فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 124 (تابستان 1402)

Today, the zoning of quality of life in urban areas has become a necessary research tool in contemporary cities to support urban planning and management. In recent decades, with the rapid growth of urbanization and its problems, such as environmental pollution, traffic jams, psychological discomforts, etc., the issue of quality of life have been considered many researchers from psychology, sociology and especially urban planning. Therefore, aims of all urban development plans in the country, increasing the quality of life of citizens. The first step in improving the quality of life in urban areas is to identify and explain the existing situation in urban areas. This paper research method is descriptive-analytical and terms of type it's have practical nature. In this research, zoning of Zanjan city has been studied in terms of quality of life indicators with using of AZP algorithm; therefore, 10 regions were formed that the results of the research indicate a cluster distribution pattern in Zanjan urban areas. Then, to evaluation the distribution pattern of quality of life indicators by using the amount of moron statistics, the distribution pattern of the indicators shows the normal situation; the distribution pattern is neither cluster nor dispersed. Among the 10 area created, there is the best regional status, with an average of 2038 people with access to quality of life indicators and the worst regional situation, with an average of 16 indicators of quality of life.

China is arguably the biggest phenomenon of the 21st century. A country that has overcome the other countries of the world in the amount of production of various industrial products, in the evolution of its territorial development, in the construction of infrastructures and super-projects in speed and breadth. China is now the first trading partner of more than 130 countries. In the Middle East, although some countries may be pro-Western and ally of the United States, they do have extensive trade with China. At present, the Middle East, and especially the Persian Gulf, is being considered by China and it is trying to enter this region in the form of a "belt and road initiative". Iran, as a strategic country in the Middle East, Asia and the world, is one of the most important geographical areas of interest to China.
After the Cold War, with the defeat of bipolar and ideological rivalries, economic relations developed. The end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century were the decades of the emergence of new economic powers in Asia. One of these powers was China, which achieved a major leap in its economy with extensive reforms since 1979 and the expansion of its relations with the West and the attraction of investment from developed countries. In the first two decades of the 21st century, no country has received as much attention from the world's superpower, the United States, as China; Because it has been the biggest challenge to American economic power. Therefore, China's containment policies have always been on the agenda of the United States and the West. To counter US-centered Western actions, China has taken extensive steps to partner with emerging economies such as the BRICS, the Eurasian Bank, and the Belt and Road Initiative, the latest of which is a global geo-economic mechanism. This super-project has annexes in the form of bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements, such as the comprehensive cooperation agreement (25 years) between Iran and China, which is considered in this article.

This research has been done by analytical-descriptive method. Documentary and library studies and searches in international scientific databases as well as reputable websites have been used to collect information. The research question is as follows: According to the document of the Comprehensive Cooperation Program (25 years) between Iran and China, what are the most important geopolitical opportunities for Iran in this document?

Taking advantage of the comparative advantages and bilateral Geo-economic capacities and creating economic and territorial ties between the two countries will lead to the development of interdependence, which will create a network of Geo-economic links and increase the interests of Iran and major Asian countries, especially China. It also reduces the effect of sanctions pressures and geopolitical isolation, which, of course, depends on strict adherence to the principles of negotiation, concessions, balancing between economic rivals and Iran's withdrawal from current pressures. Therefore, Geo-economic contexts such as the Belt and Road Initiative in the form of subcontracts such as the 25-year Iran-China Cooperation Agreement, create interdependence between Iran and China and other countries involved in this super project, which automatically has a geo-economic structure with a high level of complex interdependence. It creates governments and companies and institutions involved in it and increases the cost of sanctions and geo-economic isolation of Iran to Western competitors.
China, with its large and expanding economy, is the world's second largest economy after the United States, and given the significant growth of this emerging economic power, it is expected to become the number one economic power in the coming decades during the 25-year agreement with Iran. The world is transformed. Naturally, a relationship with a country with such an economic volume is important and has positive results. A comprehensive cooperation agreement with the economic power, which bears the title of the world's factory and has a strong level of technology and manpower, can lead to economic mobilization in Iran and strengthen energy and communication infrastructure and other clauses in the agreement. The geo-economic link between the two world and regional powers in the two dimensions of economy, technology, energy and access can lead to interdependence between the two countries, which will affect both Iran's economic development and its geopolitical consequences.
The 25-year comprehensive cooperation agreement between Iran and China is aimed at developing China's "Belt and Road Initiative". The initiative of the belt and the road and the adaptation of its land and sea routes to Iran's Geo-economic position have made this country an important element in the overall plan of the project, which makes the Chinese project dependent on Iran. In the long run, this will create interdependence between Iran and China, which will have positive consequences for Iran, including Iran's exit from Geo-economic-geopolitical isolation and the reduction of the effects of Western sanctions in the long run. Iran's involvement in the Belt and Road Initiative and its implementation in the process of a 25-year comprehensive cooperation agreement will complicate Iran's economy and geo-economy with China, as well as other countries in this major Eurasian project.

Taking all the circumstances into consideration, the current situation of economic pressure and sanctions and Geo-economic isolation of Iran, the implementation of agreements such as the 25-year comprehensive cooperation agreement with China has a good perspective, which is based on mutual geo-economic and geopolitical realities. It also welcomed the Asian economic powers and placed Iran in a position above the chin and gain concessions to attract foreign capital and develop infrastructure and increase employment and national welfare and thus increase the geopolitical weight. But at the same time, with accurate calculation and monitoring of threats, emerging threats to the Geo-economic and geopolitical position of the country should be prevented.

Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the important parameters in the study of climate change and physical processes of the earth's surface. Rising land temperature causes the phenomenon of heat islands, which is caused by changes in land-use and land cover in urban areas and today has become a major environmental concern. Ahvaz metropolis, as the capital of Khuzestan province in southwestern Iran, has undergone many changes in land-use and land cover in recent years and has enjoyed significant population growth. In recent years, the pattern of unbalanced urban development in Ahvaz has led to the destruction of agricultural lands, vegetation and gardens around the city as one of the most important factors balancing the land surface temperature. This has led to an increase in land surface temperature and the formation of heat islands. The purpose of this study is to investigate land-use changes in Ahvaz and its effects on spatio-temporal patterns of land surface temperature and heat islands in the years 2002-2021.

First, the land-use changes were studied and then, in order to evaluate the relationship between the changes in each Land-use and the land surface temperature, the maximum temperature in each land-use was determined and then the amount of changes was investigated. Landsat 7 ETM+ (2002) and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (2013/2020) images downloaded from the USGS. Object-oriented method was used for classification. Educational samples were implemented on the image surface and their corresponding objects were selected as educational samples for each class. The classification was done by SVM algorithm and the user maps were classified into four classes including vegetation, barren areas, constructed areas and water areas. In this study, estimating the LST was performed base on separate window Algorithm and with Landsat 7 ETM+ band 6 and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS band 11 data. In this Study, LST was estimated using Split-Window (SW) algorithm on Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS Thermal Infrared (TIR) bands. Then the NDVI values, Vegetation Proportion and Radiated Power were obtained. Finally, The LST value was extracted based on degrees Celsius. In this study, Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between LST and air temperature. RMSE values was used to compare the estimated temperature by SW algorithm and the measured temperature by Field research. Also, two indices UHII and UHIII were used to calculate the intensity of heat islands. These indices evaluate the LST using the values of vegetation in one area.

