International Journal of Political Science
Volume:12 Issue: 5, Sep-Oct 2022

By discrediting the Keynesian versions, it gave way to return to the fundamental principles of liberalism and spurred economists who wanted to revive liberalism. Friedrich von Hayek played a special role in this way. Milton Friedman, the American economist of the Chicago school, accompanied Hayek on this path. Unlike Keynes, both of them believed in reducing the role of the government in the economy and evaluated the market-oriented economy as the only way to achieve political and economic freedom. After some time, neoliberalism inspired by the theories of Hayek and Friedman was criticized by the opponents. As the critics of economic globalization see neoliberalism as responsible for the creation of a world that has brought a minority to fabulous wealth and has plunged a large part of human society into misery; And they think that neoliberalism shows itself all over the world with components such as the difficulty of living, the intensification of the class gap, the intensification of exploitation, etc. trends such as the class division of education and the deprivation of many people from health. As one of the most prominent critics of neoliberalism, David Harvey tried to show the important differences between liberal and neoliberal policies. He introduces neoliberalism as a deviant path to free employers, governments, and capitalists from the constraints on which liberalism was formed. Harvey emphasizes that neoliberalism is a political project that was keyed by the capitalist class in the late 60s and early 70s to curb the power of the working class, at a time when it felt strongly threatened by this class both politically and economically.

Given the similar social structures in the Middle East and elsewhere the sort of knowledge or social knowledge in this area is very unique. The intensified active political field is a matter of constant discussion. The Separation between the mainstream sociology in the Middle East and the other parts of the world in the field has always been questioned. The sociology of knowledge has been a framework in reviewing the developments in the Middle East in recent years. So, Re-reading of   the sociology of knowledge can be an instrument in enlightening this area. In The sociology of knowledge, the determination of knowledge is the basic principle. This definition also includes the paranormal; religious and ideological beliefs of people. The basic idea can be the reason of ​​the differences between this area and the other parts of the world. The main root of conflict is either the matter of mutual trust or absence of that in the Middle East and the presence or absence of certain facts. Thus, the proposition that the concept of ideology as cultural and social relations in a social network can also be formed in a particular location is a serious conflict. The main ride here disputes the theory that the nodes are brighter. The route will be over in three steps. The hypothesis of this paper is formed by these main three steps. By analyzing the issue of the sociology of knowledge which is the social determination of knowledge, we are seeking for the contrast of that with the utmost main knowledge in the Middle East (the religion and the religion with any possible interpretation).in following we are about to show that in the theoretical duals which the sociology of knowledge is defined by that is not valid in the social knowledge in middle east. Finally, the central cause of this theory which is the real/idea and its opposite and dialectical relations that evolutes in different tendencies and historical eras have basically no place in the main principles of knowledge in Middle East. The reality and the idea in the Islamic philosophy as the primary source of though in Middle East have got their own special register and they never have had any opposite and dialectical relations with one another.

Man was created with problems and he overcame them with the cooperation of humans. The complexity of the problems caused people to establish social institutions such as government. But not only did it not solve the crises, but also added to their complexity. In this article, we tried to show with the help of the "chaos" model of "James Rosena" that the crises in the age of communication and globalization, which have disturbed the world order; It is the same as order, and it is the result of a series of actions with the variables of tyranny, monopoly, corruption, lack of efficient institutions, rent, weak and dependent governments, which is the reaction of chaos. Nations elect government leaders with collective participation to establish stability, prosperity, comfort, justice, security, distribution of resources, transparency, progress, democracy and stable human dignity; Otherwise, cooperation, participation, trust, legitimacy, initiative and creativity will decrease and cost, multipolarity and corruption will increase in the society. Can leaders earn trust? In a word, yes! With the hypothesis that bilateral cooperation and legitimacy should increase. The solution in honesty is to keep promises and be accountable; So that social trust and the relationship between the government and the nation return to the society. Citizens' trust in government and institutions is dynamic, changeable and cause and effect. The governments of the Middle East, such as Iran, are regulated in the framework of command and obedience, and demand and demand have no place in it. Therefore, the formation of a modern government is in an aura of uncertainty.

