فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت راهبردی
پیاپی 54 (تابستان 1402)

This scholarly article explores the reconfiguration of religion and religious organizations within the framework of the world risk society. The emergence and proliferation of global risks have presented significant challenges to social structures and constructions. These risks, unlike those caused by natural forces or external factors, arise as unintended consequences and side effects of centuries of human attempts to rationalize, control, and determine the material world through science, technology, and rational institutions. Paradoxically, the very institutions once celebrated as drivers of progress and prosperity have now become major sources of threats and risks. The dominance of risks on a global scale has initiated a profound transformation, leading to a transition into a realm of indeterminacy, uncertainty, and fluidity. Consequently, numerous social institutions are undergoing metamorphosis, setting the stage for the reconfiguration of societies.  To accomplish the central goal of this research, i.e. the role of religion in the global risk society, a qualitative methodology, combined with document and library review, has been systematically employed. This methodological choice allows for a comprehensive exploration of the reconfiguration of religion in the context of the global risk society. The research methodology encompasses theoretical verifications, extensive library studies, analysis of available statistics and documents, in-depth examination of concrete cases, and a thorough review of existing studies. The main aim of this article is carried out in the form of addressing the following four central questions:1. What kind of transformation and challenges have social institutions encountered in the contemporary world, particularly under the influence of the global risk society?2. How can the reconfiguration of religion in the global risk society be investigated and understood? 3. What are the transformations and manifestations of religion in the global risk society? 4. What are the effects of the cosmopolitanization of risks on transnational religious organizations in the contemporary world?Addressing these questions will be done in the form of the following structure: Firstly, the general coordinates, characteristics, and fundamental forces of the global risk society are described. Next, the article evaluates the role of religion in relation to one of the most significant forces of this society, namely the distribution of the risks. Concrete examples are then examined to analyze the process of transnationalization of religion, the expansion of transnational religious organizations, the cosmopolitanization of the world, and their consequences.  This article draws on the concept of the world risk society to shed light on the cognitive dynamics involved in understanding risk determination in the contemporary world. The article posits that the new world order is shaped by the avoidance and distribution of negative outcomes, i.e. bads, rather than the accumulation of conceived goods. It identifies three main categories of risk—environmental, technological, and societal risks—and underscores their critical role in the emergence of the world risk society. Furthermore, the article explores the world risk theory as a social theory of modernization, emphasizing the influence of organizational types, the modern division of labor, and scientific and technological engagements with nature as primary sources of global risks in the present era. The impact of the rise of the world risk society on religion is examined in the third section of the article. This exploration focuses on the dominant force of risk society—the distribution and globalization of risks. The article argues that the ascendancy of risks triggers various and sometimes contradictory responses from different religions, ranging from resistance, innovation, criticism, and retreat to destruction, reconstruction, and revival. The indeterminacy and fluidity induced by the world risk society have led to the emergence of diverse religious configurations across different times and spaces. The article investigates the emergence of religious fundamentalism in the context of the world risk society and analyzes the influence of individualization and globalization of risks on religious configurations, presenting specific examples. Transnationalization is identified as a key manifestation of religious reconfiguration in the world risk society. The study provides empirical and concrete examples to analyze the impacts and manifestations of this process on religious configurations.   In conclusion, this article argues that the emergence and restructuring of transnational religious organizations represent a significant aspect of the reconfiguration of religion in the world risk society. The unique characteristics of these organizations in the context of globalized risks are outlined, and their global operations in various domains are introduced. The article examines the different elements and parameters of these organizations, including transnational networks, global governance structures, technological utilization, religious practices and beliefs, human resources, financial networks, communication infrastructures, leadership structures, and membership regimes. Through the application of criteria such as geographical reach, membership and support base, ideology and belief system, organizational structure, external relations, engagement with global risks, and use of technology, a comprehensive classification of transnational religious organizations in the world risk society is presented, accompanied by empirical examples. Finally, the article highlights the exponential growth of transnational cyber religious organizations, attributing it to the globalization of risks, reconfiguration of religion, and expansion of cyber communities. The salient features of these organizations and communities are delineated, and significant examples are introduced.

