فصلنامه پژوهش نامه زنان
سال چهاردهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 43، بهار 1402)

Detailed Abstract
For a long time, regulatory bodies have emphasized the importance of the role of financial managers because they are ultimately responsible for the company's financial strategies. Expert and capable women have been neglected in taking on the role of financial management in organizations. Women play an important role in creating value and increasing the welfare level of the society. Because they are more careful in social relations and pay more attention to the correct performance of assigned duties and following the governing laws; Therefore, their presence at the head of organizations can be useful. Female managers are very useful not only for ethical reasons but also for maintaining good relations with the external environment in order to acquire resources. The presence of female managers is related to the improvement of the company's performance. In addition, the role of women in improving the quality of financial reports, internal controls and audit quality has been proven.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the gender of financial managers, with an emphasis on female financial managers, on the restatement of financial statements and audit fees in Iranian companies in order to clarify the role of women in assuming managerial responsibilities in organizations. According to the investigations, no research has been done in this regard in the companies accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. Most of the researches conducted in the field of gender of financial managers have been conducted in developed countries, and their results cannot be generalized to developing countries such as Iran due to differences in cultural characteristics and corporate governance.
Restatement of financial statements can be considered as an important event that shows the low quality of financial statements of the past periods. Considering the negative consequences of restatement, it is necessary to identify the factors that affect the restatement of financial statements. The subject of audit fees and the factors affecting it have been significantly studied by researchers around the world. One of the reasons for investigating this issue is the direct effect of audit fees on audit quality. The demographic profile of senior executive managers has a significant impact on organizational performance and outputs. According to the behavioral characteristics of women and the available empirical evidence, it can be expected that the quality of financial reporting and, as a result, the reduction in mistakes and restatement of financial presentations in companies with female financial managers are more than other companies. Because higher conservatism, better monitoring and effective internal controls created by female managers are related to improved reporting and reduced financial restatements.
The present research is practical and it is classified as descriptive-correlational research. The statistical sample includes 154 firms of Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2012 to 2019. Since some companies had not formed an audit committee (as a control variable) in some years, the number of observations to test the first hypothesis; reached 1065 firm-year observations. In addition, since the disclosure of audit fee information in companies is voluntary and relatively many companies do not disclose audit fee information, therefore, the number of observations to test the second hypothesis; Reached 734 firm-year observations.
The results of the first hypothesis showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between the gender of financial managers and renewal of financial presentations. Therefore, restatement of financial statements in companies with female financial managers is less than in companies with male financial managers. By examining the results of the second hypothesis test, it was also determined that there is a positive and significant relationship between the gender of financial managers and audit fees. That is, companies with female financial managers pay higher audit fees. In general, the findings indicate that female financial managers, due to their inherent characteristics such as risk aversion and conservatism, increase the quality of financial reporting and want higher quality audits from independent auditors. The findings of this research can help legislators and drafters of regulations to better understand the effects of gender diversity in improving corporate governance and drafting or recommending regulations in this field.

The establishment of the university in the first Pahlavi period and its expansion in the second Pahlavi period caused the socialization processes of young people to change in the contemporary period. At this time, with the publication of student publications during the Pahlavi era in universities, the field for organizing students' activities was created. One of the topics that can be discussed in these student publications is the activity of female students in publishing women's student publications in the university institution; Based on this, the main idea of the current research is to identify and introduce the social issues of women in the female student publications in the university institution during the Pahlavi period And it will answer the question that women in these student publications have discussed more topics related to women's social issues?
This research has no research background. 

The current research was compiled using a qualitative method and an analytical approach. In this research, women's social issues have been investigated through a complete enumeration of all available issues of 41 titles of women's magazines published between 1321 and 1356. These sources include 41 titles of publications equal to 198 issues and include 1584 pages of publications. The analysis and macro extraction of thematic narratives included in these publications has been done based on the complete reading for each issue; Also, the analysis and classification of topics such as the use of limited language or detailed language has been done based on the independent reading of all the texts of each issue. 

A non-selective review of the articles included in the remaining number of 41 titles of women's student periodicals between 1321 and 1356 shows that in the women's student periodicals published in the country, concepts such as: Protection of Pahlavi, modern woman, literate mothers, higher education, discovery of hijab and right to vote And also in the women's student publications published abroad, which were mostly critics of the government, concepts such as: Equality, women's identity, classless society, sisterhood, communism and women's employment have been considered; Also, in general, three issues: 1- Women's higher education, 2- Social equality and 3- Women's rights in the family have received more attention.