Iran and Russia have been in contact with each other for more than a thousand years, of course, these relations were more social and commercial until the Safavid era, but gradually it took a political and military form, and in the Qajar period, the two countries became neighbors and the period A war and threat emerged between them that made Russia the most important element in Iran's international political life for two centuries. The existence of peaceful relations between the two countries in different periods, the general atmosphere of these interactions was based on the threat element of Russia and the vulnerability of Iran, seeking a third power to create balance. The two phenomena of Iran's Islamic Revolution and the collapse of the Soviet Union brought about the fundamental transformation of the two countries, especially the departure from the neighboring status. Along with the deterioration of Russia's relations with the United States and the West since the beginning of the Ukraine crisis in 2014, Moscow has increased its efforts to expand its relations with Iran. Of course, Iran (especially after the 1979 revolution) has not had friendly relations with the United States; Therefore, having common objections to the foreign policy of the United States has been a factor for cooperation between Iran and Russia. The rapid developments in the Middle East, especially in Syria, Iraq and Yemen, are among the historical milestones in Tehran-Moscow relations. The scene of the developments in Syria has provided a favorable background for the objective prominence of the points of commonality between Iran and Russia regarding international developments and the Middle East region. What is certain is that both countries are against the expansion of the western world's political, economic and military influence in their surrounding areas due to various geopolitical historical reasons and to protect their national interests and security.

Two religious modernism movements were formed in Iran since the Persian Constitutional Revolution. Centering on “Tawhid” (oneness) and “reason” and referring to the Quran, one movement focused on religious reform through confronting different forms of polytheism and stamping out superstitions attributed to Islam and Sharia. On the other hand, another movement was formed that came to be known as religious intellectualism and reform. It stepped in a tangible and realistic path, which the society and the young generation needed, and distanced itself from abstract, philosophical, and “Kalami” notions cut off from concrete actual challenges. Ayatollah Taleghani and Mehdi Bazargan were the prominent pioneering figures in this school of thought. Taleghani was a follower of Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Naini and put forward a new form of Quranic studies in his modernist religious thought. Moreover, he suggested new models for the common and accepted religious and political notions, among which “shura” [consultation] was the most important with its highlighted position in the political and governance system. This descriptive-analytical study aimed to examine the relation between religion and politics in Taleghani’s thought through library research. The results indicated that in his view, religion possesses components that should be studied through a new perspective and used to challenge politics, particularly governance.

This study examined the Covid 19 Response by Nigerian Government. Covid 19 pandemic spread to every nook and cranny of the globe and disturbed every country. The study relied on the secondary data while content analysis was employed in analyzing the gathered data. Public Policy was used as a framework of analysis in this study. The study discovered that Nigerian Government spare no time in formulating several policies in an attempt to stem the spread of Covid 19 virus. The measures included contact tracing, imposition of curfews, interstate travel ban among others. It was recommended that apart from reposition the health care sector through providing nieces instrument and facilities, government ensure proper check up at the country’s entry point so as to detect anyone with the virus before coming into the country. Citizens on there should be compliant to Covid 19 safety measures.

Challenges and distinctions between human rights and individual freedoms in Iran and international law have been one of the controversial topics in the domestic and international fields in recent years. And the inner belief in the fundamental human rights and the high dignity of man has been raised and paid attention to in the most important global and regional organizations; and therefore, promoting and respecting these privileges, in the field of supporting the preservation of these regulations, despite many obstacles, many of which are summarized in the "sovereignty of governments", has traveled a very difficult path. In this article, we are trying to answer this question by using the descriptive-analytical method can guaranteeing and legal guarantees for individual freedoms in the first generation of human rights in Iran in the light of the rule of law, can guarantee individual rights? In this regard, we will examine the theories of the declaration of human rights, the legal laws of the first generation of human rights; And we have reached various findings, such as fundamental human freedoms, declarations of the first generation of human rights, human rights and citizenship in Iran, the rule of law in Iran, the rule of law and human freedom, and the executive guarantee of human rights in Iran.