 Review of researches in the field of nation brand shows a few studies in recognizing and examining negative images of exporting countries. Identifying negative image about a country's export activities and finding the root causes of these mentalities used as a first step in planning national branding programs. This will be doubly important, especially for countries that are politically different from the mainstream of international media or faces some negative stereotypes among foreign consumers. The objective is to identify the negative images toward the export aspect of Iran's nation brand and to investigate the causes of these mentalities.    The researcher's philosophical approach based on the perspective of pragmatism. This qualitativ research conducted based on in-depth interviews and data analysis based on the grounded theory approach using content analysis. The statistical population includes knowledgeable and active people in exporting to Iraq and Syria and using theoretical sampling and snowball method, 26 interviews conducted to achieve theoretical adequacy.    Negative images toward Iran's export nation brand include 14 concepts were identified in four categories of images related to 1."Iranian export product" including improper packaging, non-compliance with standards, unstable product presence, unstable product quality, surplus product Domestic needs, 2."Iranian exporter" including: fraud in trade, lack of commitment in trade, lack of expertise in trade, lack of trust in the other party, 3." the export environment" including: large number of intermediaries, high rate of trade disputes, confusion in trade and 4."Export consequences" including damage to domestic production, sanctions problems. Exporter’s wrong view to export including: "short-term view to export", "contemptuous view to export market" and wrong view of policymakers in this field including: "exports as a surplus of domestic demand" and a "partiality approach in export management", are among the most important formation roots of negative images toward export aspect of Iran's nation brand. Three categories including political roots, ethnic roots and religious roots are also effective as underlying factors in reinforcing these negative mentalities.    The concepts related to "Iranian product" and "Iranian exporter" include the largest number of negative images of Iran's export nation brand. "Establishing an evaluation system to assess the qualifications of exporters", "creating collective trade mark", "strengthening chambers of commerce", "establishing export consortia" and "developing export management companies" are the suggestions to address the roots of these negative mentalities. Then, unfavorable economic conditions in countries of export-target because that price as a determining factor, reduces the impact of consumer political animosity in response to foreign products. However, in the face of equal price and product quality, political hostility will affect consumer behavior. In other words, consumer animosity, even at low levels, reduces the competitiveness of the product in foreign market, even if it does not lead to a boycott of the export product. It should be noted that political animosity if combined or strengthened by cultural animosity (religious animosity (Shia-Sunni) and ethnic animosity (Arab-Iranian) in this study), will have a strong and lasting effect on consumer behavior.

 Corporate governance is one of the key success factors (KSFs) of international joint ventures (IJVs) as one of the most common types of the strategies which is being using by the companies that intend to operate internationally. In spite of the importance of this key success factors, the lack of a research which determined How corporate governance will improve the performance and productivity of international joint ventures, and recognized how it will lead to innovative performance on them. The reason of such this research gap is because of this perspective which the findings of the general researches in the field of corporate governance, can be extended to the international joint ventures structure as new firm as well. But, because of complex nature of these entities, the extension of the findings of other types of organizational structures to international joint ventures type is not accurate extension. Therefore, this article intends to recognize the factors which have effect on improve the performance and productivity of international joint ventures and determined how these factors will lead to innovative performance on them. 

The systematic literature review is research method. Thus, the related literature was systematically reviewed over a period of one year (from September 2018 to September 2019) from the on-line databases such as Sage, Elsevier, Springer, Willy and etc. In the first step, while determining and specifying the subject of study, the research questions were developed in accordance with the research design. In the next step, the research protocol was designed and an appropriate mental model was designed accordingly based on PICOC model which consist of Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Context. Subsequently, inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined. Accordingly, the comprehensive and systematic search began within the literature and 400 studies were considered. After classification, screening, and measurement of their quality (methodological assessment based on Caldwell's proposed method), 60 studies were finally examined in depth (through a detailed review of their abstracts, introduction, methodology, and results) and the required data were collected. Then, in the last step, the obtained data were classified, codified (using open coding method through Excel software) synthesized and finally summarized. 

Three factors manifested in the cooperation agreement and affecting productivity and performance, and five factors that directly affect governance in the success of international joint ventures. In other words, corporate governance and its related factors play a critical role in the success of international joint ventures. 

According to the diversity of detected factors, it can be concluded that corporate governance play critical role on the success of the international joint ventures and international joint ventures are a complex organizational structure and multi-dimensional concept which cannot be undermined and treated like other types of organizations. Thus, results can be as a guide to any types of mutual collaborations especially to the international joint ventures because of its unique and complex nature.