According to the results of this study, Kappa coefficients and overall accuracy were 74% and 76% for year 2002 map, 78% and 85% for year 2013 map and 88% and 93% for year 2020 map, respectively. The area of built-up and barren areas has increased and the area of vegetation and water areas has decreased. The rate of increase in land-use of the constructed areas from 2002 to 2020 was about 579.69 hectares and the decrease in vegetation cover was 3200.15 hectares. The barren areas have increased by 2521.66 hectares from 2002 to 2020. Pearson correlation coefficient between air temperature and LST values of 0.65% is obtained, which shows a positive correlation. The RMSe values in comparison with LST and measured temperature by Field research for the images of 2002, 2013 and 2020 was 1.79, 1.66 and 0.98 degrees, respectively. According to the results, the LST values in year 2002 fluctuated about 24.48-42.55, in year 2013 about 26.32-44.47 and in year 2020 about 28.13-46.65 degrees Celsius. The results of LST show an increasing trend of temperature during the period 2020-2020. After estimating the LST, the maximum temperature of each user was determined, which showed the increasing trend of temperature in all applications. The decreasing trend of vegetation has a direct effect on increasing LST in this land-use. The temperature of this land-use has increased by 6.32 degrees in 2002-2020. Over a period of 18 years, the LST in built-up areas and barren areas has increased by 4.10 and 5.26 degrees, respectively. In order to study the spatio-temporal patterns of LST and heat islands, first with NDVI index, vegetation status in each year was divided into three classes of low, medium and high vegetation and then LST values in each category were determined. According to the results, the highest temperature occurred in the floor with low vegetation. The correlation between the two variables LST and NDVI was significant and regression between them showed an inverse correlation that indicated a negative relationship between LST and vegetation. Therefore, vegetation plays an important role in reducing the intensity of the heat island. UHIII index values in the low vegetation class from 0.63 to 0.67, in the medium vegetation class from 0.57 to 0.61 and in the high vegetation class from 0.51 to 0.54 it is arrived. The highest intensity of heat islands in 2002, 2013 and 2020 were in the southern, eastern and northwestern parts of the city, respectively.

According to the research results, land-use changes in the study period have caused an increase in land surface temperature. The highest temperatures have occurred in built-up areas and barren areas; this is due to the increase in the area of built-up and barren areas. Decreased vegetation has a direct effect on increasing LST in this land-use. The NDVI, UHII, UHIII indices and LST values were used to study the spatio-temporal patterns of land surface temperature and heat islands. The results indicate high temperatures in the vegetation with low vegetation. Due to the correlation of NDVI values with land surface temperature and the intensity of heat islands, the necessity and importance of vegetation protection as a very important variable to regulate the air temperature in the city is essential.

Agriculture is one of the most important and difficult professions in the traditional society of Iran, the special difficulties of which have been turned into a pleasant thing by holding rituals (Shayesteh Rokh, 2013).
These rituals in the form of agricultural heritage include tangible and intangible aspects. Although it is difficult to distinguish between the tangible and the tangible, the tangible aspect of agricultural heritage can be the debate over the natural landscapes of agricultural and rural environments, indigenous buildings and settlements, the traditional agricultural implements used, and indigenous water supply systems. And in the intangible or spiritual aspect of agricultural heritage, he also referred to all the customs, traditions, and celebrations related to agriculture, arts, indigenous knowledge used to carry out agricultural activities, and so on (Nuryant, 1999).
Iran is a multicultural country where the existence of patterns and diversity of rituals, language, clothing and food, diversity of music and oral literature, handicrafts and handicrafts, etc. in different regions has given double value to Iran's cultural heritage. It is possible to attract many domestic and international tourists and become a source of income for the residents of the country's tourist destinations (Saghaei and Khoshebst, 2016). Due to the dominance of post-tourism tourism as a dynamic process of trade based on supply and demand, this issue has led to the reproduction of different types of product production in different destinations (Saghaei and Javanbakht Ghahfarkhi, 2012). In the meantime, agricultural rituals can be considered as one of the tourist attractions of the country due to its diversity, antiquity, popularity and other special features. Therefore, in the present study, it seeks to investigate the effects of agricultural rituals on tourism development in Iran.

The present study is a survey in terms of data collection and descriptive-analytical in terms of type of analysis and its results have a practical aspect. To evaluate and evaluate the role of agricultural rituals in the development of sustainable tourism, a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire has been used. The questionnaire questions are designed in four sections (economic, social and cultural, environmental, physical and institutional), which are inserted in each section according to the questions related to each index. The information obtained from these questionnaires was quantitatively entered into SPSS software to first check the Cronbach's alpha value to confirm the accuracy of the questionnaire, which with a value of 0.97 indicates a good and reliable internal validity of the questionnaire questions. Then, using binomial tests, correlation and Friedman analyzed the findings. The statistical population was experts in various fields such as sociology, geography, Iranology, history, etc., 130 people were identified by snowball method and invited to participate in the research. Due to the epidemic of Covid 19 and in order to benefit from new survey tools in this study, an online questionnaire has been used.

Results and discussion:

Due to the use of non-parametric tests for data analysis, in this part, a binomial test was used. The results are presented in Table 1. It can be seen that all items are economically significant. In general, 78% of experts believe that paying attention to agricultural rituals in the context of ritual tourism can lead to diversification of local employment, which can be mentioned as one of the most important and effective effects of agricultural rituals. In tourism planning, a package of tourism products with a strong core should be provided for tourist destinations. By attracting tourism to destinations due to the main and primary attractions, other options and products should be offered to the tourist to ensure both the tourist's satisfaction and the benefit of the local community. For one or more types of local food, tourism may not be willing to travel to a specific village, but if other strong attractions such as agricultural rituals are at the core, then other products such as local food, accommodation, handicrafts, agricultural products, etc. are offered. There are two main pillars of sustainable tourism, namely the economic benefits of the local community and the satisfaction of tourists. On the other hand, agricultural rituals themselves are a kind of education about the process of farmers' life, which is another basic basis of sustainability. Due to the nature-oriented and valuable value of the environment in agricultural rituals, if properly planned, another aspect of sustainability, namely environmental protection, will be achieved.

Conclusion:
Agricultural rituals can move other tourism sources towards attraction and productivity. This leads to diversification of local employment.
Tourism can solve some of the economic problems, including employment and income. In general, agricultural rituals cause the revitalization of the village in the sense of its totality, ie the human environment and common activities in it. Perhaps one of the most important effects of agricultural rituals in the environmental and physical component is that paying attention to agricultural rituals in rural and suburban areas, by diversifying the income sources of villagers, reduces the relationship and utilization of natural resources. This issue has a history and is known in the world and even in our country. As described in the first part of this chapter, many of the rituals of agriculture are the result of respect for nature and gratitude to the Creator for the proper use of resources. In this regard, paying attention to agricultural rituals in rural and suburban areas, holding agricultural rituals and the presence of tourists and familiarity with rural culture and traditions in a way strengthens these environmentally friendly cultures, which has a great impact on the environmental aspect of sustainability. has it. On the other hand, because rituals have a popular foundation and will not have identity and originality without the presence of the local community; Paying attention to agricultural rituals in rural and suburban areas, strengthens the local participation of ordinary people, rural officials such as councils and villagers, local NGOs, etc., which in itself strengthens the institutional and managerial component at the micro level of society.

. This study identifies, analyzes and explains the structural divergence and convergence among the influential actors in the Middle East region through a semi-structured and expert questionnaire and using the software tool of Mactor, seeks to answer the question of how the future patterns of Middle East order will be in the future? Among the patterns of regional order,the preferred scenario for power is blocs change or continuity? The research findings indicate that a wide range of scenarios can be proposed regarding regional order, but the most probable scenario is instability and change in regional order and moving from a bipolar order pattern to a multipolar model in this region.

