فصلنامه جغرافیای طبیعی
پیاپی 59 (بهار 1402)

Land use change in cities leads to changes in surface temperature and surface albedo. Surface albedo plays an important role in land surface energy budget and climate. This article examines the land use changes and its effect on the surface albedo and surface temperature. For this purpose, 3 satellite images of Landsat 5 and 8 were used for August, 1998, 2010 and 2017 in the area of Sari to Chalus cities. The Sabal algorithm was used to extract the surface temperature and surface albedo. Urban thermal characteristics were analyzed by examining the relationships between land surface temperature (LST) and two indices, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI). The results of this research confirm the inverse and significant relationship between LST and NDVI and the direct and significant relationship between LST and each of the variables Albedo and NDBI. On the other hand, during the years 1978 to 2017, built-Up area that form impervious surfaces have been replaced by natural and permeable surfaces, in other words, a decrease in NDVI and an increase in NDBI and Albedo have been observed in the studied area. The surface of the earth has been manifested in cities. Also, the correlation between NDVI and LST is rather weak, but there is a strong positive correlation between albedo, NDBI and LST. The increase in construction in cities has led to an increase in albedo and the subsequent increase in surface temperature due to the increase in impervious surfaces.

Environmental sustainability assessment is one of the most important tools in the process of sustainable development planning and therefore attention to it in policy-making and planning is inevitable. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the environmental sustainability in urban areas with the approach of the dust problem using multi-criteria decision-making technique of linear allocation and artificial neural network in Ahvaz metropolis. In this research, first, by studying the theoretical foundations of the research, the criteria that are effective for environmental sustainability were identified. Then, the documentary and library method and referring to different departments and organizations were used to collect information in the theoretical part. However, the main information of the research was collected using field studies (completing questionnaires, observations and field studies). The research process was such that a questionnaire was designed to implement the methodology through the criteria obtained from the study of the problem literature and distributed among the people in 8 regions by stratified random sampling method. The sample size of the total areas was determined based on the unlimited Cochran's formula in the form of population classes of the areas. Keywords: Environmental stability, particulate matter, linear allocation, artificial neural network, Ahvaz

Land subsidence is one of the environmental hazards caused by various factors, and especially in recent years, it has caused a lot of damage to human societies. The Khanmirza plain aquifer has also faced this phenomenon in recent years. The creation of wide gaps and cracks on the surface of the plain and the release of gas from them makes the issue of subsidence important. For this reason, the present study tries to monitor and measure the amount of land subsidence in Khanmirza plain, and evaluate and analyze its relationship with the withdrawal of excess from underground water sources. For this purpose, in order to investigate the changes in the underground water level during 10 years and in two different time frames from the IDW geostatistics model and to estimate the subsidence of the land surface using the differential radar interferometric method and from the Sentinel-1A radar images during 5 years and in Three different time periods were used. The results of the research indicate that displacement of the earth's surface in different time periods is different and does not have a constant trend, while the trend of the drop of the underground water level has been increasing in the whole time period. Accordingly, according to the results of the research, there is no significant relationship between the indiscriminate extraction of underground water sources and the subsidence areas in Khanmirza plain.

Flood is one of the important natural disasters that causes a lot of financial and human losses every year, and in order to reduce its losses and casualties, it has always been the attention of managers and planners. The purpose of this research is to prepare a flood risk zoning map in Nowshahr city. In this study, in order to achieve the goal of the research, first by studying and investigating the theoretical foundations of the subject, the effective factors in the occurrence of floods, including height, slope direction, slope, waterway density, distance From the river, soil, land use, geology, slope curvature, land type and precipitation were identified. Then, the maps of each of the mentioned criteria were prepared in Arc GIS 10.5. After preparing the layers of the effective factors in the occurrence of floods, using the opinion of 25 experts in this field, the layers and sub-criteria were weighted using the fuzzy hierarchical method. And in the last step, the obtained weight of each factor was applied to each of the layers in the ARC/MAP software environment, and the zoning map of flood risk was prepared using the fuzzy logic of the 0.9 gamma operator. According to the results of Vozandhi, the factors of rainfall, distance from the river, slope and land use are the most important factors of flood in the region. The zoning map shows the risk of flooding in Nowshahr city.

Today,Tourism is one of the economic activities with high growth in the world. Unfortunately, tourism in our country, especially in the sector of band pei Babel , despite having many potentials, including natural ones has not been able to take a significant role in the economic development of the people. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the role of natural capabilities in the development of sustainable tourism in Band pei Babol. The method research is from the aspect of practical purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical and field nature, which has been collected with library and field methods and tools such as questionnaire.The information obtained through the software (SPSS) has been analyzed, finally, through one-sample t-test, Pearson's correlation test and Friedman's test. Three indices of geological and geomorphological attractions, plant and animal,climatic and water have been used in the research.The results show that according to the comparison of the average value of the assessed items in the field of natural capabilities and sustainable tourism development of Bandpei sector considering that the obtained sig is lower than the alpha level was 0.05 it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the natural capabilities and sustainable tourism development.Climatic and water attractiveness indices have an average rank of 3.85 plant and animal attractiveness with 3.46 and geological and geomorphological attractiveness with 2. 98 respectively have assigned the rank of one to three in the study area.Keywords: natural capability, sustainable tourism development, Babol county

Earthquakes are considered as one of the most destructive natural disasters and at the same time the most sudden natural force that occurs as a result of failure and displacement of rocks below the earth's surface. Earthquakes are followed by many geomorphological hazards and environmental consequences, which cause great damage to vulnerable areas. Following the earthquake of November 13, 2017 Sarpol-e-Zahab-Azgaleh, many slope processes such as (landslides, landslides, subsidence, etc.), as well as natural consequences (changes in the flow of springs), economic, human consequences (destruction) Residential areas, roads, destruction of agricultural lands, orchards and fish farming complexes) occurred in the area, causing damage to areas affected by the earthquake. In this research, using satellite images, field operations, the required information about the occurrence of geomorphological processes and natural and human consequences in the region were collected and their location was identified and determined on a map. In addition, with the help of Arc GIS software, zones Exposed to location threats and some of the consequences of earthquakes, their location and map were plotted. The results of the study showed that the activation of most processes, amplitude instabilities as a result of weak geological structure, monotonic and morphological conditions of the region are affected by the occurrence of earthquakes, which their past history also confirms this. Preparing a final map to identify the location of complications and consequences in the region as another result of this study can be of great help in reducing the loss of life and property during