Decision making in organizations particularly in the fast-paced environments is posing a difficult challenge, which in the absence of a suitable algorithm would confront the establishments with an array of perils. The aim’s paper is to developing a strategic decision making algorithm for banking sector managers facing fast-paced environments.
  The research method is qulatative one. The subjective multi-case methodology applied to fifteen participants selected through theoretical sampling from the population of managers and experts. The sampe include three different banks.  Data gather by subjected to semi structured interviewing.
  To forming, a model of the strategic decision-making, three inclusive fields of context, method and consequences is necessary. The results of the present study showed that in order for banks to be able to make strategic decisions in high-speed environments, they must consider three main areas: decision contexts, the process required to make a decision, and the consequences of the decision. Organizations, especially banks, need special conditions such as dynamic components of the organization, balance between stability and flexibility, coordination of organizational components, and the like, which were identified in the present study. The present study also showed that decision-making agility and decision-making reliance on information and analysis is one of the background conditions required to succeed in developing and implementing a strategic decision-making model for banking industry managers in high-speed environmental conditions. The study was consistent with the results of the research of Nimand et al. (2021) and confirmed the findings of the study. Among other areas related to the creation of strategic decision-making model in high-speed environments by banks, the present study emphasized the issue of decision-making process. The structure of strategic decision-making was one of the factors that had a great impact on creating a strategic decision-making model in high-speed environments. In other words, the agility of the structure along with the support of senior management, the competence of decision-makers, as well as continuous evaluation of changes and measures such as communication development, growth and development of services and its diversity scope leads to this. The organization will be able to innovate in its strategic decision-making processes in high-speed environments, and this will eventually lead to the creation of a new and good model for strategic decision-making in high-speed environments. This part of the study was in line with the findings of the study conducted by Kamal (2021) and confirmed the findings of this study. Another area that was examined and identified in the present study regarding the strategic decision-making model in high-speed environmental conditions, which was also the last comprehensive theme of the present study, was the outcome. The most important things that can be mentioned in this area are: effective and dynamic strategic management system, decision-making integrity, structured decision-making process and the like. Among the issues that can be considered by adopting a strategic decision-making approach in the banking industry and in high-speed environmental conditions are issues such as helping to increase elite selection and retention and cultivation of elites, spreading the culture of strategic thinking in the organization and especially the banking industry mentioned the creation of a common vision in the organization and collective values and the like. It should be noted that this part of the results of the present study was also consistent with the findings of the research of Bamgartner et al. (2021), because the findings of the present study in this section showed that the banking industry can in high-speed environmental conditions. To take action in such a way that the results of these actions will ultimately lead to the success of the organization, requires a strong strategic decision-making framework, and this system must be established throughout the organization as soon as possible.
  An organization to have a strategic decision-making model, managers must simultaneously pay attention to the context, process and outcome. Regarding the background conditions, the most important issues are the support of senior management, the competence of decision-makers, the structure of the decision-making process, and the existence of a common vision in the organization, mastering the vision of the organization and applying the dimensions of human resource management. Organizations should identify all the requirements and provide the conditions in such a way that they are in the most dynamic state possible. Regarding strategic decision-making processes, it can be said that managers in the banking industry should take action such as forward-looking action, continuous learning, maintaining and developing communications, strategic alliances, continuous evaluation of changes, adopting alternative strategies, developing discourse rules, strategic foresight and Put structure agility on their agenda and know that organizational results depend on these. Finally, the most important things that the managers of the banking industry should consider in their agenda regarding the consequences of strategic decision-making in high-speed environmental conditions are: using the results of strategic decision-making to improve the organization and trying to develop strategic decision-making. Advancing the core goals that all of these materials will ultimately lead to improved organizational performance.

 In recent decades, with the scarcity of world resources and the change of customer perspective beyond products and services, manufacturing and service companies must think beyond the economic benefits of their products and services and make every effort to maintain these resources and improve the country and the world. Considering the sustainability performance and its improvement, it provides the opportunity for firms to consider the economic sector, the environmental sector of the firm and the social sector, because the success of today's organizations mixed with the concept of sustainability and provides an opportunity for small and medium-sized companies to move towards sustainable economic development. Organizations need to leverage their creativity and innovation in order to maintain their sustainablility performance in today's complex and dynamic environment. The supply chain dynamics may be able to help. Another dynamic concept, supply chain resilience, introduced as a capacity for survival, adaptation and growth in turbulent times. In addition, dynamic capabilities are organizational processes that intentionally modify and change the organization's resource base and known as an emerging strategy to achieve the sustainable goals of an organization. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of supply chain dynamics on firm sustainability performance with mediating role of remanufacturing capability and supply chain resilience.  The statistical population of the study is small and medium-sized companies active in Sepidrood industrial Town. Data collected from 48 companies through a questionnaire. In each company, one manager (selected by available sampling method) was distributed a questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Composite reliability was also used to measure reliability. Given that for all variables, this value is above 0.7 and the value of CR is greater than 0.7. For validity, content validity (using experts' opinions) and construct validity with convergent validity (Average Variance Extracted) and Discriminant validity (The Fornell-Larcker Criterion) have been done. For all variables, the value of AVE is greater than 0.5 . The first order latent variable of this article, it was calculated by the software and its output is presented. But regarding the sustainability firm performance, due to its second order latent variable, it was manually calculated and reported. Data analysis in this study was done by structural equation modeling( SEM) with partial least squares approach using Smart PLS .  The purpose of study was to investigate the effect of supply chain dynamics on firm sustainability performance with mediating role of remanufacturing capability and supply chain resilience. Therefore, by using a questionnaire, the necessary information collected from the Sepidrood industrial Town of Rasht, and Smart PLS used to analyze the data. The results show that supply chain dynamics affect remanufacturing capability and supply chain resilience directly. In addition, the remanufacturing capability has a positive effect on sustainability Firm performance and supply chain resilience. Supply chain resilience has a positive effect on the sustainability Firm performance directly and indirectly through the remanufacturing capability and supply chain dynamics. This paper did not confirm the role of supply chain dynamics and sustainability Firm performance.  It is concluded that small and medium-sized companies in order to take advantage of sustainable performance opportunities, should consider the drivers of supply chain dynamics and provide the basis for the development of firm sustainable performance by using supply chain dynamics indirectly through remanufacturing capability and supply chain resilience. With strategies such as creating an opportunity by managers to study the environment and learn from it to increase the speed of adapting to the environment and responding to its changes, strengthening the role of innovation in the organization's products and services and operational processes, passing laws regarding the collection of obsolete products, strengthening this insight. that recycled products do not mean second-hand products, the use of reverse logistics to re-enter parts into the production flow can reduce the cost of product production for both the company and the customer to some extent, improve the risk management culture in the organization and etc, can improve sustainability performance according to the results of this study. This article provides relevant and useful information related to the sustainability performance of small and medium-sized companies and the factors affecting it. Therefore, in order to improve their sustainability performance, small and medium-sized companies can take advantage of the effect of the variables of the implemented model to achieve sustainable performance.

