فصلنامه علوم زیستی ورزشی
پیاپی 57 (تابستان 1402)

The effect of exercise training on some cognitive mechanisms in Alzheimer's (AD) patients is not yet well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of intense intermittent exercise (HIIT) and motor environmental richness activity (MERA) on the expression of leptin and brain-derived nutritional factor (BDNF) in the hippocampal of rats with Alzheimer disease (AD). In this experimental study, 24 rats with AD were divided into (1) AD control groups, (2) HIIT group and (3) MERA group. The sham group was considered to evaluate the effect of surgery and saline injection and the healthy control group (HC) was considered to evaluate the effect of AD induction. The HIIT group trained for eight weeks, five sessions per week and each session in 9 repetition of 90-second intervals (with 85% of maximum speed), and the MERA training group was placed in special enriched movement cages. One-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test was used to analyze the data (P≥0.05). The results showed that in AD group, BDNF levels (P=0.001) were lower and leptin levels (P=0.001) were higher than HC group. In the HIIT group, leptin levels (P=0.005) were lower and BDNF levels (P=0.019) were higher than the AD group. There was no significant difference in leptin (P=0.72) and BDNF (P=0.65) between the two training groups. Both HIIT and MERA appear to be effective in improving neurotrophins and hippocampal metabolism, but the effect of intense intermittent exercise is more favorable due to exercise-induced adaptation.

Various environmental and genetic factors, such as inflammation caused by intense sports activity, affect the immune system response of athletes. One method of preventing the inflammatory process and helping the immune system is probably to take anti-inflammatory drugs like cinnamon. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one-week consumption of cinnamon supplement on the immune response to one session of exhaustive exercise in active boys..

This study was a kind of quasi-experimental, and single- blind. Study population was male collegiate sport man at Shiraz University. 12 healthy students (age: 22±1.93 year, height: 172.56±6.56 cm, weight: 66.56±11.54) participated in the study voluntarily and by a crossover method. Participants performed Bruce exhaustive exercise test in two situations of consuming cinnamon and placebo. Daily 500 mg cinnamon or similarly placebo during one weeks before exercise sessions were consumed by participants in single-blinded method. Blood samples were taken before and 15 minutes following exercise. T dependent test was used for data analysis and significant level was set at p<0.05.

cinnamon supplementation did not affect significantly monocyte before and after exercise (P=0/154), but caused significant reduction of neutrophils and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and increase lymphocytes in rest(before exercise status). Cinnemon supplementation reduced significantly exercise induced changes in neutrophils (decrease), lymphocyte(increase), neutrophil/lymphocyte(decrease) (p values, respectively p=0.015, p=0.012 and p=0.02).

The JAK/STAT signaling pathway is an important pathway used by cytokines and its excessive activation can lead to various diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of endurance running on a treadmill on the expression of genes of the JAK1/STAT3 pathway in the basal ganglia of diabetic rats.

40 male rats were randomly divided into four equal groups as follows: control, exercise, diabetes and diabetes +exercise. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg body weight). The endurance training program was implemented incrementally for 6 weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, the rats were anesthetized and the brain tissue was removed from the skull to extract the basal ganglia. The extracted tissue was kept at -80 ºC to measure gene expression by qPCR method. One-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test were used to check the difference between groups. P<0.05 was considered as significance level.

STZ injection to induce type 1 diabetes did not change JAK1/STAT3 gene expression in basal ganglia (P>0.05). Endurance exercise program decreased the expression values of JAK1 (P=0.009) and STAT3 (P=0.002) genes.

In the present study, 6 weeks of endurance running on the treadmill with moderate intensity decreased the expression of JAK1/STAT3 pathway genes. Therefore, this exercise protocol can be suggested as a non-pharmacological tool without side effects to inhibit this pathway in diabetes to protect basal ganglia neurons.

Lipocalin 2 and CTRP-12 are adipokines that are closely related to type 2 diabetes and are expressed in adipose tissue. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance and aerobic exercise on the serum levels of CTRP-12 and LCN-2 in women with type 2 diabetes.

The present study was conducted in a semi-experimental manner.The statistical population of the study was made up of all women with type 2 diabetes, from which 30 women with type 2 diabetes in the age range of 40-45 years were selected and randomly divided into three groups of resistance training (three with 10 repetitions and an intensity of 30 to 70% of 1RM), aerobic exercise and the control group. The training groups practiced for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Serum levels of CTRP-12 and LCN-2 were measured using ELISA kit. To analyze the data, t-correlated and ANOVA statistical tests were used at a significance level of more than 5%

The values of CTRP-12 in resistance and aerobic training groups increased significantly, while the values of LCN-2 in these two groups showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p<0/05). In the intergroup analysis, resistance and aerobic training produced significant changes in CTRP-12 and LCN-2 compared to the control group.

It seems that performing resistance and aerobic exercises has an up-regulation of anti-inflammatory adipokines (CTRP-12) and a down-regulation of the inflammatory adipokine lipocalin-2 (LCN-2).

Has proven to chronotype play a key role in the timing of peak athletic performance. Recent evidence suggests that accounting for these differences, known as the chronotype, leads to different daily physiological profiles. The aim of the current research was to investigate the effect of chronotype on the maximum oxygen consumption, melatonin and body temperature of the youth football players of Mes Kerman Club.

In this research, 30 male youth football players of Mes Kerman Club with an average age of 16.26 years were selected as samples. Based on the morning and evening questionnaire, the participants were divided into morning and evening types. In order to perform the incremental test on the treadmill, participants attended 3 sessions in the laboratory (at 7-9 and 6-8). Before the test, blood melatonin level and body temperature and during the test, the oxygen consumption of the participants were measured.

In the morning group, there was no significant difference between Vo2max and melatonin in the morning and evening (p>0.05), but in the evening compared to the morning, the body temperature showed a significant increase (p<0.005). In the evening group, there was no significant difference between morning and evening melatonin (p>0.05), but in the evening compared to the morning, body temperature (p<0.023) and Vo2max (p<0.001) showed a significant increase.

It seems that the chronotype affects the aerobic capacity of athletes. In people with evening-type chronotype, aerobic capacity is sometimes higher in evening physical activity hours compared to morning physical activity.

The purpose of this research was to compare two methods of plyometric and intense interval training during four weeks of zinc supplementation on two growth factors, growth hormone and serum-like growth factor of adolescent volleyball players at the age of skeletal growth spurt. For this purpose, the number of 57 active and healthy teenage volleyball players (age: 13.81±0.94 years, height: 1.77±0.08 m, weight: 59.28±10.04 kg, and BMI: : 18/76 ±2/13 kg/m2) were selected as subjects and randomly divided into six groups including: 1- plyometric exercise and zinc supplement consumption (10 people), 2- plyometric exercise and placebo consumption (8 people), 3- Volleyball training and taking zinc supplements (9 people), 4-Volleyball training and placebo control group (11 people), 5- HIT training group and taking zinc supplements (10 people) and 6- HIT training and placebo group (9 people) were divided. The training schedule was three sessions a week. The supplement groups also received 15 mg gluconate tablets produced by Nature Made in England and the pseudo drug groups received tablets containing starch and fructose for daily consumption. The inter-group results showed a significant increase in growth hormone and pseudo-growth factor levels after four weeks in the research groups (P<0.000). The post-test results showed the difference between the control group and other study groups (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between training groups on growth values (P>0.05). Due to the increase in the content of growth factors in young volleyball athletes, both plyometric and intense interval training methods as well as zinc are recommended