One of the future research methods to understand the convergence and divergence between actors is the method of structural analysis or actors' strategy. This method, which is in the category of quantitative futures research methods and is done through Mactor software, is a multi-subject-multiplayer model and is used when there are several actors in front of a number of subjects whose evolution in the future is uncertain and difficult to predict. The purpose of these models is to gain a better understanding of these situations and how they evolve by calculating and considering the interests and goals of different stakeholders and the relationships between them. The method of structural analysis and actor strategy consists of six main steps: identifying key variables (setting goals), identifying effective actors in the environment, forming a matrix of actors-objectives, forming a matrix of actors-actors, entering data into the matrix, processing and outputting the model

Software analysis of actors' perspectives and their goals reveals several basic goals:1. Despite the influence of actors on each other regarding the future of order in the Middle East, there is a conflict of interest between the actors regarding regional issues. The conflict of interests of the actors has led to a conflict in their goals in the Middle East regional order, and this conflict of interests and goals has shaken the current patterns of order in the region.
2. The majority of actors in the region and beyond, whose activism has a significant impact on the equations of the Middle East order, do not consider the current order model, ie the bipolar balance between the Salafi order led by Saudi Arabia and the revolutionary resistance order led by Iran, as their preferred order. In fact, the formation and consolidation of this order in the past decades in the Middle East has been caused by emergencies in the region, and regional and trans-regional actors have been forced to accept this pattern due to special historical circumstances. In the current situation and the complexity of international and regional developments during the transition period, each of these actors seeks to create their own role and status in the region and the cycle of global power; Therefore, it is natural for the actors in this region today to consider the current order as an imposed order and to move towards changing the current order.
3. If the existing bipolar regional order continues, the costs of other regional and trans-regional actors in balancing power will increase. Claimants of regional power in the Middle East in today's region, which has become much more diverse than in previous decades, and each of these actors who today see themselves as a regional power, their role-playing is overshadowed by two poles of regional powerand they have to play in the direction of these two spectrums of regional power in order to influence the regional equations.
4. Intra-regional and supra-regional actors seek a multipolar balance through instability in the region and changes in the construction of the current pattern. The preferred model of actors within the region, who today play a lesser role in the equations of this region, is the model of multipolar order, and in the next stage, if this order is not realized, they will follow the model of regional participatory collective order. However, for trans-regional actors, the model of regional participatory collective order is not desirable at all because it reduces their impact on regional equations and brings the region to a model of relative stability. In the model of a multipolar order, regional instability increases in the light of tensions and conflicts, and each power bloc will seek its own advantages, which will increase the involvement of transregional powers in regional equations.

are among the current characteristics of the regional and international environment. It is natural to change the patterns of regional order in the context of the transition to world order. What is unnatural is the lack of awareness of countries of their position in the set of regional order and global trends, And the principles of tools and capacities at the disposal of countries and provide an effective platform for regional and global competitors, which will lead to the loss of the position of countries in the future of regional and global order. Because one of the foundations of countries' role-playing in future global equations is to consolidate and consolidate their position within the regional order. In the general answer to the research questions, it can be said that according to the analysis of the available data, the patterns of regional order will change and the continuation of the existing order will be very costly even for the bipolar power of the regions. In contrast, Saudi Arabia tends to maintain the existing order and then the hegemony of the desired order, and Turkey and the supporters of the Ekhwans are also seeking to formalize their regional order through instability in the developments and patterns of regional order, and the transition to a bipolar order will be the only way to revive the Ekhwan. Trends and events indicate that the regional order is on the verge of change, and the actors of the regional order must adjust their policies and actions to the new conditions.

Unplanned physical development causes problems that cause urban societies in socio-economic and environmental crises, which are very difficult and complex to solve after the development of urban areas. Most cities in Iran face many physical challenges, of which the city of Arak is no exception and has many physical limitations. The southern part of Arak city is surrounded by steep heights and now part of the slopes of these heights, which have a considerable slope, is occupied by marginalized people. Not only is this part of the city lacking in development, but part of its population will be displaced if the worn-out structures are rehabilitated and renovated. This study seeks to analyze the challenges of urban development in Arak with emphasis on physical indicators and then the most appropriate and unsuitable areas of the city in terms of physical indicators are identified.

This research is based on applied purpose and its method is descriptive-analytical. Documentary and library methods have been used to collect existing theories and experiences. Examining the current situation of Arak city in terms of access to required information and surveying 40 urban experts using a questionnaire, 5 main criteria including incompatible uses, natural factors, compatible uses, population and density, characteristics of residential units were selected. AHP model was used for weighting. GIS and Index Overlay method have been used for the final combination of layers. After the criteria of physical indicators (incompatible uses, natural factors, compatible uses, population and density, characteristics of residential units) were determined and the information related to each of them was prepared, the weight of each of them was compared using AHP model. Pairs were performed and maps and layers of each were prepared in GIS. Once the criteria were determined and the final score of the options was calculated, the judgments were logically adjusted. Among the research criteria, the characteristics of residential units with a weight coefficient of 0.3828 have the most impact on the analysis of physical indicators and the lowest coefficient of importance is related to population density with a weight of 0.082. Then, the map of each criterion was prepared in Raster format, including compatible and incompatible land use maps, population and density, natural factors, characteristics of residential units and population density. Each of the desired criteria was classified according to its sub-criteria using the Reclassify command and the desired weight, and with the Raster calculator command, a map of each of the first level criteria was prepared for the final composition and integration. That is, all 5 criteria of the first level, based on their respective weights, were combined using the INDEX OVERLAY model and the final map of the analysis of physical indicators in Arak was determined.

Findings show that physical indicators in the design and urban planning of Arak city are not related to social readiness and safety of citizens so that: 1) the most unsuitable area based on the index of natural factors in area 3 and the most appropriate area 1 2) The most unsuitable area is based on the index of characteristics of residential units in areas 3 and 5 and the most suitable is area 4, 3) The most unsuitable area is based on the incompatible land use index of area 1 and the most suitable area is parts of area 3, 4) The most unsuitable area based on compatible land use index is parts of region 3 and the most suitable are parts of region 1, 4) The most unsuitable area is based on population density index of region 1 and the most suitable is region 5. Among the research criteria, the characteristics of residential units with a weight coefficient of 0.3828 have the most impact on the analysis of physical indicators and the lowest coefficient of importance is related to population density with a weight of 0.082. The results show that in the central areas of Arak city, especially in the south of region 5, region 3, and the northwestern part of region two, as well as in the central part of region one (industrial centers), are the most unsuitable areas in terms of physical development and more From other areas, there is a need to plan and take executive measures to reduce physical challenges.

Arak urban development can be done in two ways: connected development and internal development. A noteworthy point in identifying the possibilities of growth and development of Arak metropolis is the existence of barren lands and the ability to reclaim land within the city, which is due to the physical development of centralist forces (under the influence of spatial concentration hypothesis that causes savings due to scale ), Include a significant area of the city. This, along with identifying other components affecting the growth and development of the city, including environmental and spatial potentials, provides opportunities for the physical development of the city. To reduce physical challenges in Arak, it is suggested that planning priorities be considered as follows; 1- Neighborhood criteria with incompatible use in areas 3 are in the planning priority; 2- Criteria of population density in the planning priority of regions are 4 and 5; 3- The criterion of compatible uses in the planning priority is region 3; 4- Criteria of residential features are in the priority of planning areas 3 and 5; 5- The criterion of natural factors should be a priority in the planning of region 3, and finally it is suggested to prepare a comprehensive and complete plan in this field and to conduct more in-depth studies on the physical condition of the city separately for each of the urban areas of Arak. The present study has been able to study some of the challenges of urban development in one of the industrial cities of Iran. So far, less study has been done on the physical indicators of Arak and its impact on the development of the city.

Rural women make up Forty percent of the agricultural workforce in developing countries, however, due to limited access to resources, especially land, limited access to inputs and credit, insufficient technical competence, and poor participation in decision-making. Restricted access to mass media and lack of media coverage do not have a good socio-economic status, especially in developing countries. Also, rural women are from poor and disadvantaged sections of society who have job opportunities. And do not have independent income. The situation of women, especially rural women, indicates the unfavorable trends of the past and the failure to achieve the goals of the development program in the field of women. Therefore, one of the main weaknesses in developing development strategies is not considering the role and capabilities of women in the economic, social and cultural development of society, while women are not only the subject and goal of any kind of development. Empowerment is a process that helps women gain greater access to resources, participate in decision-making, and achieve independence and self-reliance. Therefore, considering the importance of women's empowerment and their role in development, the question arises whether rural women in Kermanshah are capable?