 In today's world, the field of international relations is very important and economic diplomacy consider an important tool for the economic growth and development of countries at the international level. Economic diplomacy involves accessing international markets, attracting foreign investments, and influencing global laws to achieve national benefits. Iran located in a region that is very important from a geopolitical point of view and also has privileged geographical, human and natural resources that can take advantage of these strengths and in addition to use the opportunities in neighboring countries and removing weaknesses and avoiding threats to achieve a suitable economic position in the region and the world. The commonalities between countries may expand the relations between them.Iraq, as a border country, has common cultural and religious points, in line with the developments in the region with the Islamic Republic of Iran, has much in common and therefore must have very strong relations with Iran.  The SWOT method uses to study the literature of the subject, including theoretical and experimental literature, analysis of raw data available from valid internal and external sources. The interviewe is anther tool for gathering data from officials in the subject under discussion. First identified internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) strategic points and considered its most important points as strategic points and in the next step to complete the required data, distributed the questionnaire among the experts. The data obtained led to the extraction of the conceptual research pattern. Then, while explaining the research method, the information analyzed.  The effective and active cooperation between the two countries of Iran and Iraq for stability in the region and the development of economic and trade relations with the benefits of the two nations brings a better economic situation for both countries. In addition, the economic capacities of the two countries can serve the benefits of both nations. The two countries can take useful and effective steps to secure the interests of their nations and other nations of the region by strengthening the level of cooperation and coordination. Due to the unintended military in Iraq since 2005 and Iranian support to this country, the level of trust and security defense relations between the two countries established. Despite these good relations, especially after the collapse of the Ba'athist regime and the establishment of a people's government in Iraq, Iran has not yet made good use of Iraq's trade potential, which is a relatively high-financed country, and still has a high capacity to exploit. Considering that the developments in Iraq are effective on the interactions between the two countries, in order to achieve long-term economic opportunities in Iraq, our country needs to develop appropriate and effective strategies and policies in different parts of this country. In this regard, this study conducted with the aim of examining the economic relations and interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq and providing appropriate solutions for the effectiveness of these relations. In this research, in order to choose a suitable strategy, the SWOT method used for data analysis. In this method, for Iraq, there will be two environments, an environment in which Iran is influential called the internal environment, and an environment in which Iran is subject to Iraq and cannot be influential is the external environment.  The results showed that by analyzing the data using internal and external evaluation matrices, a score of 2/741 and 2/6 of the ceiling score of 4 can be assigned to the internal and external performance of Iran-Iraq economic relations. According to the Swat method, because they are more than 2.5, they show a good general condition; but it is not a high score and testifies to the fact that there is a potential capacity to improve economic relations between the two countries. Following the research, by forming and analyzing the Swot matrix, 12 strategies were developed to promote relations and interests between the two countries, which include 6 offensive strategies, 2 conservative strategies, 1 competitive strategy and 3 defensive strategies. Entry and analysis of these strategies with a quantitative strategic planning matrix, showed that of these strategies, 4 very good strategies, 3 good strategies, 4 medium strategies and an unacceptable strategy, and finally to make suggestions for the implementation of each of the above strategies took.

