Advanced Journal of Chemistry, Section B: Natural Products and Medical Chemistry
Volume:4 Issue: 2, Spring 2022

Cyclohexane and hetero cyclohexane are good models for studying stereo electronics. The derivatives of 1, 3-dioxane are the good examples of ground and transition states of hyper-conjugated reactions. The structural and thermodynamic parameters for 1, 3-dioxane derivatives are investigated by MP2 and B3LYP methods for axial and equatorial conformations. By NBO analysis, the stabilization energy electron delocalization associated with LP2O→σ*P-F is reported in the axial conformation 13.16 and equatorial conformations 1.93, 3.45 kcal/mol for the MP2 and B3LYP methods, respectively. The stabilization of energy electrons delocalization in the axial conformation is higher than that of the equatorial one, indicating that the electrons delocalization transfer occurs more in the axial conformation. The studies on vibrational frequency and bond lengths P-O and P-F have also confirmed this issue. By calculating HOMO and LUMO energy, the hardness and softness, electronegativity, electron affinity energy, ionization energy, and electrophilicity index are examined.

Dolichos is a genus of twining plants found in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres, with the most frequently grown and used species being Dolichos biflorus and Dolichos lablab. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-schistosomal, and anti-inflammatory properties have been reported in various parts of the Dolichos species, including the leaves, roots, bark, and stem. The rhizome of Dolichos pachyrhizus was cut, air-dried at ambient temperature, and macerated with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol for 72 hours each using a conventional maceration procedure, with regular shaking at intervals. The mixture was decanted, filtered, and concentrated at 40 °C using a rotavapor to yield crude n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts (R110). To obtain the pure isolate, a methanol crude extract of the rhizome of Dolichos pachyrhizus (D. pachyrhizus) was chromatographed on a silica gel column using various eluents. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of the methanolic rhizome extract of Dolichos pachyrhizus revealed the presence of seven (7) different phytochemicals, including; - alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, saponins and steroids. The structure of the pure isolate was successfully identified, characterized and confirmed using spectroscopic techniques such as; - Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR), Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) be Neoduline.

There are several techniques for removing contaminants from water and wastewater. In the meantime, the surface adsorption is one of the simplest, the most effective, and economical methods for wastewater treatment. This review article refers to the recent research on the removal of various contaminants with various adsorbents from water and wastewater. Knowing the conducted research and background of the research topic can greatly help the study progress and achieve new logical results. Awareness of the previous research on the subject puts the study path in the continuation of the prior studies and is nothing duplicate and separated from them. Here are some examples of research from both internal and external sources on the subject of research. The movement of groundwater due to the complexity and irregularity of boundary conditions and the heterogeneity of the porous environment can rarely be studied by analytical methods. Therefore, in order to solve groundwater problems, either numerical methods should be used or experimental models should be used in problems where the governing equations also have errors. Experimental models can be divided into two parts, physical or allegorical, which were studied in detail in previous sections. Since the equation governing the lattice models is the same as the equation governing groundwater in saturation, but its structure is not like the real porous medium, this model can therefore be considered as an allegorical model.

Bile, often known as gall, is a dark-green fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates. It is ‎largely made up of steroidal detergent-like compounds and membrane lipids including un-‎esterified cholesterol and mixed phosphatidylcholines. A good number of animal bile has been ‎utilized ethno-medicinally for ages. Animal bile has been administered to cure liver, skin ‎disorders, malaria, diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. The extraction was achieved by solvent ‎extraction in chloroform, where 40% aqueous methanol was added to about 4 liters of the bile ‎sample, mixed thoroughly and acidified with 2M H2SO4 solution to a pH of about 3.0 - 4.0. ‎After several agitations, the mixture was allowed to stand for 24 hours, and then extracted with ‎chloroform. The crude chloroform extract was purified using standard purification techniques of ‎column chromatography (CC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The structure of the ‎compound was characterized using, - (1H NMR), 13C NMR, and DEPT 135 spectroscopic ‎techniques in order to propose the structure of the compound as (Methyl-3,12-dihydroxycholan-‎‎24-oate). The in-vitro antimalarial assay of the crude extract and the isolated compound was ‎carried out on Plasmodium falciparum. The results of the antimalarial activity of the crude bile ‎extract and isolated compound revealed IC50 values of 16.16 µg/mL and 32.09 µg/mL, respectively ‎which indicates the moderate antimalarial activity compared to chloroquine standard control ‎‎(0.029 µg/mL). The results of the investigation revealed that the bovine bile extract, contain ‎bioactive chemical substances which could be good, therapeutic agents against malaria..

The increasing human population on earth has increased household waste and wastewater worldwide. Wastewater due to have H2S is often toxic and has a pungent odor. To solve the problem of household waste, it is better to bury household waste and biogas production for consumption as fuel. Natural gas and biogas have H2S. The main purpose of this research was to use Eisenia foetida worms in the H2S removal from solution for performance in water scrubbing gas, biogas, and wastewater purification. The samples were bought from vermicomposting farms in Mashhad City. The tolerance of the worms to hydrogen sulfide was determined. In two identical cylindrical experimental treatments and control, and H2S solution was poured. Live worms were added to the experimental treatment and the H2S concentration was measured at every 30 minutes intervals. Adsorbed capacity and removal efficiency was calculated.  In the experimental treatment adsorption capacity was 66 (mg/g) and the removal efficiency at the end of the test at 220 minutes reached 100%. The results showed that worms can adsorb and remove significant amounts of H2S.

Baclofen is a Gamma Amino Butyric acid (GABA) agonist to relax skeletal muscles. It is especially effective in treating muscular spasticity. In this research, we now describe the synthesis of Baclofen using a new approach which begins with 4- chlorobenzaldehyde. We have carried all reactions by the green method. It gives the better yield.  The identity of this product was confirmed by spectral analysis and compared with the standard Baclofen. New and eco-friendly approach was developed for the synthesis

One of the dangers of storing materials in storage tanks is the leakage of materials due to corrosion to the surrounding environment, which in addition to cause damage due to the loss of valuable material and environmental pollution, can lead to accidents. PCM method is one which is used for inspecting pipelines by electromagnetic method. Electromagnetic fields easily pass-through soil, water, asphalt, etc. Therefore, without drilling and through the ground, pipelines are inspected and monitored. By measuring the amount of induced alternating current in its strong magnetic sensors, it is able to detect the current amount in pipelines, the position of sacrificial anodes, the quality of coating, and the location of its defects. In this method, alternating current is used to inspect pipelines. By increasing the frequency of alternating current, the inductive effect of this method increases on foreign structures and adjacent metal structures. In this case, by using different frequencies as well as very low frequencies, they eliminate the impact of adjacent foreign structures on the inspection results.