This descriptive correlation study was conducted to evaluate the empowerment of rural women and the factors affecting it. The statistical population was active rural women in Kermanshah (women aged 15 to 64 years) which according to the statistical yearbook of 2016, was determined as 41267 people. The sample size was 381 using Krejcie and Morgan table, but 400 questionnaires were collected. Sampling was performed using a multi-stage method. In the first stage, a village was selected from each of the four geographical locations of the north, south, west and east of Kermanshah city (four villages in total). In the second stage, 3 villages and a total of 12 villages were randomly selected from each village, and finally, samples from 12 villages were randomly selected by proportional assignment.
Data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the dimensions of Gates model
(2017). Gates model Resource dimensions (physical well-being (9 items related to insurance, leisure time and leisure activities), critical awareness (13 items related to the importance of recognizing rights, pursuing rights, defending rights and awareness) Legal) and assets (financial and productive resources (14 items related to ownership, access to financial and credit resources, productive resources and inputs, income, sources of income, savings, borrowing and loan repayment capacity), Knowledge and skills (63 items related to participation in training courses, skill level, and level of different knowledge), time (3 items related to empowerment-related activities) and social capital (15 items)), Agency (decision making (13 items), leadership (9 items) and collective action (6 items related to membership in collective institutions and activities)) and institutional structures (family support (6 items), community (7 items)) , The market (9 items) and the government (6 items)) In general, the range of questions included open-ended, two-sided, multiple-choice and Likert questions. A panel of experts in rural sociology, agricultural extension and rural development was used to validate the questionnaire. Cranach's alpha coefficient was calculated to estimate the reliability of the research instrument and to evaluate the internal consistency of the items. This amount of 0.72 Up to 0. 85 A questionnaire was obtained for different structures. After evaluating each component and total capability, stepwise multiple regressions was used to investigate the effect of independent variables on rural women's empowerment.

The results showed that the average resources available to rural women in Kermanshah are lower than average. They are inferior to men in terms of access to resources, and this has been confirmed in many studies. Vital awareness is one of the resources that women can use to empower themselves. The results showed that the average vital knowledge of rural women in Kermanshah is moderate. The average is. The assets of rural women in Kermanshah were below average. This is the result of various issues such as the very low ownership of women by basic sources of production, including land and water. According to the findings, the leadership power of rural women is low. Leadership requires characteristics such as self-confidence, self-efficacy, awareness and dominance and active participation in society. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen these characteristics and skills among rural women. The findings showed that the highest level of support for women by the family and the lowest level of support by the government and the market. According to the findings, the level of education accounted for the largest share in women's empowerment, and the education of rural women increased their control over various aspects of their lives. Participation in non-formal education classes is also an individual variable that had a high impact on women's empowerment in rural areas, but due to various reasons, the presence of women and girls in these classes is low. Women's financial power is one of the dimensions of their empowerment, which increases women's economic self-confidence by playing more economic roles in life. It can be said that women's bargaining power increases with earning, and according to gender literature. Women who are in control of their income are more likely to be empowered. I n the experience of the International Labor Organization, when access to women is limited, their increasing access to information is the most beneficial option for empowerment. The results indicate that the women studied had limited membership in various organizations such as cooperatives, credit funds, etc. Membership in organizations can help women become more aware of social roles by increasing their connections. Most rural women do not have direct access to the market to sell their products, and most of them are forced to sell their products through intermediaries.

Colbary is a job that deals with smuggling goods. Indeed; Due to the lack of decent job opportunities in the border areas, which is above all, the result of underdevelopment and lack of efficient investment in these areas, a significant part of the labor-seeking workforce is attracted to the informal economy, especially Colbary. Meanwhile, Kurdistan Province, with its 227-kilometer border with Iraq, has become one of the main routes for legal and illegal border exchanges, through three official Markets in Bashmagh of Marivan, and the informal markets of Seif Saqz, Siranband of Baneh, and official Colbary thoroughfares Legal exchanges take place, In addition to legal exchanges, illegal exchanges are also carried out by colbars in the borders of the province. Meanwhile, the cities of Baneh, Marivan and Sarvabad have enjoyed special importance in the import of smuggled goods in recent years. Considering the effects and consequences of this phenomenon (Colbary) on the stability of the country's security, especially in economic, social and political dimensions, the approach and management of this phenomenon is complex and has many ambiguities and ifs and buts. The main research question is based on this point is that; What are the most important factors and grounds for the occurrence and continuation of the Colbary phenomenon among the rural areas of the border counties of Kurdistan province and the most effective ones?

The present research is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In order to collect data in the theoretical part, the documentary method has been used and in the field part, the survey method has been used based on observation, interview and questionnaire. Quantitative-qualitative research in the qualitative section to identify the most important causes and factors of occurrence and persistence of colbary in the region by conducting in-depth targeted interviews with statistical communities of research and in the quantitative section, using inferential statistics to confirm qualitative findings were generalized. According to the comprehensive view of the research, it was tried to examine and question all the groups involved in the continuation and organization of the Colbary phenomenon in the villages of the province. Based on this, three groups and statistical populations based on rural culverts, development officials of the province and border counties and local experts, including scientific experts in the field of development and people with ideas and solutions in the field of culverts were considered. These individuals were identified purposefully and based on the snowball sampling method. The interviews were analyzed in the qualitative part with the basic theory technique and in the quantitative part using factor analysis and path analysis. Formal, content, and structural validity were confirmed by distributing pre-tests and surveys of related scientific experts, especially in the field of rural development and familiar to the region, respectively, and then, factor analysis and reliability tests were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.79.

Findings of factor analysis indicate that the first factor with a specific value of 15.28 and an explanation of 25.46% of variance, contains 25 indicators or barriers. Considering that among the aggregated indicators, 17 indicators related to the weakness of planning, policy-making and management and two major and high-factor indicators belong to the weakness of border management, therefore; This factor can be called the weakness of policy, development planning and security management of this border area. The second factor with an eigenvalue of 10.46 and an explanation of 17.43% of the variances, has 11 indicators or barriers. According to the accumulated indicators, this factor can be called weakness in protection laws and weakness in the physical infrastructure required for economic development in the border villages of the province. The third factor, with an eigenvalue of 7.52 and an explanation of 12.54% of the variances, includes 14 indicators or barriers. Due to the frequency of accumulated indicators, this factor can be called "social inadequacies and unsuitable business environment for rural economic development". And the fourth factor with an eigenvalue of 6.28 and an explanation of 10.47% of the variances, has 8 indicators or barriers. According to the accumulated indicators; This indicator can be called "lack of capital of local people for economic development and job creation in rural areas. Also, the findings of the route analysis indicate that the cause of weak policy, development planning and security management of this border area with indirect impact on the formation of other barriers and then, lack of local capital for economic development and job creation in rural areas are the most effective obstacles identified in order to eliminate the Colbary phenomenon in the region

The results showed that in total, 76 variables, in the form of seven categories of development planning, policy and management weakness; Inadequate business environment in the area; Border security management; Weak laws and protections; Weaknesses in the physical infrastructure required for economic development; lack of local capital; Socio-cultural weaknesses in the context of four main categories or obstacles, including institutional inadequacies, weakness of financial resources and weakness in human and social capital; that they affect the continuity of the Colbary phenomenon in the study area. The results of factor analysis test showed that all variables in the four main factors of policy weakness, development planning and security management of this border area; Weaknesses in protectionist laws and weaknesses in the physical infrastructure required for economic development at the village level; Social inadequacies and unsuitable business environment for rural economic development and lack of capital of local people for economic development and job creation are summarized as the main factors in the continuation of the Colbary phenomenon in the region. Also, the final result of the path analysis test showed that the weakening of policy, development planning and security management of this border area and then, lack of local capital for economic development and job creation in the studied rural areas are the most effective obstacles identified in order to eliminate the Colbary phenomenon in the region.