 In today’s high-velocity dynamic environment, product innovation has turned to be a critical element contributing to increased performance and sustained competitive advantage. Despite the vital importance of this issue, empirical studies on product innovation, particularly dynamic capabilities impacting innovation outcomes, are limited. Besides, there are several studies in the extant literature that call for quantitative or qualitative research investigating specific dynamic capabilities that increase innovation performance outcomes. Thus, grounded on dynamic capabilities theory, the present research is aimed at investigating organizational dynamic capabilities that enhance product innovation performance, providing empirical evidence for critical roles of dynamic capabilities in improving product innovation performance outcomes.  

The current study has adopted a qualitative approach to achieve the research objectives while the literature on dynamic capabilities is obsessed with quantitative studies. Specifically, this study has employed semi-structured interviews with 36 managers of Iranian medical equipment manufacturers in order to gather primary data. Also, this research has utilized applied thematic analysis in order to analyse the data. Specifically, the interviews with managers were transcribed and MAXQDA 18.0 was employed to perform thematic coding in three levels, resulting in 600 coded segments.    

  The results show that dynamic capabilities play essential roles in improving medical equipment companies’ innovation performance. Specifically, this study reveals that there are 18 sensing, seizing, and reconfiguration capabilities that bring about enhanced product innovation performance, thus empowering the companies to respond to innovation opportunities effectively. Concerning the sensing capabilities, the results indicate that medical equipment companies should constantly gather customers and other key decision-makers’ information and conduct various market researches to be aware of market changes. Besides, they should be proactive regarding their intelligence generation practices and adopt an open mind-set to identify opportunities. In respect of seizing capabilities, results indicates that marketing, quality management and branding capabilities are essential to respond to innovation opportunities and the companies should also have high levels of managerial and research and development capabilities. Regardingreconfiguration capabilities, it reveals that the companies should employ their research and development capabilities to upgrade and integrate their resources and routines. Additionally, they should utilize their digital technologies to continuously reconfigure their resources and increase their flexibility seeing that firms with higher levels of agile reconfiguration capabilities benefit from enhanced innovation performance outcomes.  

From a theoretical point of veiw, this study notably contributes to the dynamic capabilities theory seeing as it identifies specific dynamic capabilities that augment innovation performance. Arguably, the research on dynamic capabilities is in early stages and prior studies in the literature have consistently called for empirical quantitative or qualitative research examining dynamic capabilities that improve firms’ innovation performance. From a managerial perspective, the current study sheds light on a set of dynamic capabilities that brings firms increased innovation outcomes; thus, the resultant findings empower these companies, particularly medical equipment manufacturers, to effectively develop organizational sensing, seizing, and reconfiguration capabilities and, in turn, respond to innovation opportunities successfully.

 In the new age and due to the advancement of technology and increasing changes in the business world, Startup businesses an important role in the economy of any country. This role has led entrepreneurs and business elites to think of new ways to grow and increase sales of these startups. One of the most flexible and agile business models is startups, which researchers refer to as the engines of the national economy. Startups are fast and flexible, have less bureaucracy, and have more motivation to succeed than large corporations. Startups are the beating heart of any economy. In developing countries, the commercial success of these start-ups is an important issue. But despite their continued contribution to economic growth, these companies face many problems, including resource constraints. The high failure rate of startups has led to a waste of resources and capital, so that the failure rate in the early stages of startups is much higher and has put them at high risk. Another limitation is that startups do not have high financial resources and capital, so to survive and succeed in competitive markets, they must use methods that achieve the highest results at a low cost and can attract customers. The growth of startups is significantly associated with economic development at the industrial, national and regional levels through the exploitation of new jobs and job opportunities. But much of the effort of entrepreneurs and innovators to start a business fails, with 9 out of 10 startups failing. Therefore, startups must look for strategies that respond to these limitations. One of these strategies is growth hacking, which is an ambitious attempt to grow the business as one of the most powerful solutions for companies with minimal financial resources. Startups are now using new and powerful methods called growth hacking to achieve maximum growth with astronomical growth at the lowest financial cost. In fact, growth hacking is a marketing strategy that uses analytical thinking and social metrics to expand the technology of startups. Therefore, according to what has been said, the main question of the present study is what is the implementation pattern of growth hacking strategy for startups? In addition, another point that raises the issue of research is the existence of a theoretical vacuum on the subject of growth hacking pattern for startups. Therefore, this study was conducted to design a model for implementing growth hacking strategy for startups. The method of research is mixed of qualitative and quantitative but is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data nature and method. The statistical population of this research consists of university faculties in the field of marketing and market management as well as sales and marketing managers of startup co. participating in the research.Therefore, the statistical sample of the study was considered among the members of the community using the snowball sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical adequacy of 41 people. In the qualitative part of the data collection tool, the interview is semi-structured, part of which was conducted in person and the other part by telephone with the sample members. To evaluate the validity and reliability of data collection tools in the qualitative part, the content method and theoretical validity and reliability within the intermediary encoder were used, which showed the confirmation of these two indicators. Also, the data collection tool is in the quantitative part of the questionnaire, which was given to the experts in person and by email. Validity and reliability of data collection tools in the quantitative part of content validity and reliability of the retest showed that the validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed. In this research, coding method and Atlas.ti software were used to analyze the data in the qualitative part. For quantitative analysis, interpretive structural modeling method has been used. Also, regarding the startup companies cooperating in the present study, it is necessary to explain that 30 startup companies in Lorestan province have participated in this research. Among the sales and marketing managers of startup companies, 30 of these managers have One person from each company participated in this study. The results of this research include presenting the implementation model of growth hacking in four stages of emergence of growth hacking thinking and philosophy, creating grounds for growth hacking, formulating growth hacking strategies and its consequences. The results show that the most important hacking strategies are SEO strategy, digital and electronic marketing, influencer marketing and gamification. The research results include identifying the components related to the implementation of growth hacking strategy and determining the leveling of these factors. The most important components related to the implementation of growth hacking strategy are: SEO strategy, motivating customers to engage with the brand, analytical and creative thinking, persuading and attracting customers, digital and electronic marketing, profitability improvement, statistical skills, coding analysis and programming Critical thinking, influencer marketing and content production for cyberspace, marketing intelligence, increasing market share, customer oriented market thinking, growth mindset, gamification, strengthening the company's competitive position, data analysis and market data-based decision making. After the components related to the implementation of the growth hacking strategy were identified, the structural matrix and internal relationships of the variables were formed. Then the initial matrix was determined and its internal consistency was established. Then, by interpretive structural modeling, the level and priority of variables were determined, and finally, after leveling and determining the relationships, the final model was drawn according to the adapted achievement matrix. In the present study, the implementation of growth hacking strategy is done in four stages: the consequences of growth hacking, growth hacking strategies, areas of growth hacking and thinking and philosophy of growth hacking.

