فصلنامه تحقیقات حشره شناسی
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 55، پاییز 1401)

Eggplant greenhouse cultivations in last two /three years found under progressing and intensive spider mite damages observed for the first time in Varamin region.  Effects of two new botanical pesticides, Mariapro+Coverino-M, Bio-2, in comparison of propargite 57% EC and tetradifon v/w 7.52% were evaluated against Tetranychus urticae red color population on round black eggplants variety 1574 in greenhouse during spring season of 2021 in Varamin region. Spraying of treatments done with wheel burrow sprayer and effects of the them carried out by random 15 leaves collected from each treatment at one day before and 3,7and 15 days after. Mite active stages on 2cm2 on middle under side of eggplant leaf recorded by help of stereomicroscope. Abbott formula used to convert raw data in to mortality%. Mean mite mortality% of treatments analyzed with SAS software. Minimum and maximum mean active mite stages for 2ml/l Tetradifon (25.83 mites) and 1.5 ml/l of Bio-2 (44.50 mite) recorded respectively. Pesticide control effects showed a statistical significant (p<0.05) at different interval times. Higher effects (100%) for both propargite doses recorded at 3rd and 7th day of interval periods and least mortality% (58.92%) observed for tetradifon 2ml/l at 15 days’ interval time. Low slop mite mortality% found at decreasing level until 15 days for most of treatments. Spraying old registered acaricides recommended at higher spider mite infestation before harvesting period. Both new botanical pesticides can provide mite control damages during eggplant fruiting time and producing organic vegetables under greenhouses.

Mite fauna of soil and arboreal of pome (apple and pear) and stone fruits (apricot and peach) trees in Gerizeh, Hasan-abad, Babariz, Chnow, Gholiaan, Keylaneh villages of Sanandaj region investigated during 2010-2011 in Kurdistan province. Mites collected by shaking stems and leaves, stems host plants soil mite collected through Berlese. Mite identification mite resulted 31 mite species, 30 genera from 26 families from Astigmata higher cohort, Cryptostigmata, Prostigmata suborders and Mesostigmata order respectively. Soil mite constituted 61.38%, higher and lower mite recorded 228,211 for apricot, apple and pear orchards. Max. and Min. mite diversities observed in Hasan-abad and Gholiaan villages and for Mesostigmata and Astigmata mite respectively. Mite population of Phytoseiidae, Cryptostigmata mites and predatory mites constituted 3.67%, 43.46% and 15.54%. All three spider mites species incidence of widely distributed in all surveyed village’s. Mite species identified as follow, Astigmata: Acaridae (Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Tyrophagus similes, Acarus sp.), Cryptostigmata: Nothridae (Nothrus biciliatus), Lohmanniidae (Papillacarus sp., Lohmannia turcmenica), Epilohmanniidae (Epilohmannia cylindrical cylindrical), Gymnodamaeidae (Plesiodamaeus sp. nr. Ornatus), Tectocepheidae (Tectocepheus velatus), Oppiidae, Oribatulidae (Oribatula (Oribatula) sp., Oribatula (Zygoribatula) sp.) Protoribatidae (Protoribates paracapuctinus), Mycobatidae (Punctoribates sp.), Euphthiracaridae,   Mesostigmata, Phytoseiidae (Amblyseius sp.), Laelapidae (Gaeolaelaps sp., Hypoaspis sp., Androlaelaps (Haemolaelaps) sp., Cosmolaelaps sp.), Uropodidae, Parasitidae (Parasitus sp.), Digmasellidae (Dendrolaelapus sp.), Pachylaelapidae (Pachylaelapus sp.), Ascidae (Antennoseius sp.), Rhdoacaridae (Rhoodoacarsellus sp.) Prostigmata: Bdellidae (Spinibdella sp.), Cunaxidae (Cunaxa sp.), Tydeidae, Erythraeidae, Tenuipalpidae (Brevipalpus sp., Cenopalpus irani), Tetranychidae (Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Bryobia rubrioculus).

The first step in biodiversity studies and integrated pest management is to identify the species in the region. This research was conducted in order to identify the fauna of mites under the order Mesostigmata (Acari: Mesostigmata) from gardens and fields of the Kharameh region of Fars province during 2014-2016. In this research, 10 species from 5 families belonging to mites of the inter-stigma order were collected and identified. Among the collected families, Uroobovella obovata Canestrini & Berlese, 1884 from the Trematuridee family had the highest frequency (18.54%), and Neodiscopoma splendida and Nenteria stylifera Berlese, 1904 from the Uropodidae and Trematuridee families with frequencies of 14.83 and 90% respectively. 13% were in the next rank. It should be mentioned that the identification of these species has not been reported from the Kharameh region of Fars province.