With the establishment of the university institution in 1313 in Iran and carrying out social and organizational activities in the university, conditions were created for student publications to be published. These student periodicals discussed various topics such as scientific, social and cultural. In this process, in 1321, the first student publication with the specialized topic of women was published in Tehran University of Medical Sciences And after that, many examples of them were published in the universities of the country. The central theme of these publications was attention to women's social issues. Some of these publications had an opinion regarding the social issues of women in favor of the policies of the Pahlavi government and some were critical of it, but the common theme of their desire was to pay attention to women's issues with the aim of improving the social status of women. In the meantime, student publications that had critical approaches have paid attention to the issue of women in Iran with a more realistic and argumentative view.

Introduction and the problem statement:

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in Iran. Understanding non-affected women’s perspectives of breast cancer can effectively contribute to the development and implementation of preventive interventions against this disease. The aim of this study is to give more clarity to our understanding of Iranian women's perception of breast cancer.

Previous studies:

There are a large number of "qualitative" studies conducted on the lived experiences of "women with breast cancer" of suffering from this disease. As a matter of fact, most of the studies examining "non-infected women’s" knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors in relation to breast cancer have used "quantitative" approaches in order to describe demographic variables associated with women's awareness of and performance in performing preventive screenings. The present study is regarded as one of the few qualitative studies on Iranian non-affected women’s views on breast cancer.

In this study, a phenomenological qualitative method was used in order to accurately describe Iranian women’s views about breast cancer, and the data derived from the semi-structured interviews with 39 women aged between 20-40, who were selected in a purposeful manner, were analyzed using the Colaizzi approach. The saturation criterion was employed in order to determine the sample size and evaluate the sampling adequacy. The interviews lasted 25-40 min and were audio-recorded. Also, an interview guide was prepared for the study. The participants were asked to answer a number of questions on four subject areas including (1) women’s knowledge and perception about cancer in general and breast cancer in particular, (2) women's beliefs about the causes of breast cancer (3) women's beliefs about the probability of them getting breast cancer, and (4) women's beliefs about their possible experience in case of breast cancer and any cancer-related perceptions. The data derived from the interviews were analyzed in seven steps by the use of the Colaizzi approach.

This study addressed four aspects including (1) the perceived nature (e.g., scary, symptomatic, shameful, and progressive), (2) the perceived causes (e.g., hereditary, environmental, lifestyle, and psychological factors), (3) the perceived probability (e.g., immunization, acceptance of the possibility of infection), and (4) the perceived outcome of (e.g., harmful to female identity, deadly and treatable if diagnosed early) of the breast cancer in order to better understand Iranian women's point of view about this disease. Thinking about cancer is a terrifying experience for most women. The women who participated in this study considered breast cancer as a symptomatic disease and pointed out the presence of palpable (mass) and visible (bleeding, discharge, and deformity) or understandable (pain) symptoms. They considered this type of cancer as a progressive disease that can spread to other organs and parts of the body. Although they cited the changes that occurred in recent years regarding the acceptance of women-related issues and diseases such as menstruation, uterine cancer, and breast cancer, they believed that suffering from breast cancer, education, and discussion about it is still considered a shameful issue among the Iranian society. In explaining the causes of the disease, they paid more attention to the presence of hereditary factors and considered breast cancer as a hereditary disease. They believed that psychological factors play a critical role in getting cancer. They imagined two paths for the influence of these factors: First, they evaluated the presence of unpleasant emotional moods, e.g., stress and anxiety, as an important factor in the occurrence of breast cancer; and second, they evaluated thinking about the negative aspects of life, e.g., the disease itself, as a cause of the breast cancer.

Several outcomes can be mentioned as implications of this research. Researchers should pay enough attention to the low level of women's information about breast cancer as a result of the lack of proper education in Iran, through either the media or the health education system, due to the taboo of topics related to women's issues and diseases. We found that one of the women's perceptions is that they strongly believe that they are immune to breast cancer; this belief that can be regarded as one of the serious obstacles to searching for information and performing preventive screenings. This immunity that they believe in is based on two main components: the immunity due to not having hereditary factors; and immunity due to avoiding thinking about the disease. Regarding the causes of breast cancer, the emphasis on hereditary factors has led a significant part of women to believe that they are immune to this disease. Therefore, when implementing interventions for increasing breast awareness, the information on the age and genetic background of the disease should be presented with more emphasis and accuracy. In suggesting the reasons for not thinking about breast cancer and, of course, not performing screening, women's other belief about the impact of thinking about the disease and calling it out was among the topics with a high frequency. Therefore, the belief that thinking about the disease is a calling of and prevents women from engaging in awareness training for enhancement of breast health should be corrected by designing interventions targeting at changing the false beliefs. When designing the education related to this disease, women's belief about breast cancer as a scary and deadly disease should be also given enough attention and the high probability of its treatment in case of early diagnosis should be explained. Women's perception that breast cancer is a symptomatic disease leads them to ignore preventive measures for early diagnosis. It also seems that one of the obstacles to preventive measures is the belief in Iranian culture that considers breast cancer as a shameful disease, and consequently, women probably avoid performing breast cancer screening in order to avoid the diagnosis of a shameful disease and the resulting negative reactions. Therefore, the normalization of issues related to breast cancer should be considered when implementing preventive interventions. The results of this study have provided a valuable contribution to the understanding of Iranian women's perception of breast cancer, which can play a critical role in designing interventions targeted at increasing awareness and promoting more effective preventive behaviors among Iranian women, and as a result, reducing deaths caused by late diagnosis of this disease.