 In the last decade, small and medium enterprises have been considered as the main source of job creation and income in countries. These companies are more important because they play an important role in creating employment, increasing growth and economic development in the country. Also, Businesses with creativity and innovation do not shy away from change and use environmental conditions as an opportunity to create a competitive advantage. As a result, it increases flexibility. Therefore, achieving strategic flexibility in an environment where some organizations have not yet found their place in today's complex environment and need an immediate and fundamental change in the organization is important. Managers with strategic thinking can adapt to environmental changes. When managers are in a changing and unpredictable environment, they increase their efforts to adapt to environmental change and find new solutions. Managers of organizations, institutions and companies that want to grow and develop; they need to learn and apply at least some strategic thinking skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of managers 'strategic thinking on the flexibility of SMEs' strategy considering the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation.

The purpose of this study is practical and in terms of data collection, it is a descriptive survey that has been done by cross-sectional method. The statistical population of this study is all managers and executives of small and medium enterprises in Semnan province. Since the number of units deployed in this province is more than 1609 units, thus considering the limited statistical population of the statistical sample size of 310 people using Morgan table was considered. On the other hand, the sampling method used in the present study is stratified random sampling. In addition, three standard questionnaires Liedtka (1989) for measuring strategic thinking, Hughes and Morgan (2007) questionnaire for measuring entrepreneurial orientation and for strategic flexibility questionnaire of De Toni & Tonchia (2005) were used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used to measure reliability. Data analysis in this study was done by structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach using SPSS and Smart Pls.

The findings of the study showed that strategic thinking of managers has a positive and significant effect on strategic flexibility and entrepreneurial orientation. Entrepreneurial orientation also has a significant impact on strategic flexibility. Finally, entrepreneurial orientation mediates the relationship between strategic thinking and strategic flexibility.

Entrepreneurial orientation is an active strategic orientation that tends to take an aggressive approach to product innovation. Entrepreneurial orientation responds better to turbulent economies that usually do not follow the rules of competitive markets. Therefore, in order to increase the entrepreneurial tendency of managers and officials, it is suggested to pay attention to improving their capabilities and employees, transferring up-to-date knowledge to employees, encouraging employees to do creative and innovative work and supporting them, increasing the spirit of criticism among them and promoting this Culture in the organization, holding training programs to change attitudes and instill the belief among managers and officials that there are better ways to do things. Managers and executives can increase the company's flexibility by increasing innovation and creativity in the organization, increasing the ability to estimate the immediate needs of customers, responding quickly to market changes. Given that the entrepreneurial orientation means factors such as a bold and independent position to maximize profitability, the desire to carry out new projects and risky programs, courageous and extensive actions to achieve goals, provide new services, introduce new technologies Frequent changes in new services, etc., it can be concluded that the entrepreneurial orientation of CEOs affects the strategic flexibility of companies. In general, it can be concluded that management with an entrepreneurial orientation can improve the performance of the company. Therefore, it is recommended to design and implement general training courses related to entrepreneurship using the opinions of entrepreneurs and professors in the field of entrepreneurship, because these programs and training courses should be based on comprehensive characteristics and learning principles and regardless of time constraints.