Herbal essential oils are known as suitable alternative for controlling pests due to low toxicity, fast decomposition and environment- friendly. This study aimed to examine the insecticidal effect of two herbal essential oils, i.e. Eucalyptus globulus and Iranian thyme (Zataria multiflora), on potato aphid. In the current study
Herbal essential oils were extracted by distillation with water using a clevenger device. The biometric experiments were performed on adult insects in 6 concentrations of eucalyptus, including 2000, 6000, 10000, 20000, 16000, 20000 ppm and in 6 concentrations of thyme, including 4000, 8000, 10000, 15000, 20000, 24000 ppm. The amount of losses in each experiment was counted during 24 hours after the experiment initiation.
According to the results of the probit data analysis, the values of LC50 and LC90 ​​for eucalyptus essential oil were 4699 and 37106 ppm, respectively, and for thyme essential oil, these values ​​were 11944 and 45620, respectively. In the present research, the highest fatality rates (loss percentage) for eucalyptus essential oil at a concentration of 20000 ppm and for thyme essential oil at a concentration of 24000 ppm were to 88.71% and 79.54%, respectively.
As the LD50 of eucalyptus and thyme essential oils were lower than the dosages of chemical insecticides and considering the phenomenon of resistance due to chemical insecticide, it seems that the herbal essential oils such as eucalyptus and thyme can be appropriate alternatives for chemical insecticides in the pest control program in the future.

Mites are one of the largest groups of Arachnida with global distribution. Mesostigmatic mites are the largest order (in both number and distribution) among super order mites Parasitiformes. In a recent study by Fauna Mesostigmatic mites were studied as biodiversity index from Darab region (Fars province-Iran).Continuous tree soil sampling was done in the spring and summer of 2021and 2022 from the northern and southern orchards. In total, the number of 1641 specimens belonging to 37 species from 15 families and 18 plant hosts were collected in two replicates. Variance analysis in the form of factorial experiment with three factors of year, region and season with two replications based on completely random design and mean comparisons based on Duncan's test at probability level of 5% using Minitab 16 software and biodiversity index using Past software (version 4.02) was done. The highest frequency of mites collected in fruit orchards in the north and south of Darab region in 2021 and 2022, it was related to orange tree with 688 specimens. Total mite specimens collected in North and South in both 2021 and 2022, it showed that the Laelapidae family had the highest percentage among the 15 investigated families. In this research, two species Nenteria n.sp. and Macrodinychus n.sp. were new to the world that is being described.

Sand flies of the Phlebotomine family are the main vectors of leishmaniasis (salak) and some other diseases all around the world. Salak is endemic disease in many parts of Iran. Due to the fact that in recent years, we have witnessed the occurrence of salak in Alborz province, and since providing an effective control strategy for vector- borne diseases, requires identification of the fauna of their vectors, the present study was carried out with the aims of identifying the fauna of these sand flies in Alborz province. Sand flies were collected biweekly during the months of August, September and October 2021, from designated areas, using sticky traps. In this study, 1157 sand flies were collected and identified. The number of sand flies caught from indoor and outdoor places was respectively 31.72% and  68.28%. Overall, Six of which were of genus Phlebotomus (Raynal, 1937), including P. papatasi (Scopoli, 1786), 695(60.07%), P. kandelakii (Shchurenkova, 1926), 13(1.12%), P. sergenti (Parrot, 1917), 232(20.05%), P. major (Annandale, 1910), 14(1.21%), P. caucasicus (Marzinowsky,1917), 4(0.35%), P. alexandri (Alexandri Sinton, 1920), 18(1.56%), and four were of the genus Sergentomyia  (Artemiev, 1978), including S. tiberiadis (Adler, Theodor & Lourie, 1930), 109(9.42%), S. baghdadis (Adler & Theodor, 1929), 53(4.58%), S.sintoni (Sintoni Pringle, 1933), 14(1.21%), S. clydei (Sinton, 1928), 5(0.43%).  This study has shown that, P. papatasi (Scopoli, 1786) and P. sergenti (Parrot, 1917) are the most abundant species, and it seems these could be the potential vectors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region. Understanding fauna and ecological aspects of sand flies can help to control of disease.