During the last century, man has embarked on a remarkable social experiment. On a global scale, the number of people living alone shows a 55% increase in a fifty-year period. According to statistics, in Iran, the population living alone has more than doubled in a period of 25 years. Despite the increasing trend of sololiving, this way of life is less discussed and therefore less understood. In some cases, the commentators have considered introducing it as a full-fledged social problem, a sign of narcissism, collapse and impaired socialization. In addition, so far, sololiving has been researched more from the perspective of psychology and mental health than as a style of modern life.
Contemporary solitary dwellers are primarily women. The advancement of women's status, including educational advancement and widespread integration into the workforce, the right to control their family, sexual, and reproductive lives, has contributed to this lifestyle. In Iran, according to the available statistics, 66%, i.e. almost two-thirds, of single-person households are women. It seems that in the metropolitan area of Tehran, there is more tolerance towards women who live alone than in other regions of the country.
The purpose of this research is to answer the question, what does sololiving mean for the participating women, and what are their motivations for choosing this lifestyle, and how do they deal with it? Has the rise of sololiving paved the way for new "urban households" to replace traditional families? In this way, one can reach the personal and social attitudes of people who live alone, the conditions and characteristics of sololiving culture and its effects and consequences.

Various social theorists including Bella et al. (1985), Bauman (2001, 2003, 2005), Putnam (2000), Giddens (1992) and Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (1995) have analyzed the process leading to sololiving. Based on the opinion of these commentators, the trend leading to living alone is always accompanied by an increase in the individualization of society. Ulrich Beck, referring to the his concept of risk society, considers the right to choose and self-creation of identity as the essential characteristic of this age, which is characterized by the choice, decision-making and formation of people who wish to create their own lives and create their own identity (Beck, 2008: 26). He believes that the changes that have occurred in modern societies have freed women to a certain extent from the femininity assigned to them by traditional characteristics (Beck, 2017: 212). Another point of consensus is that the cultural turn to individualism has led to the deterioration of standard models for intimate relationships (Bauman, 2003; Beck & Beck-Gernsheim, 1995; Giddens, 1992). On the one hand, this decline, from the point of view of theorists like Bauman, causes a kind of intimacy crisis that damages long-term relationships and causes a kind of mistrust and anxiety. On the other hand, from the point of view of theorists such as Giddens, this change leads to the emergence of relationships of the type of "pure" intimacy in which there is the concept of equality and agreement.

Research method:

The aim of this research was to reach a conceptual cycle that can explain the contexts, causal, contextual and intervening conditions, strategies and consequences of sololiving. Grounded theory gave us the chance to draw this cycle under a theoretical order and model that we could not necessarily achieve in description. The process of sample selection was conducted in a Purposive way and interviews were conducted with 20 people aged 25 to 46 who were eligible. According to the research method, samples were taken and data analysis was done simultaneously. Each interview was converted from audio to a written one fully and ultimately faithfully, which allowed us to become familiar with each individual's narratives, read them as text, and begin the process of identifying common themes and meanings.

The finding of this research was the discovery of the core phenomenon in the semantic field of sololiving: sololiving provides time and space for "restorative solitude" and gives them an opportunity as a human being to grow, to become more mature, to feel valued and validated, and to have a comprehensive knowledge of themselves, interests, abilities and finally to gain self-confidence. Besides, sololiving is a way of protecting the "self". The self, sometimes reshaped and conformed to family norms, can now be reclaimed and revitalized in a highly personalized space. Therefore, sololiving can be productive. Along with this phenomenon, these women were able to change their subjectivity and transform it into agency. Sololiving allows people to do what they want, when they want, and on their own terms, i.e. maximum agency. Therefore, it can be said that some kind of "enhanced or accelerated agency" has occurred in the sololiving of the sampled individuals.The process of participants deciding to live alone has required contexts, causes and motivations that include the desire for independence, changes in values and attitudes, economic and social base, and cultural structures. People's strategy to answer the reason for this choice is to try to legitimize it, which is achieved through different strategies.

