نشریه گردشگری شهری
سال نهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

A B S T R A C T
This research aims to investigate environmental issues, their destructive effects, and their roles and potentials in attracting tourists to the ecotourism axes, the Lashkark-Dizin axis. The type of applied research and the method of that research is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of this research is 3 statistical population of experts, people living in the studied axis, tourists entering the studied axis, and the sample size based on the random sampling method is 30 people for the first community, 200 people for the second community, and 150 people for the third community. In this regard, the final evaluation of the value of the waterfalls along the path and the green tourist routes and sports facilities of the Lashkark-Dizin axis, the results of this method show that the economic index is 0.859 and the standard of amenities and services is the highest with 0.842. They have played a role in attracting tourists as well as investment purposes. The results of the network analysis model also show that economic activity development indicators with a value of 0.157 have played the greatest role in the destruction of the environmental resources of the Lashkar-Dizin axis. In the next order, the change of uses, such as the change of use from agriculture and gardens to commercial; change of use from residential to commercial; Change of use from agriculture and gardens to facilities and equipment; The change of use from parks to residential and tourism centres with a rate of 0.098 has had a significant impact on the destruction of the environmental resources of this axis.
Extended Abstract
Today, tourism is one of the most important opportunities for environmental sustainability. Because environments have always been fragile and sensitive to the changes and destructions caused by tourism. The culture of tourism will definitely help the fields of environmental sustainability. The sustainability of tourism is based on the concept of sustainable development, in which the need to maintain the interaction between humans and the environment is discussed. The lack of interaction between humans and the environment causes widespread environmental problems. For years, environmental scientists and ecologists have identified the increase in economic activities as an important factor in the depletion and destruction of natural resources and have shown that with the increase in economic activities, the stability and flexibility of ecosystems has been seriously threatened.
 
This research is descriptive-analytical according to the goals and components of applied research and its research method. The statistical population is domestic and foreign tourists. The statistical sample is calculated based on random sampling. Based on this, the statistical population of this research is 3 statistical populations of experts, people living in the study area, tourists entering the study area, and the sample size is 30 people for the first community, 200 people for the second community, and 150 people for the third community. In order to use the questionnaire, its validity and reliability will be evaluated. In connection with the validity, the coefficient of the ability of the questionnaire is proposed, the range of the ability coefficient is from zero (no correlation) to +1 (complete correlation). The reliability coefficient indicates how much the measuring instrument measures the subject's stable characteristics or variable and temporary characteristics.
 
Lavasan is one of the cities of Lavasanat district, Shemiranat city, Tehran province, Iran. This city is the center of Lavasanat district. Lavasanat section includes many areas, but the body of Lavasan city from west to east is the neighborhoods of Lashgark, Bagh Sarhang Gharib, Noushani, Astlak, Tok Farzah, Astlak Bayan (Kashfia), Chenarban, Ahmedabad, Basti, Shurkab, Jaij (Jaj), Glenduk. (Golham Do Rudak), Najarkla (including Seyed Piyaz), Dastgerd, Ghaziabad, Naran, Kalak, Bagh Dere, Cebu Koch, Timur Abad, Nazim Abad and Cebu Big. The city of Lavasan is located in the northeast of Tehran city and is considered as the closest summer area of Tehran city. According to the research findings, if the relationship between nature tourism and environmental protection is two-way, it is beneficial and there is hope for its sustainability. In addition, the current and future needs of the host population should be anticipated and the future generations will also benefit from them. become Therefore, the conditions for the continuation of ecotourism in the Lashkarak-Dizin route are the support of local people, the involvement of local communities in the management of this activity, and the fair distribution of benefits among people. Indicators of development of economic activities include the construction of accommodation centers such as hotels, guesthouses; Construction of business-service units; Construction of roadside service centers; Establishing tourist camps; The construction of urban facilities and equipment has played the biggest role in destroying the environmental resources of Lashkarak-Dizin axis.
 
In this research, in order to determine the value of each of the attractions and capabilities of Lashkarak-Dizin tourist center using the Prolong method, the network analysis model has been used to analyze the effect of various indicators in the development of Lashkarak-Dizin center tourism. In this regard, the final evaluation of the value of the waterfalls along the
 
route and the green tourist routes and sports places of Lashkarak-Dizin axis, the results of this method show that the economic index with a value of 0.859 and the standard of comfort and service facilities as well With 0.842, they have played the biggest role in attracting tourists and also investment goals in such a way that this can indicate the extent of expansion of economic activities related to ecotourism development in the studied axis, which in the absence of environmental protection planning. Environment, the change of extensive uses from agriculture and gardens to economic activities can change the face of the virgin and natural environment and lead to climate changes in the region. The results of the network analysis model also show that the indicators of the development of economic activities include the construction of accommodation centers such as hotels, guesthouses; Construction of business-service units; Construction of roadside service centers; Establishing tourist camps; The construction of urban facilities and equipment, etc., with a value of 0.157, has played the greatest role in destroying the environmental resources of Lashkarak-Dizin axis. In the next order, the change of uses, such as the change of use from agriculture and gardens to commercial; change of use from residential to commercial; Change of use from agriculture and gardens to facilities and
 
