نشریه تاملات اخلاقی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، تابستان 1402)

In the Qur'an, the heart has many perceptive and tendentious functions. According to the Qur'an, all perceptual and tendentious matters of the heart have a direct and independent effect on issuing and accepting moral actions and attributes. In the Qur'an for the heart, seven different types of obstacles are mentioned in the field of perceptions and tendencies, and among the perceptive and tendentious obstacles of the heart, "the stamping the heart" has been introduced as the most important and at the same time the strongest obstacle in terms of anti-moral effects and effective scope. The Qur'an has stated various anti-moral works for a stamped heart which include; deprivation of intellectual perception of the heart, deprivation of human auditory perception which is one of the two factors of human happiness introduced in the Qur'an, deprivation of scientific and cognitive ability, being in a stable tradition of humiliation and lowliness, following the mood of the soul which is one of the three main causes of human error, taking away the ways of gaining faith which is considered as the most used word of value in the Quran, and finally, neglecting the human being which is the primary cause of moral deviation.

Due to recent developments in society and business، the importance of ethics in organizations has significantly increased. Nowadays, customers, employees, and other stakeholders pay more attention to the ethical and social aspects of a company's activities and expect organizations to not only be economically successful but also to have good ethical performance. The statistical population included all the employees of Razavi Khorasan Academic Jihad Organization, numbering 500 people in 2022, and using Convenience sampling method, 217 people were selected as a sample. Standard questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analysis was done using partial least squares method and structural equation modeling with Smart-PLS. The results of structural equations showed that moral attitude has a significant negative effect on psychological pressure and a positive and significant effect on organizational ethics. psychological pressure is positively influenced by the fear of corona and the inability to tolerate uncertainty. Psychological pressure has a significant negative effect on organizational performance and organizational ethics, and the mediating role of psychological pressure in the relationship between moral attitude and organizational ethics is positive and significant. Psychological pressure mediates the effect between ethical attitudes on performance and organizational ethics. According to the results of the present research, to improve organizational ethics, it is necessary to pay attention to the positive effect of moral attitude and the negative effect of psychological pressure. In addition, in order to improve organizational performance, reducing psychological pressure should be considered. To reduce mental pressure, it is recommended to improve moral attitude.

In the history of Ethics, whenever the word virtue has been mentioned, it has brought admirable interpretations, but Machiavelli, perhaps for the first time, reveals virtues for rulers, which are not only not admirable, but will be repulsive to an outside audience. According to the famous interpretation, Machiavelli's duty of government is to maintain authority and provide security and welfare for the people, not to promote morality. So, if we are in a position of conflict between these two, Shahriar should sacrifice morality without any hesitation. This view of Machiavelli was not liked by thinkers and therefore Machiavellianism has always been a term with contempt for those who are willing to violate morality to maintain their power. But it should be noted that Machiavelli's orders are not necessarily nonmoral if we measure them in the utilitarian system. Among the Muslim philosophers, Ghazali has similar advice to Machiavelli, especially in the Nasihat al-Muluk. Although the suggestions that Ghazali makes to the ruler are sometimes criminal, but the difference in the foundations and type of moral approach between Machiavelli and Ghazali will determine a different fate. Because Ghazali, unlike Machiavelli, is a virtuoso and by the way criticizes utilitarianism.

The Qajar period is one of the most important periods in Iran's contemporary history and the peak of the presence of Europeans in Iran. During this period, European travel writers visited Iran as personal journey and sometimes as delegations from European superpowers. These people have included tourists, doctors, political and economic figures and even religious missionaries. In their reports, travel writers have pointed out the violation of animal rights, for example, they have quoted reports of animal slaughter during Muharram and Eids and considered this deprivation of life as one of the cases of violation of animal right .This research aims to answer the question, is this accusation and misunderstanding of travel writers of animal rights violation true? This hypothesis is followed that the travel writers, first of all, have expressed these reports with bad intentions. Secondly, due to the intertwining of jurisprudence, theology and ethics in the Islamic tradition, it is not possible to create a clear boundary between moral and theological arguments in the case of animal slaughter, and on the other hand, Islam allows humans to use animals, but it has established rights and manners for animals. It is obligatory for everyone to observe it. The method of writing this article; Descriptive, based on the reports of Qajar period travel writers, and then analytical method, based on Islamic principles, in response to the misconceptions of travel writers. This article considers it important to remove this doubt and the accusation of the European travel writers against the Muslim Iranians of the Qajar period.