Sololiving is challenging and places people in novel situations and creates a distinct set of personal needs. In addition to other factors, the emergence and expansion of social networks has created new mentalities, habits and situations for the emerging urban middle classes in Iran, especially Tehran metropolis, which has provided people, especially women, with the opportunity to make other choices other than marriage.
For participants, living alone as a form of self-protection usually means creating a home of their own as a shelter in the city, a home that facilitates the search for solitude and self-discovery. In theory, increasing in sololiving could lead to a variety of outcomes, from societal decline to more socially active citizenship, from rampant isolation to stronger public life. However, at this point in history, it is clear that living alone will be an enduring feature of the contemporary developed world that will spread to developing countries as well.

Abstract: 

This study has been conducted with the purpose of analyzing the life quality of women with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in Iran through the approach of grounded theory. To this end, a number of 13 women with MS who had referred to Sina Hospital in Tehran during the first half of the years 1397-1388 were selected by theoretical sampling method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Additionally, other tools such as unstructured observation, informal interview, field note, document review, and memo writing were used. Data collection was conducted continuously until ensuring data saturation. In this study, the relationships between the main categories were identified by conditional relationship guide. The relationships between these processes for the development of the central category were identified by Reflective Coding Matrix. Based on interactions and relationship between main categories,6 process developed.  The processes based on time of events respectively were: investigating and find treatment, changing in perceived dignity struggling to maintain or regain, searching for the support and supporting, efforts to achieve favorable stability and retrieving means of dignity. The context of study was social determinants factors and included five major categories: patients’ family’s wisdom, care workers’ wisdom. These three major categories were named as personal determinants.   The core category of this theory was reset and frequent objectives. 

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 and affects women more than men (McRoss et al., 2003: 144-145). Several studies show that the significant decrease in the quality of life in these patients compared to other chronic diseases is caused by the inability to perform daily life activities (Sengalchi et al., 2012: 203).
Although according to the statistics recorded in the World Health Organization (2008), the global average of this disease is between 5 and 30 per hundred thousand people. The most important goal of this study is to identify the dimensions affecting the quality of life of women with MS, hence the research questions are:How does MS disease affect the quality of family life of affected women?

In a study conducted by Rafati et al. (2018) in Mashhad city, attention was paid to the effect of anxiety, depression and tension in the family relationships of patients with MS. In this study, it has been stated that the most important factors contributing to the dissatisfaction of MS patients are misdiagnosis caused by lack of accuracy, feelings of inferiority and annoyance. In this study, the knowledge of the health staff is reported to be the most important factor in increasing satisfaction and reducing tension and anxiety in patients' family relationships. Paying attention to important issues such as authority, independence, respect for patients' privacy not only directly affects the treatment process but also the satisfaction of the patient's family.

This qualitative study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the quality of life of 13 women with MS. To start this qualitative research and understand the quality of family life of these patients, purpose-based sampling was first used. Sampling and data collection continued at the same time as their analysis, and according to the results of data analysis of previous interviews and other sources of subsequent participants, as well as the questions that should be asked in the interviews. Later, they would be asked, it would be determined. In fact, with the progress of the study, theoretical sampling was used and continued until theoretical saturation was reached.

Low sexual desire is the most commonly reported and diagnosed sexual problem among women and the most frequent reason that the couples lokking for sex therapy (Thomas & Gurevich, 2021). Female sexual interest/arousal disorder (FSIAD) is characterized by low sexual desire, few/no sexual thoughts, no initiation of sexual behavior and lack of: receptivity to partner initiation, pleasure during sexual activity, responsive desire to erotic cues, and difficulties with physical sexual arousal (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). At least 3 of these symptoms must persist for a minimum of 6 months  Studies show that women with HSDD experience significant declines in their physical health (general health, physical functioning, and bodily pain) and psychological well-being (social functioning, emotional role, and mental health). Women's sexual discomfort is associated with low relationship satisfaction and the partner's sexual problems (Lim-Watson, Hays, Kingsberg, Kallich and Murimi-Worstell, 2022). Also, women who have distress in addition to sexual interest/arousal disorders, had lower psychological well-being, lower relationship satisfaction, two person relationship s, more severe libido disorders, and more sex dysfunction (Hendrickx, Janssen and Enzlin, 2016). Compared to partners of women coping with sexual dysfunction, partners of women with FSIAD report lower sexual and intercourse satisfaction and more sexual discomfort and partnered women with FSIAD report greater distress than their unpartnered counterparts (Hogue, Rosen, Bockaj, Impett, and Muise, 2019 ).  The etiology of FSIAD is multifactorial and includes biological, psychological, and interpersonal and sociocultural factors (McCarthy, Koman and Cohn, 2018).Although FSIAD is described in the DSM-5 and ICD-10, these descriptions are not based on systematic qualitative description and review of patients' reported problems.Studies conducted on psychiatric patients have also shown that many of these patients believe that the description of disorders is focused on the external symptoms of the disease and pay little attention to their internal experiences. In many cases, the diagnostic description is far from what the patients understand about their physical, emotional and psychological experiences, and they have a feeling of being incomprehensible or neglected. Although understanding the diagnostic criteria is beneficial, therapists should know that these criteria do not accurately reflect the patient's inner world (Hackmann, Balhara & et al, 2019). According to these cases, it seems necessary to use the lived experiences of patients in every treatment process and especially in the design of treatment for FSIAD. 