 The research’s aim is cognitive-emotional modeling of integrated advertising by identifying and discovering cognitive and emotional elements and components in different advertising tools. we achieve a model consisting of different advertising tools, along with identified cognitive and emotional elements.
The approach of this research is classical Grounded Theory; in this approach, after depth semi-structured interviews with experts and informants in this field, open coding is done while implementing the interviews. Sequential review, review and return to the previous step are the principles of this approach. At this stage, the formation of categories and concepts, which is the main concern of the interviewees and informants, as well as the selective coding that, did to saturate the categories and concepts discovered. In this study, after 16 depth interviews, theoretical saturation obtained. After saturation, sorting takes place; this sorting provides a theoretical blueprint or conceptual framework for formulating classical grounded theory; then in theoretical coding, we conceptualize how categories relate to each other. At this stage, through theoretical codes, we relate the concepts to each other and create a research model.    
  After performing the GT’s steps, 113 codes were extracted, which led to the emergence of three categories and nine concepts. These categories include: two-side and friendly communication with the potential customer using the cognitive and emotional elements of the corporate website, which includes four concepts, 1) Designing visual motions and using particles in the corporate website with a focus on Emotional Arousal and Increase cognition (cognitive/emotional). 2) Customer-orientation pop-up design with the aim of expanding two-side and friendly relationships with the role of emotion arousal and intensifying the Cognition of the potential        customer(cognitive/emotional). 3) Innovation in organizational color design in the website with the aim of arousing emotion and visual cognition of the organization (cognitive / emotional). Four- Using organizational slogans on the website with the effect of increasing cognition(cognitive). The second category, increasing the effectiveness of the visual cognitive and emotional dimensions of the organization's environmental advertising, has four concepts: 1) Minimal Design and implementation of the organizational logo in environmental advertising with the effect of increasing cognition (cognitive). 2) Innovation in organizational color design in environmental advertising with the aim of arousing emotion and visual cognition of the organization (emotional / cognitive) 3) Using organizational slogans in environmental advertising with the effect of increasing cognition (cognitive).  
 4) Using a short and sustainable domain name of the website in environmental advertising with an impact on cognition(cognitive). third category, the development of interaction and participation of the audience of the Instagram platform in the dissemination of cognitive and emotional content, including the concept of arousing emotion in the audience using famous personalities in the implementation of content and cognitive impact on the organization.
In order to succeed in advertising campaigns, the cognitive and emotional elements discovered in integrated advertising had properly designed and implemented, in order to create and increase attention and cognition along with arousing emotions towards advertising.

 Entering the fourth generation of industries with the advent of transformational technologies and the wider use of the Internet and information technology has led organizations to become more and more open approaches in various fields. An open approach to strategy using the IT infrastructure and with the aim of increasing transparency and attracting more participation of stakeholders inside and outside the organization offers a new discourse of strategy creation [40]. Open strategy puts aside all traditional boundaries of the organization and moves in a clear direction with a new approach. This strategy refers to strategic methods that are mostly comprehensive and transparent and include a wider range of internal and external actors than closed and traditional methods of strategy development [49]. In fact, this view of open strategy states that open strategy is a dynamic set of methods that enable internal and external factors of the organization to have more transparency, cooperation and flexibility, and more balance and scope. To be achieved within the organization as well as outside the organization [48].
In order to obtain research objective, a qualitative approach used. The strategy of this research is grounded theory and the purpose of descriptive research and data collection method is semi-structured interview. The statistical population of the research is experts in the field of strategic management who have experienced at least once in strategic planning projects. The sampling method is purposeful and theoretical. In this method, the coding process begins immediately after the first interview and based on that, it decides where and who obtained the next data to develop the emerging theory [16]. Based on the coding done in the tenth interview, we reached a theoretical saturation, but to ensure the interviews continued until the 12th interview.
Research results show the increasing stakeholder participation and involvement in strategic planning processes can create 1) new knowledge, 2) strategy acceptance and 4) strategy commitment to implementation.  Then the quality of strategic decisions will be upgrade, but the implementation of this approach within the organization and different levels of strategy are definitely a challenging task for organizations [41] and require special requirements inside and outside the organization. Results show that the central category of research is the implementation of open strategy, which includes a set of conditions and requirements for the implementation of open strategy that need to realized for the proper implementation of this strategy. These requirements include the following: Strategic agreement, strategic review, idea acquisition process, strategic culture building, strategic discourse building, strategic cognition, and development of appropriate communication technologies, strategic preparation and support, strategic fit.
The purpose of this study is to identify the requirements for the implementation of open strategy, which has stated the necessary conditions for the implementation of open strategy. In this research, using the apparent approach (Glaser) and through interviews with research experts, 9 categories (strategic agreement, strategic review, idea acquisition process, strategic culture building, strategic discourse, strategic cognition, and strategic communication technologies), Strategic readiness and support, and strategic appropriateness) extracted as requirements for the implementation of open strategy. These categories include 19 components and 80 open codes. Involvement of internal and external stakeholders can provide the conditions for successful implementation by implementing a clear understanding of the requirements and conditions for the implementation of open strategy and the importance of these conditions in the process of opening organizations. Open strategy, through information transparency within the organization, stakeholder participation and cooperation and the use of information technology tools, witness the alignment with environmental changes, improve the overall quality of decisions, better management, balance of development and implementation Strategies, improving innovation processes and improving the overall performance of the organization. Managers can lead to a sustainable competitive advantage in organizations with a strategic process. Research in this area often focuses on the concept of open strategy [7, 52] and its challenges and benefits [1, 4], and less research has been done on the requirements of open strategy implementation. In their research, Amrollahi and Rolandes (2015) and (2018) sought to design a method for open strategy planning that is consistent with the present study in terms of the process approach they have in their research. Dubois and Kepler (2017) in their study emphasize the opening of strategy through communities that supports the process of strategic discourse in this study.

