نشریه مطالعات نقد ادبی
پیاپی 43 (تابستان 1395)

Compitation of the grammatical rules of language after the speech became inevitable in any language. Arabic language also followed this trend. After establishing commentar grammar, a number of thinkers initated a series of discussions in this field of study. Sibawayh , as an example wrote a book on issues related to grammar. As this book was very influential on other researchers, a lot of thinkers such as Abu Saeed Sirafi a prominent grammarian of the 4th century AH,clucidatd the work. Besides an extensive explanation and interpretation of grammar. He also noted lexical and …… issues and has corrected or completed some of the narrations and dauments , and has put these complex issues in simple and terse terms.  This, has resulted in extensive attention of his contemporary and future scholars to this work .That in turn helped student to learn grammar.A study of Sirafi ouvre and comparision of this intorprative work with others. Such as Rommani, Ghortobi, Ebn e kharouf, Alam and saffar, which have been documented . We understood that Sirafi did not simply explicated Alketab, whenever his ideas contradicated with Sibawayh ,found some faults in the work .He has expressed his own ideas,  corrected. Further, a study of the interpretive works suggest that Sirafis’work more significaut than others.

Plato knows all of the world’s phenomena as the shadow of truth and he doesn’t include their existential identity independent. In this research the author has tried to deal with justifying and analyzing his aesthetics system. According to Plato the artistic works are the imitation from the absolute beauty that is eternal and everlasting. On the other hand he regards the beauty as a useful and working thing and says the art have to be in service of morality and society and he doesn’t like the exciting art. As well as, he doesn’t oppose with unexciting art, although it be without moral and social role. The author after the analysis of Plato’s thoughts concludes the contradictions in aesthetic and philosophic system of Plato that they have questioned the absoluteness of principle of beauty in Plato’s thoughts.

Realization of the meaning of archetype is necessary for character recognition function. Christopher Vogler in his book named “The Writer’s Journey” has enumerated seven fundamental character archetype that is applicable to many stories. These archetypes are not all kinds of character stability but as character flexible function face mask and advance the story with energy absorption and personality characteristics. Vogler in The Writer’s Journey follows the pattern of Joseph Campbell as the hero’s journey. This article examines the seven common archetypes of characters and tries to present clear analysis of the structure and characters of “Parde-Khaneh” the drama of Bahram Beyzaii. This essay emphasizes on foundation mythical motifs ideas in dramatic manner and stress on understanding and application of character. The conclusion is that archetypes are applicable with the most of drama especially with characters of Parde-Khaneh.

Alongside the collection of poems and the poets’ biographies, the dictionaries, the Amsal-o-Hekam books, the nonliterary works and poetry miscellany and collections are considered as the most important references of the literature and Farsi language where one can come across a lot of samples of poems of the poets. The value of the recent type- that is, the poetry miscellany and poetry collections although not as much as the poetry collections and the poets’ biographies, one can gain access to poems and works that can be counted as the sole trustworthy references in some literary researches. Among these poetry miscellany and collections there is a valuable handwritten miscellany that has been estimated to have been recorded between the tenth and eleventh centuries and its handwritten copy is kept in the library of the majlis of Islamic council under number 156. This manuscript has been written by an unknown scribe and has been probably recorded based on the manuscript belonging to the sixth or seventh hijri century. The most prominent trait of this manuscript is the essence of the poems written by the unknown poets, the recent poems by the famous poets, and the attribution of some poems to the other poets, and some affidavits. The present article introduces this copy fully and tries to unravel its literary and research values for those who are interested in the poetry specially the Farsi poetry in the 5th, 1th, and 7th centuries.

Personification to all of inhuman beings is a figure which has been existed since ancient times in man mind and many reasons have been expressed for this figure such as fear of nature and unknown world (fetishism) or respect and interest to come along with some natural manifestations (Totemism) and at any rate, all of them suggest a kind of identification, because man always intended to compensate his own solitude by personifying other existents. This paper has been designed by descriptive-analytical method and based on library data and it examines the origins of personification as well as the presence of this doctrine in old myths of world and then ancient Iran and classical and contemporary literature. Some samples are mentioned to prove the unconscious need of man to being with all of manifestations of existence which manifested whether in poetry or prose works.

In terms of quality and experience of modernity is modern or modern period, whichrepresents just in time asBreak with the past and into a future that is emerging and is associated with the idea of innovationAccordingly, in the poetry of life with modernity encounter two types: (1) the content of modernity. 2. modernity in shapeSocial content and political themes of modernity in the Gyrd.mdrnyth in the form ofdeconstruction in the rhythm of prosody and the use of modern poetry formHis social management, and Islamic styles for expressing ideas and new fiction classic fantasy BullModern themes, such as: emotions nationalist, anti-oppression homeland manually and ideas with coherent style of life with concise style and lyrical subject matter in the lyrics became apparentIf political conditions in such a way that the poet was forced to abandon forms of classical liberal and modern forms used. Results of manufacturer article is: 1-modernity of the poet was fully conscious content. For a full understanding of the political and social - of his time. As a result Hnrmndanhdr life of poetry as a means to fulfill the mission of literature. 2-modernity of life was not in Shagahanh because it had been in his poems is small and only for self Golan thought and dream up new forms With air musical, initiating