The present study was qualitative and using descriptive phenomenological approach. Participants included 30 women with FSIAD referred to psychological service centers in Isfahan who were selected by purpose - based method and according to theoretical saturation . The research instrument was a semi - structured  interview.Interviews with open - ended questions "Describe your experiences of sexual desire disorder? " and " What changes has this disease caused in your life ? " It started and the next questions were asked based on the interview path and the answers of the interviewees. The duration of the interview lasted between 45 and 90 minutes.To analyze the data, Collaizi analysis method was used. Thus , after interviewing the participants of the research , the text of the conversations was rewritten word for word and reviewed several times in order to understand the experiences and perceptions of the participants . In the second step, information related to the purpose of the research was specified. In the third stage, in order to formulate meanings and extract concepts, the important phrases of each interview were identified and an attempt was made to extract a concept from each phrase that represented the key concepts of the participants ' thinking. In the fourth step, the collected concepts were classified based on the similarity of the concepts. In the fifth stage , in order to compile an analytical description of the participants ' experiences and views on the subject and a comprehensive description of female Sexual Interest / Arousal Disorder , the results were linked together and more general classifications were formed . In the sixth step, a comprehensive description of the studied phenomenon was presented in a clear and unambiguous language. In the final stage and in order to validate the findings, coding was sent to the participants to announce their suggested changes if necessary ( Morrow , Rodriguez & et al , 2015 ).

The results showed that the lived experiences of women with FSIAD in 5 main central categories of individual factors with the main themes ( psychological characteristics , dysfunctional  attitudes and lack of skills ) , marital life dysfunction with the main themes ( process marriage , marital conflicts , inhibiting spouse and sexual dyslexia ) , social environmental factors with main themes ( social cultural factors , developmental history and unhealthy lifestyle ) , consequences and treatment considerations ( with main themes of problems and limitations of treatment , facilitating factors and expectations and desires treatment ) was obtained.

The findings of this study showed that the experiences of women with sexual interest/arousal disorder are classified into 5 main categories of individual factors, marital life dysfunction, social environmental factors, consequences and treatment considerations.In summary, the findings of this research indicate that female sexual interest/arousal disorder is a multidimensional disorder and has significant negative consequences on the performance and quality of married life of these patients. Significant each category of psychological causes can be promising for researchers and therapists to discover effective strategies for psychological treatment in order to help patients recover. According to the findings and symptoms experienced and the consequences of the disease and the expectations of the participants from the treatment, it seems that therapist should have a comprehensive approach to treat this disease and be able to treat each of the symptoms and consequences of this disease. And the effective factors in the etiology of this disease should have a set of therapeutic models and scientific techniques, up-to-date and effective, and use them in the treatment process according to the needs and symptoms of the patients.So considering culture and social conditions can help in creating a more efficient framework in preventive or intervention programs for these patients

Employment is a key area for growth and self-fulfillment. Women have always faced many challenges since long ago, especially in developing countries, to achieve this goal under the influence of various historical, social and cultural contexts. Employment of women in Iran has an unequal position compared to men. These gender differences in the labor market can be identified both through the statistics and figures published about the level of economic participation of women in the Iranian society and through the discriminations in the work environment, such as taking low and less advantageous organizational positions by women compared to men. Despite the national development programs as well as the development of women's skills, abilities and education in recent years, the challenges facing them in the labor market still remain. Therefore, the present research aims to identify and achieve a coherent understanding of women's strategies to achieve employment with a qualitative and in-depth approach. In this regard, the conditions governing the adoption of any strategy by working women in medium job positions should be determined in terms of income and status.

Literature review:

Recent studies have confirmed the fact that the process of finding employment for women is influenced by some macro-demographic, cultural-social, individual, psychological and economic factors. In general, the findings of these studies, which are often carried out with a quantitative approach, indicate that women based on several variables such as age, education, capabilities, self-confidence, self-belief, having family support and access to financial resources, have different experiences in the job search process. The results of some other sociological researches show that a major part of women's bad luck in obtaining favorable job opportunities is due to the lack of attention of government and public institutions and inappropriate policies in order to ensure women have balanced privileges in the workplace. It should be noted that the findings of some other studies show that the media and social networks facilitate the job search process, especially in the field of controlling and adjusting traditional structures.