Open innovation has been discussed in the management of innovation literature over past decade, which has led to the increasing recognition of its benefits, including the use knowledge inputs accelerate domestic innovation and expanding the market for using innovation in small and medium company. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting or being affected in a comprehensive model of open innovation for gold industry of Iran and to explain the relationship between these factors. The present research is of qualitative type with exploratory-explanatory nature in which the systematic review of research literature, meta-synthesis approach and content analysis have been used. Based on the seven steps of meta-synthesis after passing through several layers of evaluation: 54 articles, out of 3151 initial ones, were chosen careful content review and identifying desired variables and semantic units. In regard, 25 concept codes were extracted and after examining their validation by help subject matter experts, the relationships between them were also induced from scientific texts and drawn in a conceptual framework. Then, in order to implement the identified framework in the gold industry of Iran, semi-structured interviews with the experts the gold industry of Iran were designed and conducted, which led to the identification of 11 new and specific factors for the gold industry. By merging and categorizing the factors, 34 final categories were identified and by examining relationships between them, open innovation model in gold industry of Iran was developed and important influential and influential factors were identified in model.

Most countries have experienced rapid growth in their health care costs in recent years. Given the growing cost of this sector, it seems important to identify the components that affect health spending. The purpose of this study is a comparative study of factors affecting the cost of private and public health care in selected developed and developing countries.

The present study, using time series data for the period 2000-2019 and based on the data panel method, has examined the variables affecting health expenditures for the private and public sectors.

The variables of GDP, life expectancy, population over 65 years and urbanization rate in both groups of private and public in selected countries have a positive and significant effect on health care expenditures; The population under 14 years of age in both groups of countries had a negative and significant relationship with health care expenditures in both sectors; Also, out-of-pocket payment variable has been negative and significant in developed countries and positive and significant in developing countries. The coefficient of foreign aid variable in developing countries has been negative and significant. There is no literacy rate with health costs.

Considering the share of public and private sectors in health expenditures in developing countries, governments, as the largest public institution, should take the necessary measures to increase the share of public sector in health expenditures.

The purpose of this study is to provide a model for the development of industrial clusters (studied in the plastics industry). The research method is qualitative and content analysis. The participants of the research are managers, professors and business owners of plastic units up to 12 people after theoretical saturation and purposefully criterion (professors with minimum rank of assistant professor and at least 5 years of experience, Managers of active companies consisted of at least 5 years of experience and at least a master's degree. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and data analysis was done through thematic techniques. To evaluate the validity of the research, the method of triangulation of data sources (using different data sources to draw results) was used. Holst reliability coefficient was also used to evaluate the reliability. The results show that the development indicators of Iran's plastic industrial cluster include "supply of raw materials (creation and identification of recycling units; center for supply, supply and distribution of raw materials; formation of raw material supply network)", "supply of machinery (design and mold "Building; benefiting from new technologies; supporting the production of domestic technologies)", "Development of sales and exports (marketing; product quality; branding)", "Government institutions (legal support; cooperation; financial support) ) "," Business service providers (after-sales service; manpower training; responsibility) "and" company management (having technical and specialized knowledge; time management; planning; communication skills; Influence and influence). Using the in the plastics industry can lead to the development and export of products of this industry in the region.