The crisis in Qatar's political relations with Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries took place on June 5, 2017, which followed the talks of the Emir of Qatar regarding the importance of Iran and interaction with it, and the severance of diplomatic relations between Qatar and the four Arab countries led by Saudi Arabia.  In the wake of this crisis, the Trump administration took a middle position and encouraging Qatar to accept Saudi’s conditions, especially regarding relations and interactions with Iran. It also undertook a wide diplomatic effort to reduce the crisis, but the differences in the positions of American officials such as Trump, Tillerson, Pompeo and other officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs brings to mind a kind of passivity and lack of determination in order to secure the strategic interests of the United States in the region. With the defeat of Trump in the 2020 presidential elections and the ascension of the Democrats to power and the change of priorities in the Persian Gulf region, especially in relation to Iran, it seems that the performance of the Biden administration regarding the crisis in the relations between Saudi Arabia and Qatar is different from that of the Trump administration. The signs of this change can be seen in the change of crisis level and reduction of tensions.  This article aims to examine the diplomatic crisis between Saudi Arabia and Qatar from the perspective of the role of Iran and the view of the new administration of the United States of America and Joe Biden himself on this issue and to answer the basic question of how the variable of Iran can affect the role of the United States of America, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar have an impact on the diplomatic crisis that began between Qatar and Saudi Arabia in 2017, and what direction will the future crisis between the two countries go in the Biden administration, and what will be the impact of other influential factors in the Persian Gulf region?  In this article, using the analytical-explanatory method and using library sources, it shows that the change in the approach of the Biden administration towards Iran will cause the position of Saudi Arabia to become softer towards Qatar, and accordingly, the tension between Saudi Arabia and Qatar, one of the main parts of which was Qatar's relations with Iran, to move towards the mitigation of the crisis and the resumption of relations.

One of the most important issues in the economy is the role of government in the process of economic growth and development. Production is a complex and social activity that requires all its contexts and resources to achieve proper production for society. Therefore, the issue of importance is the manner and quality of government intervention in matters related to the economy and the welfare of the people, not the extent of this intervention. In Iran, there is always disagreement among thinkers on which institution is responsible for development. For some, the government has a duty to take the lead in development and move it forward, but for others, the government is not a good institution to promote development. These groups play a minimal role for the government. This study, by comprehensively examining these two different approaches, examines the views and ideas of three prominent scientists and experts in the field of political economy and focuses on the role of government in development. Azimi introduced development in a more general way and believed that complete development is not possible without the development of all structures. According to him, in the developed world, structural guidance (structuring in the presence of technical dominance) is unnecessary and short-term guidance is necessary. The importance of the government in the development process is so great in the idea that the main and most important institution of development is the "government based on democracy"; And he puts the judiciary and the media in the next ranks. Reiis Dana considers the state to be class in nature and does not examine the state separately from the global relations of capitalism. This lack of attention has always caused development in a fragmented, unbalanced and unsuccessful country. According to Reiis Dana, development in Iran is due to the development of capitalism, because capitalist development in the world is growing unevenly. Nili believes that government intervention in development, in addition to inefficiency, deprives people of their freedoms. Therefore, Nili looks at the issue from another angle and defends government restrictions on the economy and development by prioritizing freedom over social justice.