The present research, with a qualitative approach and based on interpretive methodology (grounded theory), has investigated the experiences and identification of women's strategies in obtaining job opportunities. The statistical population of this research consists of working women with average job positions in terms of income and status in Mashhad. In order to determine the sample size, two methods of targeted sampling and snowball were used, thus 19 working women were interviewed. In order to achieve theoretical saturation, the researchers implemented and analyzed the data after conducting each interview in order to identify the hidden aspects of the data and non-transparent data. In the continuation, the existing findings were completed by taking new interviews until reaching a clear picture of the phenomenon under study. Based on this, the data collection process continued until reaching the saturation stage.
Validity and reliability in the present research were measured using Guba and Lincoln's four-step approach. Based on this, numerous referrals and long-term presence in job search centers and continuous observation of the behavior of the main actors of the labor market on both sides of job seekers and suppliers were made. Also, the diversity of the respondents in terms of having multiple career records and experiences and different socio-economic bases was emphasized during sampling and data collection. Finally, the use of open-ended questions during interviews and the systematic coding of interviews at an open, axial and selective level during data analysis was one of the other strategies of researchers to fulfill the criteria of validity, transferability, reliability and verifiability in this research.

The analysis of the data of the present research led to the formulation of the central phenomenon under the title "Women's job search: balance between identity search, security seeking and independence seeking". This phenomenon has been affected by a set of causal conditions such as "unmet economic needs", "concentration of working women in peripheral social networks" and "role-identity challenges". Also, the background conditions include "increasing expansion of unstable job opportunities in the labor market" and "evolution in the criteria for validating women in Iranian society" and intervening conditions such as "education", "marriage and economic experiences related to it" and "lived experience of women in Father's house" have had an effect on the identified central phenomenon. To face the central phenomenon, the studied women use strategies such as "wandering in the labor market", "entrepreneurial experiences", "job search based on previous experiences", and "relying on peripheral social networks "," utilizing sexual capital and appeal to official organizations. Also, they have reported consequences such as "prioritization of income over job security", "redefinition of women's identity based on employment", "relative economic independence of women" and "gradual feminization of the labor market".

The results of the research show that women, under the influence of positive or motivational factors, tend to get a job outside their place of residence. It can be said that women who have pursued the job search process at least once in a serious and goal-oriented manner have been affected by factors such as unmet economic needs, the density of working women in social networks, role and identity challenges, as well as having professional skills and qualifications.
 Finally, the results of this research confirm the findings of some previous studies that women's individual characteristics are more effective than social, cultural and structural factors in their job search process. In this effort to enter the labor market by women, two main elements under the title of job security and identification are given priority over economic independence. An important part of middle-class women's efforts for employment can be seen in the light of this prioritization. In fact, being in job positions attracts women's interest more than to achieve economic benefits, because of its identity and dignity creation. Finally, in the shadow of employment and in the process of searching for desirable job opportunities, women learn about independent and effective lifestyles in society.
Therefore, in the policy making of the employment field, emphasis should be placed on creating a platform for flexible career experiences for women, taking into account the requirements of their personal and family life. Also, the optimization of the legal protection system for women in the workplace should be considered.

Rap music is a new style of music that has become famous as popular music and in the last half century in the world, despite the feeling of danger and the opposition of a significant part of sociologists, it has made significant progress and achieved world fame. This music is known as the voice of opposition and protest, and concepts such as violence and misogyny are considered to be its characteristics, which has attracted the attention of the music industry in the process of its birth and growthand according to Adorno, it is standardized and incidentally added to its anti-feminist content.This music changes artistically the social norms and in conflict with the common culture of the societies, it creates an opposing discourse and encourages young people to speak and behave against the norms.Paying attention to the significant and important educational and cultural role that women have in human societies, on the one hand, the resistance of societies against the invasion of capitalist culture, and on the other hand, preserving the values ​​and norms of local culture that has a history of thousands of years, sensitivity to the consequences of growth and It doubles the development of this type of music.It is simplistic to think that music industry just for more profitꓹhas put misogynist content on its headlines.Therefore, preserving the national and cultural identity of pluralistic global societies requires recognizing and providing an effective and timely solution to face it.One of the most famous Persian rap singers, whose songs have attracted many young people, is Tataloo. He has created a new discourse in the literature of her fans and the societywith his songs and words, which is not in line with the accepted norms of the society.Among them, we can mention Tataloo's anti-feminist discussion, and according to his own words, in 20 years, the text of his songs will be written in textbooks.It should be noted that in our society, there is nosingle conceptual definition of misogyny, and people belonging to various subcultures in all parts of the country, from one city to another, from one neighborhood to another, and even from one family to another family has its own definition of misogyny.For example, while cutting off a girl's head by the men of the family is condemned by many peopleꓹSome support it under the title of male zeal.Both views belong to the members of the same society and both groups have Iranian nationality.But the misogyny of the music industry is a concept more than existing misogynyand it has other goals, the result of which is the destruction of the value and reputation of women in the societyꓹher objectification as a consumer and consumer of the products of the capitalist systemꓹinstitutionalizing insult and disrespect to womenand it is to make them submit that is clearly seen in the content of the singer's music, her words and her lifestyle.The 13th of November 2017ꓹInstagram announced that it has blocked Amir Tataloo's user account. Because Tataloo had written insulting sentences against women in the days before that.Instagram wrote that the security of its users is the most important responsibility of this company.After this event, he continues his activity on Instagram with new user accounts and he is still in contact with his fans on various social networks.

