of Shams's ghazaliyat have been determined, and the possibility of discourse analysis has been established.

Abstract“ke” as a multi functional morpheme used in spoken and written Persian language performs several different usages such as indefinite pronoun,complementizer,focus marker…as well as a relativizer which introduces Relative Clauses without undergoing any change but accepting various roles.This study aims to look into the syntactic,semantic and pragmatic roles of “ke” in Persian relative clauses.To give a somehow sufficient description of “ke”,a careful study of a natural corpus in which this phenomenon is used is necessary.Therefore,for an efficient research,data has been collected from the natural occuring sentences of spoken and written Persian.Thereafter,”ke” is studied syntactically, semantically and pragmatically in Relative Clauses. This article which is descriptive-analytic is done within the typological framework based on the work of Comrie(1989) to answer the question of “which syntactic,semantic and pragmatic roles does “ke” have in Persian relative clauses?The main hypothesis considers all grammatical functions for “ke”.According to the findings of this research “ke” manifests all the same grammatical roles such as subject,object…as a noun phrase does.It plays many different semantic roles like agent,patient,goal….Moreover,“ke” can follow any structure to focus as a focus marker with both old and new information.Key words: relative clause, relativizer, semantic roles, new information, old information.