Paying attention to the industry, especially the textile industry, as one of the oldest industries in Iran, has been of special importance from the beginning until now. Right and wrong policies in historical periods have caused this basic industry in the country to experience various ups and downs at certain points in history. The study of the textile industry in Iran and Turkey is very important. Iran is a country that starts the process of industrialization earlier, but then Turkey, by surpassing production and innovation in this industry, was able to snatch the ball of competition and achieve high figures in the production of textiles. Now, the study of this process and the processes and policies that have been carried out can clarify the results of what has happened in the industry scene of these two countries and how the results have been able to bring a lot of currency to Turkey annually. In fact, achieving a new version of policy in the textile industry can to some extent solve the problems caused by the unfamiliarity of policymakers in the field of textiles. In this article, the methods of reviewing documents and internet search and library studies have been used.

With the advent of globalization, entrepreneurs are faced with new opportunities through access to new markets to offer products. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of innovation on internationalization and business growth among entrepreneurs. The method of this research is descriptive survey and applied in terms of purpose, which has been done with a mixed approach. The data of this research were collected through library studies and in the field method through the distribution of questionnaires. In the qualitative section, the opinions of 15 academic experts in the fields of entrepreneurship and business management, as well as the managers of the Industry, Mining and Trade Organization of Golestan Province, who were purposefully selected, were used. The statistical population includes senior managers of manufacturing companies in Golestan province. According to the Krejcie-Morgan table, 196 samples were selected by a simple random sampling method. In the quantitative part, the parameters of the research model are estimated by the structural equation modeling method. Findings showed that factors such as technology level, entrepreneurial human capital, and human capital of the society, potential competition, and economic performance are effective in creating innovation in manufacturing industries, and promoting the level of innovation leads to more internationalization and creating expectations. Growth is in entrepreneurs. Market accessibility, in turn, creates positive expectations for business growth, which leads to more competition and innovation, and ultimately contributes to a higher level of internationalization of the company's product.

Today, in all societies, the excessive consumption of energy and the concerns caused by its lack, especially for the future generations, are very important. In times of crisis, social capital can be used as one of the important components to solve problems and improve existing processes. One of the most important of these problems is the inappropriate way and lack of attention to optimal energy consumption in different dimensions. One of the prerequisites for correct and optimal consumption of energy is huge social capital. Unfortunately, some statistics show inappropriate patterns of consumption of goods and energy in our country. The per capita consumption rate of Iranians is outside the standards of global and logical standards. Iranian people are consumer oriented in all areas of consumption, including food and energy, more than people in other parts of the world. The study of consumerism in new societies is of special importance because consumerism is not only a problem for consumers, but producers and distributors of goods and services need to understand its characteristics. For this purpose, in social sciences, sociologists, economists and contemporary policy makers analyze it comprehensively, and every expert pays attention to it from a specific angle. Modern consumerism is a social damage in an indiscriminate way that requires scientific knowledge and then basic treatment, or in other words, planning. In this article, first, the characteristics and definitions of social capital have been examined from the point of view of different experts, and its role in the optimization of energy consumption policies has been examined, and at the end, planning for the modification of consumption patterns has been discussed with an emphasis on strengthening social capital.

The idea of populism or Narodniki in Russia has received less attention in Iran because it has been placed in the shadow of Russian communist leftist ideas. Conceptually, this idea is far beyond populism and Russian communism, and has had wide-ranging effects both in Russia and outside of this country. How this thought has been able to be so influential is the main issue in this article that the authors have tried to analyze with the aim of investigating its roots, dimensions and consequences. In fact, the main question is how populist thought appeared in Russia and why did it become an effective and widespread trend? The hypothesis of this article is that the idea of populism emerged as a reaction to the neglect of the role of the people in the political life of Russia in the second half of the 19th century, and because of its acceptance by intellectuals and based on a combination of three British constitutional and democratic views. French socialism and Russian nativism were spread. To investigate this hypothesis, we have used the analytical-descriptive method of political thoughts from the perspective of Thomas Spragens and in a qualitative format. The finding of this article is that social issues have arisen and the intellectual responses of thinkers, despite their own timeliness, have been reproduced in a way for centuries and are still useful and very important for understanding the social and political conditions of the periods after that.