Different researches have been done about rap music in Iran, and our intention here is not to express all the work done, but to present the backgrounds that are more in line with the topic of this article. Reza Samim and Hamed Taheri Kia (2017) in their article titled "Visualization of Persian rap in virtual space (Instagram case study)", have analyzed the images of rappers' and audience's Instagram pages that by using the process of posting andreposting images with the help of Instagram,Persian rap has become a subject for thinking and discussion by producing news along with information circulation.In another article entitled "Explaining the subjectivity process of Persian rap audience in virtual space", Reza Samim and Hamed Kia (2015) ꓹThey have interviewed 7rappers and a producer, using a qualitative approach and grounded theoryꓹfinally, Persian rap audience with features:They have identified an informed subject, a judging subject, a replicating subject, a legitimizing subject, and a constructive society. Masoud Taghiabadi and Hamid Taghiabadi (2021) in the article "Spreadinggender hatred online in social networks (Case study: misogyny of Iranian Twitter users) "ꓹby using the discourse analysis method, the tweets of Iranian users with the topic of misogyny and misogyny have been analyzed and they found that Twitter was unable to manage the space and the male/female duality, as another, has become more intense in it.An article titled "Study of Content Analysis of Attitudes towards Women in Persian Rap Music" by Halime Enayatand others (2013) was conducted by using the content analysis of several rappers' songsin which the majority of the songs have a misogynistic approach and some have an empowering and informative aspect and a critical view of women's issues. Kanani and others (2014) in an article titled "Gender Identity and Rap Music: Content Analysis of Femininity and Masculinity in Persian Rap Songs", identified three types of gender identity by analyzing the content of 80 songs.Also, in an article by Ronald Weitzer and Charis E. Kubrin (2009) entitled "Misogyny in Rap Music: A Content Analysis of Popularity and Meanings", using a content analysis of 403 songs by 31 singers, misogynistic themes: Derogatory naming and shaming Women have identified sexual objectification of women, mistrust of women, legitimization of violence against women, celebration of prostitution and degradation.Another article titled "Representation of social problems of society in Iranian social rap music (case study; text of Yas songs)" by Azam Rawdrad and Sahar Faeghi (2014) has been done by analyzing the content of 23 songs downloaded by Yas. The article "narratives of masculinity in rap music and the challenge of hegemonic masculinity" written by Masoud Kosari and Mohammad Mahdi Moulaii (2013) is also a narrative analysis and they have extracted 14 narratives of masculinity from Persian rap music.Abdullah Bichranlou and Sondos Mohammadi Nosudi (2021) in the article "From star to celebrity, the role of social media in the development of Tataloo's popularity and fandom"ꓹand the axes of realism, breaking taboos, two-way interaction with fans, promotion of a lifestyle and self-branding have been achieved.In another article, Ali Ragheb and Hassan Ighani (2022) analyzed the content of 10 songs under the title "Independent popular music and dominant culture, social subject in the themes of Amir Hossein Maqsoodlou's works in the 1990s".Also, Farid Azizi and Hamid Azizi (2022) in the article "Recording and analyzing the role of Iranian pop and rap music stars in the identification and socialization of Iranian teenage fans in the Instagram social network (case study: Amir Hossein Tataloo and Seyed Hossein Mousavi (nicknamed Tohi )",qualitative approach of virtual ethnography on the Instagram network and found that showing private life, addressing fans with the title "Tataliti", using ugly and unusual words and deviant actions; Tataloo's media tricks have been to attract fans.Psychological and emotional needs are one of the most important causes of rap music and young people's interest in rap style extends to the singer himself and leads to following the actions and words of the popular singer in the long run.As seen, the format of the conducted researches have analyzed the content of rap lyrics, among them, a handful of researches have focused on tataloo and some have reviewed this music on social networks, or had face-to-face or virtual interviews with some rappers, which does not include the interview with Tataloo. Such researches have addressed the views of rap music producers.Only the last article deals with the effect of Tataloo's poems on the fans (consumers), which was an interview with the fans in the virtual space but the current research has investigated the effect of Tataloo songs on the fans or consumers of this music directly by using in-depth face-to-face interviews with them.