Providing employment conditions for the villagers promotes self-esteem, social prestige, social interaction and participation, and ultimately income generation and skills development. In recent decades, in development texts, one of the most important strategies proposed for rural development is empowerment and participation of rural stakeholders in its various dimensions. Empowerment is a part of the language of development and every human being has a fundamental right and a fundamental principle in development. Tourism has long been exalted as a powerful weapon to attack poverty and typical evidence is that the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) launched the ST-EP plan (Sustainable Tourism for Eliminating Poverty) as a global action framework to harness tourism to alleviate poverty. Accordingly, rural tourism (RT) has been taken as an effective tool for poverty alleviation in less-developed rural areas. In order to achieve the development of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas, it is necessary to plan and equip the existing resources in rural areas, especially human resources, through empowerment. Empowering villagers in the field of rural tourism entrepreneurship can, as a strategic choice, bring about a successful transition to rural development. The main purpose of this study is to; investigate the position of empowerment facilitators on the entrepreneurial activities of villagers in the field of rural tourism according to the variables of entrepreneurship and empowerment in the villages of Shahroud Township.

The present study is a survey in terms of practical purpose and from the point of view of generalizability of the findings, it is a survey. The statistical population of the study was the rural population of Shahroud in 2016. According to the Cochran's formula, out of 13,401 households from 7 Countryside, 373 households were obtained as a research sample. Based on the number of households in each Countryside and by stratified sampling method, the number of samples in each Countryside was calculated. The researcher-made questionnaire was randomly distributed among members of the statistical community according to its availability among households. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed in terms of form and content according to the professors in terms of geography and rural planning, and its reliability was obtained by Cronbach's alpha method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and statistical methods and COPELAND technique. Due to the complexity of the phenomenon studied in this study, the mixed research method was used. The mixed research method as a practical tool allows the researcher to combine data and findings obtained from various research methods in a coherent, integrated and scientific format.

Empowerment of rural entrepreneurs is the most effective way to increase productivity and make optimal use of the capacity and capabilities of villagers in line with the goals of entrepreneurial activities. Ranking of research criteria using COPELAND technique showed that the index of cultural contexts of rural environment has a higher priority. Therefore, the findings of the present study are consistent with the results of the research of Moghadas Farimani and Mirtorabi (2021) and Kiani Salmi et al. (2020). In order to rank the items of empowerment facilitators, the coefficient of variation was used. Helping to create a cultural atmosphere was the first priority. Fourney (2021), Mozaffari et al. (2017) and Dodds et al. (2018) have pointed to the importance of skills training courses and learning processes, helping the empowered to facilitate access to economic resources, and strengthening financial and savings foundations in rural areas. The output of T-test indicates the significance of dimensions and indicators. The index of wealth and capital and the cultural context of the rural environment are among the main indicators that facilitate the empowerment of the villagers of Shahroud are significantly better. Stepwise regression was used to present better results and determine the share of indicators that determine rural empowerment facilitators in the rural tourism entrepreneurship process. The correlation between the research indicators in the region is 0.853, which means that the mentioned indicators have the ability to explain 85% of the changes. Analysis of variance of regression model shows that there is a significant relationship between different indicators at 95% confidence level. The value of R Square is equal to 0.727, which indicates the 72% share of the model in the expression of the variance of the dependent variable. In the second phase of this research, the qualitative method of Grounded theory and the Strauss-Corbin systematic approach were used. Data were analyzed through open, axial and selective coding and classified into 4 general dimensions, 8 main components and 17 initial components. Finally, this model was designed and presented by identifying the dimensions of facilitation, guidance, motivation and innovation.

If the cultural context is more ready, the conditions will be better for empowering the villagers and forming entrepreneurial activities in the field of tourism. Therefore, creating a cultural context in the rural environment of Shahroud is recommended for tourism development. Creating a cultural context along with raising the level of awareness of individuals to meet economic and social needs and providing investment conditions leads to the formation of a model of empowerment which in addition to the ability to make strategic choices, increase self-confidence and create a collective identity, rural tourism entrepreneurs can change their current life pattern into a desirable and worthy human pattern. Expanding rural tourism and entrepreneurial activities by empowered villagers can alleviate poverty, reduce the urban-rural divide, and create economic, social, environmental, and institutional equality. The findings of the Grounded theory are in line with the findings of the quantitative research. Because creating a cultural context along with education, skills training, awareness and funding can Lead to the recognition of the comparative and competitive advantages of the present and the future, achieving equal opportunities for growth and equal access to financial, human and environmental resources, increase business satisfaction, motivation, increase responsibility and commitment to professional ethics, attention to the environment and biodiversity, and proper organization of resources.

The first attempts at survival analysis were made by the famous astronomer Edmund Halley. He provided a table showing what percentage of people die at any age. Today such a table is called a "life table". Because in the first such attempts, the outcome being examined was the death or survival of individuals, the method of analyzing these data was called survival analysis. Later, this method was widely used in life sciences, especially medicine. But today, survival analysis is also used in most scientific studies, which include examining how long it takes for an event to occur, such as the loss of life in a settlement. Paying attention to the perspective of survival and sustainability of regions is considered as one of the most important concerns of urban and regional planners. Because the ability to maintain and attract population and activities at the local level on the one hand and the establishment of functional links (local and transnational) and proper role-playing in the space of flows on the other hand depends on the survival and stability of city-centered areas. The survival and sustainability of city-centered areas depends on the biological components (geographical characteristics such as time, location, climate, water resources), economic (livelihood pattern) and technology level of each community. Although this perspective is clear and long in developed countries, it is very vague and short in developing and underdeveloped countries. Therefore, this study aims to apply survival analysis in the form of sustainable development attitudes toward cities and regions. In order to be able to load the activity and population more carefully with the areas.

This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed in a prospective manner on all settlements (urban-rural) in Qazvin province. Since the background and source of survival analysis in urban and regional studies has been based on the Cohort life model, in this paper, an innovative approach has been developed to promote new methods of biostatistics for urban and regional analysis. Therefore, the necessity of using survival analysis in regional design and planning is important from two aspects. First, attention to the current systems of activity and livelihood of the regions at different levels and forms that give a true understanding of the current vital situation. He then took a step towards foresight in order to establish new functional links in line with the vision of life and survival in the network space of streams.Accordingly, to measure the survival rate, a database of the number of rural settlements in 5 census periods was used. Since Qazvin province has been established for almost 3 decades, the demographic information of some places was followed up by a survey for a year and the necessary information was completed; Finally, it was analyzed using different statistical methods in SPSS software. To show the survival rate, Kaplan Meyer method and to compare the average survival in different settlements, color lag test was used and to show the factors affecting the survival rate, Cox regression model and survival function diagram were used.

Based on studies and field surveys of settlements in Qazvin region, water consumption in the saline basin is dependent on groundwater and surface water provides a small part of agricultural water consumption. In Sefidrood Basin, due to the mountainous nature of the region, water consumption along the rivers is provided by surface water and elevations from groundwater sources, which are mainly springs. Due to the vastness of the saline basin and its population coverage, which covers more than 90% of the province's population, as well as the concentration of industrial, service and agricultural products has led to uncontrolled abstraction of groundwater resources. Quantitative and qualitative changes (water salinity, pollution and solute change) of water on the one hand and land subsidence on the other hand indicate its super-critical conditions; Also, the security of information related to the quantity and quality of water confirms the above; Therefore, the survival analysis of plain settlements in Qazvin region depends on the biological component (water resources and water resources status); Due to the excessive use of groundwater resources in some parts of these areas, the phenomenon of subsidence (Buinzahra plain) has occurred and the change of cultivation pattern from rainfed cereals to the cultivation of irrigated crops, has endangered the survival of these areas. The critical and super-critical situation of water resources also corresponds to the plain parts of the region. Survival analysis of socio-economic component (rural livelihood) indicates that villages with agricultural livelihood model have lower survival due to dependence on water. These villages also correspond to the plain villages such as Qazvin, Abik, Alborz and Buinzahra.

In this regard, with the analysis of the survival of settlements in Qazvin region, with components such as: demographic component (population indicators, age, location of settlements), biological component (water resources indicators, water resources status), socio-economic component (subsistence model indicators) Has been identified as an effective component in the survival and stability of settlements in Qazvin region. According to the survival analysis and field survey, population decline and depopulation of mountainous villages in the north of the region was first accompanied by a wave of industrialization (construction of Alborz Industrial City) and then due to access to the provincial center and lack of amenities in the village. In mountainous settlements, the demographic component (village location) has played a role in endangering the survival and stability of the settlements; This has made these settlements less viable. However, in the mountainous villages of the south, they survive more due to their long distance from the provincial capital.Based on the above, it can be concluded that the outlook for survival in the cities of Qazvin, Abyek and Buinzahra is very short due to unsustainable development trends and destructive ecological relations in recent decades. Prospects for survival are better in Avaj, Alborz and Takestan counties.

The rapid increase of urbanization without accompanying the growth and development of economic, social and biological indicators, has faced cities with many problems and issues. Therefore, the topic of "urban health" has been raised by urban planners with the aim of equitable access of all residents to the determinants of urban health, including physical, mental and social health. One of the oldest and most important cities in eastern Iran, which despite various actions of governments and municipalities in different periods and after the Islamic Revolution, still seems to suffer from various deficiencies in urban health indicators and no independent research has been done on it, is Zabol. Undoubtedly, paying attention to urban health indicators in this part of the country, due to its distance from the center and neighborhood with Afghanistan and the special economic, cultural and social situation prevailing, can improve the living conditions for citizens has increased the resilience of citizens and led to greater participation of people in various urban and national planning and activities.

The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. Library resources as well as interviews and surveys with questionnaire tools in the sample community have been used to collect findings. Sampling method was simple random sampling. The study area of three urban areas of Zabol was purposefully selected from three contexts (old, middle and new) (districts two, three and five). The sample size according to Cochran's formula and the total population of the area was 380 people, which was estimated to be 124 people in district 2, 178 people in district 3 and 78 people in district 5 in relation to the population of each area. Then, the research data were analyzed and the final comparison and evaluation of the status of the studied areas with the facilities of a healthy city was performed.

The set of indicators of healthy cities according to the standard of the World Health Organization in five main groups of economic indicators, social indicators, environmental indicators, cultural indicators and health indicators was the basis of this research. The findings were as follows:Economic indicators
In measuring economic indicators, three sub-criteria of employment, income and class distance have been used. The employment rate at the national level is %88.18. This ratio is %73 in district two, %49 in district 3 and %23 in district 5, respectively, compared to the study areas in Zabol. The results of other cases are shown in the table below:
Social indicators
In measuring social indicators, three sub-criteria of crime rate, social participation and sports environment have been used.

Environmental indicators
In the study of the following environmental indicators, the findings showed that the residents of all three studied areas suffer from environmental pollution (including: noise pollution, health and air pollution, water pollution, etc.).

Cultural characteristics
According to the results of research and studies conducted on the sub-indicators selected to evaluate the cultural index, it can be said that the existing per capita of cultural centers (library, mosque, cultural and artistic center, etc.) in all three areas is lower than the desired per capita.

Health indicators
The findings indicate that despite the attention paid to the city of Zabol in recent years, the indicators of insurance, health services, physical activity and health centers are still relatively far from the desired situation.
After evaluating and comparing the current situation of each area with the standard situation, to review and determine the extent to which each urban area is studied, urban welfare indicators of network analysis model and its special software Super Decisions have been used. The results of the analysis indicate that zone two with a normal score of 0.528 is in the first rank and at the level of enjoyment, zone three with a normal score of 0.258 is in the second rank and at the level of enjoyment and zone five with a normal score of 0.313 is ranked Third, it is at a low level or deprived of urban welfare indicators.

The results of the research indicate that despite the attention paid to urban development and health in Zabol in recent years, the current situation in different areas of the city is still far from the desired and standard situation in terms of having healthy city indicators. Also, the analysis of the results obtained from the level of enjoyment of the studied areas, showed that in the city of Zabol, region two with a normal score of 0.528 is at the level of enjoyment and in fact is higher than the other two areas of study. In the next degrees, zone three with a normal score of 0.258 is at the semi-level and zone five with a normal score of 0.213 is at the sub-level or deprived.
Figure 1. Spatial distribution of healthy city characteristics (research findings, 2021)
In order for these areas to flourish better and achieve the desired goals of a healthy city in Zabol, it is suggested that authorities take a serious and fundamental step in promoting these indicators by principled planning, such as:- Considering that cultural indicators are always the basis for solving many problems and cultural indicators in different areas of Zabol do not have a suitable standard, it is necessary for city officials to pay more attention to this aspect of urban health.
- Paying attention to health and treatment per capita in different areas of Zabol can play an important role in promoting urban health indicators.
- Due to the weak financial capacity of residents in different areas of the city, responsible organizations must reduce the cost of various services to improve urban health indicators, especially cultural and health indicators.