The research has been done using anti-positivism-qualitative approach and grounded theory techniqueꓹ data analysis was done by adopting Strauss and Corbin interpretive analysis method and open, axial and selective coding process (Mohammadpour, 2018).In grounded theory method, data analysis is done through various coding.In this method, three types of coding are used: open, axial and selective coding. The first step is open coding, which includes data analysis, comparison, and categorization.In axial coding, it is important to describe the relationships between categories and subcategories.In selective coding, the foundations of the construction of the grounded theory are obtained based on the relationship of multiple categories with the main and central category.In order to avoid errors and biases in data analysis, Gliser proposed three methods of continuous comparison, complete saturation and connection with the central category for contextual theorists (Rabbani, Abbaszadeh, 2018).The current research used non-probability and purposeful snowball samplingꓹ The way to select each sample was that first interview started with one of the informants who was also a Tataliti and then she would introduce the next tataliti that she knew to the researcher, and the sampling continued until theoretical saturation. The selected samples were Tataloo fan girls living in Tehran.After conducting 10 interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved. Triangulation was used to increase validity and reliability which includes: data triangulationꓹ investigator triangulationꓹ theoretical triangulation.The reliability of the findings was obtained by observing the principles of in-depth interviews, complete recording of narratives and word-for-word implementation of the interviews.

The purpose of this research was to determine the reasons for the popularity of anti-feminist singer's songs among young girls.One of the findings of this research is the concept of local hegemonic masculinity from the causal conditions of this articleWhich is in line with the findings of Kubrin and Weitzer (2009) and Kosari and Molaii (2013) and is also true for Tataloo. Local hegemonic masculinity inspires rap music.In the causal conditions that exist local hegemonic masculinity in the society, the intensity and weakness of patriarchy in each city and neighborhood is different from other regions of the countryꓹmen have a higher status than womenꓹ in the workplaces, they receive more salary and income than women.Their physical strength is admired and women are generally portrayed as the second sex with gender stereotypes. Also, the lack of female rappers in the field findings wasproposed in support of Kubrin and Weitzer's (2009) theory.In the field where the singer turned to drugs and alcohol and he expresses his difficult lived experience from his own language and reflects it in his words and poemsꓹ Tataloo's fans have reached the phase of listening to his songs to the phase of imitating his beliefs, actions and words.In other words, the listening audience has become an imitative audience of his favorite singerꓹas a result of this imitation, girls also consider misogyny in the society as normal.Fans ignore the gay singer's wife on the pretext of drug and alcohol use.On the other hand, the role of the music industry in pressuring rappers to produce misogynistic lyrics cannot be ignoredꓹbecause the music industry rejects and marginalizes the singer who violates this principleꓹ also, the lack of training in the relationship with the opposite sex in the traditional society has fueled it as an intervening conditionꓹ by using anti-feminist lyrics and words, such as calling girls new-faced and using them as tools, Tataloo helps to reproduce the power and supremacy of men and the inferiority of women in societyand he fuels the trend of gender discrimination and misogyny in the society's culture.Although some fans have criticized the media coverage of New Faces in cyberspace,but in general, fans have accepted the singer's sexual abuse of girls by not forcing them to become new faces.depth interviews with the girls, shows that the acceptance of the girls was out of necessity and submissionbecause if it led to happiness, its consequence would not appear in the form of despair towards the future and tendency to nihilism.Nihilism, from the findings of this research, is in line with the findings of Kubrin (2005), Bichranlou, Mohammadi (2021), Azizi, Azizi (2022). Therefore, it is suggested that by revisiting the formation process of this phenomenon and applying calculated changes,the destructive factor turned despair into hope.Neglecting the unfulfilled needs of girls in the society has created a big vacuum that Tataloo has been able to fill the existing vacuum more effectively by using the powerful tool of art. Therefore, without taking into account the needs of girls and being flexible to their demands, it is not possible to prevent the occurrence of the acceptance of anti-feminist songs and avoid its harmful consequences.The researches reviewed about Tataloo have been mostly concerned with analyzing the theme of the poems and understanding the reader's views and none of them have paid attention to the misogynistic feature of the songs and have not investigated it as a problemwhile this research has dealt with the misogynist aspect of the songs.Also, unlike other researches, the researcher went to the listeners of the songs and narrated the views of Tataloo music fans directly from their own words.In other words, the understanding of the meanings, views, experiences and perceptions of the girls was obtained from their own point of view and using face-to-face interviews, and not from the point of view of the researcher or even the rapper.The theory of the research has been data-oriented, using in-depth study on Tataloo samples, in the natural environment and from the perspective of fans who listen to Tataloo music. Among the ways of distinguishing the method of this research from the researches that have been done, we can mention the following: live experience in real conditions, without disturbing the scene and collecting data in a non-interventional way, long contact with fan girls and continuous observation and review and data collection. He pointed out different temporal and spatial angles and discovered new categories.