The development of religious tourism extends the opportunities of religious exchange between the tourist and the host community, and these religious exchanges are the elements of the development of religious tourism and contribute to its growth. Arbaeen is one of the ritual-religious traditions, and with its long history, its passionate presence is seen in Mehran. Mehran is important with tourist attractions in tourism development, and although Mehran city is welcomed and passionately attended by people as well as religious tourists every year, the infrastructure and facilities necessary for the growth and development of this industry in Mehran city are not enough. In this research, considering the strengths and weaknesses, all facilities including infrastructures of Mehran city have been tried to pay attention and suggest solutions. Descriptive survey method (questionnaire) is a questionnaire. The research questionnaire was made that its validity and reliability were confirmed and distributed among 300 religious tourists entering Mehran city. Data analysis was performed using factor analysis in SPSS software.The results indicated the identification of 6 factors affecting tourism in the religious city of Mehran, the first priority of which was security with a specific value of 21.79 and the sixth priority was social and cultural factor with a specific value of 12.89. Therefore, in the development of tourism in the religious city of Mehran, security, economy, advertising, infrastructure, natural-environmental factors and socio-cultural factors play an important role.The growth of international tourism on the one hand and interest in specific tourist destinations on the other hand has led to the continuous development of more types of tourism such as religious tourism, urban tourism, rural tourism, sports tourism and health tourism, religious tourism is a type of tourism whose participants travel partially or exclusively on religious motivation. In fact, 60% of the world's population follows religions, of which 300-330 million people visit the world's most important religious sites. Saudi Arabia and Italy are among the most visited destinations in the world. Religious tourism destinations include shrines, important religious sites of historical or artistic significance, religious festivals or religious associations Religious trips and pilgrimages are complex and variable phenomena that are composed of a set of interactions between religious, folk and natural factors that occur in the geographical space of pilgrimage, several factors affect the development of religious tourism, including promoting shrines, searching for places to meet "self" and God, renewing tours on pilgrimage routes, appearing new pilgrimage routes, developing the automobile industry and Development of tourism infrastructure in pilgrimage centers Religious tourism as one of the first and oldest forms of tourism still has an important part of the tourism market in this industry. Religious tourism has foreign exchange income through rapid investment in new infrastructures, creating competition between local companies and companies in other tourist countries, stimulating other economic industries through direct, indirect and induced effects, creating employmentIncreases income and causes positive exploitation of institutions on a national scale. Many developed countries earn considerable income from this industry. Lewis Turner considers tourism as the most promising industry facing the Third World and believes that tourism has the most possibility of replacing other revenue-generating industries. But only having religious attractions is not able to attract tourism or develop the tourism industry, with the aim of profitability. Rather, what can be used in the development of tourism with the help of attractions for the development of this industry, the existence of infrastructure, facilities and welfare services, social and cultural factors, natural and environmental factors, can be effective with the help of destination attractions to attract tourism. However, the effect of these factors does not work the same in all regions. Therefore, in this study, identifying the factors affecting tourism development and prioritizing the impact of each of these factors has been investigated.The preference of "path" over destination is a prominent feature of some spiritual religious journeys that bring a kind of conduct to the minds of the monks. Trips in which the travel process itself is at the center of attention or at least the journey route is a major part of religious ceremonies as if the route of the journey takes on a sacred color and smell and the presence of walking and traversing the desired route of Sibghah Manaski takes its place. Pilgrimage trips on the Arbaeen trail can be considered as examples of these trips which can be discussed in the form of Islamic tourism literature. Although the formality of muharram ceremonies and mourning ceremonies for Husayn b. 'Ali is the third Imam of Muslim Shiites Collectively and publicly, it is rooted in the dominance of the Shi'a rulers of the Buyid dynasty over Baghdad (320 AH), but it was the emergence of the Safavid dynasty in Iran (907 AH) that recognized as the country's religion and In this way, the bowing of religious rituals, including the rituals of the hands on and chest-beating and requiem recitation in the days of Muharram al-Haram in order to commemorate the anniversary of the martyrdom of Imam al-Husayn (a) and his family and companions as Completely popular, public and national rituals have spread throughout the country, and since then, every year among different Shia ethnicities, the Religion of Iranian Society has been implemented in a broad and wide range.Every year, tens of millions of people of our country travel to the sacred religious places of Iraq from the Border of Mehran, which will provide a great capacity for the country to organize these trips at a macro level in order to develop cultural, social and economic. The city of Mehran, which is bordered by Iraq from the south and west, and as a border city that plays a very important role in the traffic of Arbaeen pilgrims, welcomes a large number of pilgrims from the holy shrines during muharram and Arba'in. In this way, the increase in the population due to urbanization development and the increase in the population of pilgrims in the border city of Mehran requires identifying the factors affecting the development of religious tourism in this city,

Iran and Iraq are two key practitioners in the important and strategically Persian Gulf region, their bilateral relations in different historical periods have been a function of geographical situation, political structures in both countries, intra-regional political and social developments, and the interventions of world and regional powers. Undoubtedly, since fall of Saddam and the change of political rule in Iraq and the presence of "Shia" groups in the structure of political power in Iraq, relations between these two countries have shifted from a state of conflict to a strategic alliance and cultural, religious, security and economic commonalities and existence of some cultural, religious, security participations can strengthen bilateral relations in the future. Orienting Iran-Iraq relations towards greater interactions and reducing tensions and establishing relations within the framework of intra-regional diplomacy, far from interfering with its supra-regional powers, it can pave the way for a bright future to create regional integration and unity in the Persian Gulf geopolitics. Although with the fall of Saddam and the establishment of a new government have paved the way for the expansion of bilateral relations and interaction between Iran and Iraq, but recognizing important and key factors influencing the future of relations between the two countries in order to understand the relationship and the adoption of a proportionate strategy and the application of smart diplomacy in order to expand bilateral relations is very important and vital.Also not paying attention to the important and key factors affecting the relations between the two countries has two consequences, in the short term, divergent forces will prevail and the relations between countries will get cold, and in the long term, due to the specific geographical constraints of having free access to international high seas for Iraq, tension will commence and causes conflict and ultimately damage the national interests and values of the country.

Due to the nature of the subject, the research is applied in terms of purpose and result; In terms of nature and method, it is a combination of descriptive-analytical and survey approach (interviews with experts and questionnaires), and data collection is done by use of related documents, resources (books, articles, Internet) and questionnaire.The research process is as follows: in the first stage, by study of previous scientific documents and records and the use of familiar experts with relevant scientific background in order to select experts, target sampling method was used. First, the factors related to the five variables of James Rosenau continuity model -person, role, government, society and environment- are identified and using the opinion of 20 experts, the most important factors related to each variable are determined and finally the estimation and analysis related to each variable was done.

In this research, considering the theory of continuity of James Rosenau, which as a combined theory and based on five basic variables (individual personality, role, government, society and environment) analyzes the relations between countries as a theoretical framework of the research. The main goal: to determine the important factors affecting Iran-Iraq relations based on the theory of James Rosenua. And In the first stage, in order to identify and determine the factors affecting Iran-Iraq relations, by reviewing the records and previous relevant scientific research, as well as distributing a questionnaire among 20 experts, 39 factors related to five variables: person, role, government, society. And the environment, according to James Rosenau's theory of continuity, was identified separately.In the next step, in order to identify and determine the important and key influential factors of each of the five variables, by distributing a questionnaire among 20 familiar experts with occupational and scientific background related to the research topic, and using the Likert method, the number of 39 factors obtained were scored by experts and after averaging the scores related to each factor, 23 factors that received an average of more than 4 were selected as important and key factors and each of which was analyzed and estimated.

Iran and Iraq are two of developing countries where decision-making is individual and relies more on individual decisions, and there are interests within such developing governments that it is even more important to the leaders of these governments than nationality and territory. Such as: ideology, ethnicity, religion, etc., and therefore the political leaders of these countries are mainly interested in unison with other political systems that have similar concerns and establish bilateral relations. Therefore, the individual variable has a very influential and key role compared to other variables.On the other hand, the geopolitical outputs of the region are mainly influenced by the differences, rivalries and differences of powerful regional countries and the transformation of the international and regional environment, which strengthens and accompanies global and European competitions, especially United States and Russia. And it influences the foreign policy orientation of bilateral and multilateral relations.Noting that in the last few centuries in the West Asian region and therefore the environmental variables and related factors have a significant role and impact on developments and relations between the countries of the region .Overall, according to the James Rosenau continuity model, two individual and environmental variables and their related factors have the most role and impact than other variables in the relations between the two countries. And the factors related to each of these two variables should be considered more than other factors in planning foreign policy and bilateral relations by the diplomatic apparatus, and the strategies adopted by the country's foreign policy based on these two variables and the factors related to them should be considered and compiled.Keywords: Iran, Iraq , foreign policy, continuity model, James Rosenau's theory.

Freshness and vitality are part of the realm of community development and the end result of development. All human beings have a desire for freshness, societies that choose sustainability and vitality as the ultimate goals of development, can improve the living standards of their current inhabitants without harming the next generation and attracting and preserving them. The development of communities with the aim of providing opportunities for vitality and vitality for residents can be the key to future social sustainability. People choose their attitudes, preferences, views and environment based on their perception of their environment; Accordingly, different mentalities, according to their perception, consider freshness as the result of different factors. Therefore, one of the important cases of rural development planning on the one hand is to study the effective factors and measure the vitality and vitality of rural residents and on the other hand, to express and analyze the spatial differences of vitality and factors affecting the vitality of rural residents in different areas. Therefore, considering that each place has unique characteristics that are important in the process of planning and development of rural areas, it seems necessary to recognize the differences in place that are of great theoretical and practical importance.

The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, method and method. Theoretical studies using library method, field data were also collected through a Likert scale questionnaire and interviews with rural households. The statistical population is rural households of two cities of Torbat-e Heydarieh in Khorasan Razavi province and Fooman in Gilan province (N = 41780). Statistical methods (descriptive and inferential) were used to answer the questions and analyze the data. To do this, each of the freshness factors in different rural areas of the two cities were compared. This comparison and calculation of the difference between the groups was done by post hoc tests. Geographic information system (GIS) was also used for spatial analysis of rural areas.

The difference between rural areas of Torbat-e-Heydariyeh and Fooman was investigated using post hoc tests. The results showed; In terms of economic factor affecting freshness, there is a significant difference in rural areas of both cities. There is also a difference between the rural areas of both cities in terms of social factor, enjoyment and environment. In terms of institutional-managerial factor, there is less difference in the rural areas of Fooman city and the residents of rural areas of Fooman city are satisfied with the institutional-managerial indicators, especially the performance of the villagers and Islamic councils of their village; But in the rural areas of Torbat-e Heydariyeh, they were less satisfied with the performance of institutions and the management of their villages. In terms of personal-psychological factor, there was no significant difference in rural areas of both cities and the majority of residents were highly satisfied with this factor. In terms of physical factor, there is no difference in rural areas of Fooman city and all rural areas of this city were at a moderate level in terms of satisfaction with physical factor, but in Torbat-e Heydarieh, half of rural areas are moderate and half They had low satisfaction. Finally, the residents of rural areas of Torbat-e Heydariyeh are almost dissatisfied with the geographical factor affecting freshness, which is mostly due to the location of many villages in the plain region with semi-arid climate, which in recent years has also suffered from drought. And there has been a sharp decline in rainfall, and the irregularity of rainfall has caused great damage to agriculture and, as a result, their economic situation and income. In Fooman city, in terms of the geographical factor influencing the freshness, Rudpish village is on the first floor, Gasht and Lulman villages are on the second floor and Alian, Sardarjangal and Gorabops villages are on the third floor. The settlement of Fooman city, which has resulted in a beautiful and attractive natural environment, has brought satisfaction to the rural residents.

Rejuvenation in rural areas is a goal whose importance is widely recognized by scientists around the world. Freshness takes on a meaning in the moment and changes its meaning from time to time and from place to place. The results of the study of the differences in the effective factors in the region showed that: Factors affecting vitality based on individual perceptions of the environment varies from place to place. Villages including six villages of Raqicheh, Balavlayt, Kadkan, Pa'in Velayat, Pa'inrukh, Balarakh and Baig in Torbat-e Heydariyeh and three villages of Gorab Pas, Lulman and Rudpish in Fooman have not affected this factor in their freshness. They are not satisfied with their economy. In terms of social factors, only two villages in the upper provinces in Torbat-e Heydarieh and Sardar Jangal in Fooman have felt higher satisfaction with this factor. In terms of institutional-managerial factor, half of Torbat-e Heydariyeh rural districts have considered the effect of this factor on their vitality to be moderate, but in four rural districts of Fooman, this factor is considered to be quite effective on their vitality. In terms of enjoyment factor, it had a moderate effect in all studied villages. Two personal factors - psychological and physical - in all rural areas of Fooman city and six rural areas of Torbat-e Heydarieh had the highest effect on their vitality. The environmental factor had a low impact in Torbat-e Heydariyeh rural areas and its effectiveness was moderate in Fooman rural areas. Also, in terms of geographical factor, Torbat-e Heydariyeh rural districts were less satisfied, but in three of the six rural districts of Fooman city, it had a high effect. This study showed that among different factors affecting vitality, objective factors had the greatest difference in affecting vitality in different places and mental factors such as personal-psychological factor in different places in terms of affecting vitality were almost the same.

The geographical attitude was established since human found the ability to know and understand his living environment. The method of knowing the environment and exploiting a set of special abilities and techniques was born, which was later called geography by the thinking human. The period of concern of thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle, Montesquieu, Jean Boden, and Hegel can be referred regarding the political thoughts of political philosophers about geography. Meanwhile, Hegel is one of the philosophers and thinkers who greatly influenced the political society. This paper examined Hegel's ideas about economy and civil society against geography and its relationship with politics, because many important geopolitical theories are directly and indirectly indebted to this political philosopher.

This research is a theoretical and fundamental type of research, and library and documentary methods were used to collect information, and descriptive-analytical methods were used to analyze the findings.

The following can be discussed regarding the effects of Hegelian ideas in political geography: 1. Real-politics or the power-oriented approach in classical geopolitics, whose main elements are state-centeredness, the principle of survival, and self-help, which are best addressed in the comprehensive Hegelian system. 2. Organic state: Hegel develops the concept of organic state within the framework of his dialectical theory and influences Ritter and Ratzel. 3. New world order: Fukuyama identifies his thesis based on the universal desire for recognition of Hegel's third negation (negation of life through the awareness of death and risking life on the way to self-awareness, i.e., the awareness of death). According to Hegel, the last stage in human history will be a homogeneous and universal situation that fulfills all human needs. 4. Heartland Theory: According to Hegel, the world is divided into two parts of new (America and Australia) and old world (Asia, Africa and Europe), in which the old world, especially the countries of the Mediterranean basin, is the historical heart. This view has close similarities with Heartland Mackinder's view. According to Hegel, it is not possible to understand the ancient world without the Mediterranean. The Mediterranean Sea is the axis of world history and all the great countries of ancient history around this navel of the earth.
The influential geopolitical factors (fixed and variable) in Hegel's thought can be listed as follows: 1. Negative view about geography: Hegel denied the influence of politics and society on geographical features because nature has no independent positive concept and has never been absolutely determining while influencing (especially in the more evolved stages of the soul). 2. Climate: Hegel believes that effects and results should not be attributed too much to climate in the link between psychological and natural principles, especially climate. He is against Aristotle's statement that tropical or cold regions are not the stage of world history, and harsh climate is incompatible with a free spirit, and the temperate region is the scene of world history. 3. Expanse and population: Hegel did not confuse power with pure material force. From Hegel's point of view, the strength of a country is not in the large number of its population and warriors, nor in the size of the land, but the guarantee of the survival and implementation of the constitution of a government "is in the soul and history of that nation." These two have made and will make the basic laws or form of governments. 4. Border: According to Hegel's opinion, mountains are more suitable than sea and river water for demarcation between countries because of its advantages, which is the factor of unity of people.

This study investigated Hegel's views is his explicit and implied references to political geography such as the state, territory, population, climate, border, political organization of space and the way the government is structured, and even his negative view of geography and its effects on society. Especially his views about the government, national sovereignty and even war, which are the basis of real-politic thoughts, among the thinkers after him, were reviewed. Hegel considered the division of the world into two parts, new (America and Australia) and old (Asia, Africa and Europe), and the countries of the Mediterranean Basin as the heart of world history, which is reminiscent of Mackinder's thoughts. In addition, within the framework of his dialectical theory, he developed the organic concept of the state, which was later used by Ratzel and became the basis for many developments in world history. Therefore, a large part of the political geography literature in the 19th and 20th centuries is rooted in the philosophy of the Hegelian organismic state. In this philosophy, vital space and self-sufficiency became the motto of doctrines that resulted in full-scale war. Identifying the West with Europe and America as the future and free land of the world and finally, peace due to the special nature of democratic legitimacy and its ability to fulfill human aspirations were other results, which are the origin of Fukuyama's idea of ​​the new world order and the end of history. In general, Hegel's influence cannot be limited to one of the philosophical trends or scientific fields. Few philosophers in the western world have influenced the society after him as much as Hegel. His realpolitik theory roams in geopolitics like Hegel's spirit in today's politics. The importance of the government, national interests, the concept of war, and giving importance to the constant and variable elements of geopolitics in the calculation of power in his theory in the eyes of the realism and neorealism schools of theorizing still remain valid. Even his negative view about geography should not be considered as a view of destroying nature and geography. This point of view should be considered as the point of view of a person who lived in an era where concern for progress and hope for the practical and Sisyphean side of humanity was the main discourse. Despite human work negating nature from the perspective of the subject's self-awareness, in a concrete way, the subject and the world of nature are reconciled in a concrete way.