equipment; The change of use from gardens to residential and tourism centers, etc., with a rate of 0.098, has had a great impact on the destruction of the environmental resources of this axis. The impact of these changes in uses is so impressive that sometimes it can lead to extensive climate changes in a region. The attraction of tourism, which is the result of the existence of tourist facilities and amenities and services in an area along with the existence of natural attractions, has a direct relationship with the destruction of environmental resources, so that with the increase of amenities and services in a touristic area, ecological capacities and capabilities The area will be threatened with high population density.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C TThe implementation of quarantine policies and temporary business closures, social distancing, etc., to curb the spread of Covid-19 by governments and citizens has imposed the most significant shock on the world's tourism industry and caused the destruction of various businesses and the livelihood of the beneficiaries of the tourism industry. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of the Covid-19 outbreak on the tourism industry from the point of view of the villagers working in the border market of Javanrood. The research's philosophical basis is a combination of a qualitative approach in the discussion stage (Q) and a quantitative approach in the factor analysis stage. The discourse community consists of 23 people who lived in one of the villages near the city of Javanrood and were active in the field of tourism (main or secondary occupation), who were selected using available sampling and snowball sampling. In order to analyze the data of Q matrices, exploratory factor analysis (Stephenson) and KADE v1.1.0 software was exerted. The results of this study showed that five mental patterns had been identified in the field of the impact of Covid-19 on people working in the service sector of the tourism industry such as instability of employment and income, social-environmental issues, reduction of investment, and psychological-health issues, and educational issues.Extended AbstractIntroductionAccording to the principle that the effects of Covid-19 have been greater in areas that have relied more on tourism, the researchers in this study aim to investigate and analyze the effects of the Covid-19 disease on the tourism industry in these peri-urban villages. It should be noted that due to the increasing trend of infectious diseases, investigating the effects of this disease on the tourism industry can provide an accurate and coherent scientific tool to deal with other crises while further explaining the subject under study. The results of this research can be used to deal with similar crises. According to the mentioned materials, the most important question of the research is: What are the most important effects of Covid-19 on the tourism industry in the peri-urban villages located near the city of Javanrood? MethodologyThe purpose of this research is to analyze the effects of the Covid-19 outbreak on the tourism industry from the point of view of the villagers working in the border market of Javanrood. The research's philosophical basis is a combination of a qualitative approach in the discussion stage (Q) and a quantitative approach in the factor analysis stage. The discourse community consists of 23 people who lived in one of the villages near the city of Javanrood and were active in the field of tourism (main or secondary occupation), who were selected using available sampling and snowball sampling.   In order to analyze the data of Q matrices, exploratory factor analysis (Stephenson) and KADE v1.1.0 software was exerted. Results and discussionAccording to the main purpose of the research, which is to identify the mentality of the villagers working in the tourism industry (tourism border market in the city of Javanrood) regarding the effects of Covid-19  on that industry, the findings and results of the study showed that in the context of the impact of Covid-19 on the tourism industry (people who work in the services of this industry are busy), the range of mentality of the participants regarding the effects of Covid-19 on those who are engaged in the tourism industry could be separated into five categories or factors. Therefore, according to the mentality of the participants of the study, the effects of Covid-19 on the tourism industry were divided into five factors: instability of employment and income, social-environmental issues, reduction of investment, psychological-health issues, and educational issues. Based on these extracted factors in the field of the effects of Covid-19 on the tourism industry, the participants do not think in the same way about the nature, causes, how it affects, and the affected parts. Even the examination of the five extractive factors according to the place of residence of the studied people also indicates different views of people, even people who live in the same village, on the effects of this virus. Of course, it should be noted that similarities can be seen among the studied people in terms of perspective so that the majority of people believed that a large number of people who had temporary jobs or retail sales in the border market of Javanrood lost their jobs due to the implementation of social distancing and the decrease in the number of tourists entering this city. Also, they often believed that the implementation of the social distancing law had caused a change in lifestyle, which has ultimately caused individualism due to social distancing and a decrease in hope. ConclusionThe results of the study showed that the first factor (the first mental pattern) had the most significant effect of Covid-19 on the people who worked in the tourism service sector in the border market, Javanrood city with a specific value of 3.94 and a percentage of the variance of 17, which was introduced as a factor of instability of employment and income. With the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, the government implemented some restrictions (from March 2018) to deal with the widespread and cut off its transmission chain. The most important restrictions were applied at that time, which had many harmful effects on tourism areas, including things such as traffic restrictions to cities and villages, closure of schools and educational institutions, closure of some businesses, not leaving the house, there were physical restrictions, social distancing, reduction of people's traffic on the streets and roads, etc. These severely imposed restrictions, in the first place, reduced the number of tourists entering the area. The decrease in the number of tourists is directly related to the decrease in the income of people working in that sector, especially people who were not able to earn money from their jobs in other ways, including selling in a virtual space (retailers, peddlers, coffee shops, butchers, food vendors on the side of the street and roads). Therefore, the unemployment rate has also increased due to the closure of many of the mentioned jobs. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C TSince the beginning of 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has affected urban life in all areas. Tourism, which is one of the elements of achieving sustainable development goals in the growth of cities, also faced problems. From the socio-cultural aspect, the central district of Mashhad is the birth certificate of Mashhad. Pilgrimage attractions are the main point of presence of Mashhad residents and tourists in the core of Mashhad. Besides pilgrimage, the presence of tangible and intangible cultural and heritage attractions can be a good opportunity for tourism development, business creation, job creation and the growth of the city's economy. The spread of Corona left an irreparable impact on the dynamic urban life in the central area. In this direction, in a descriptive-analytical way and in a library way, the indicators of tourism urban life were collected in six dimensions using a questionnaire, then with the help of spss software and by the univariate chi-square test and the univariate Wilcoxon test, the effect of Corona on the minimal prosperity And the presence of people in the central fabric of Mashhad was analyzed. The results show that there is a significant relationship between the observance of health protocols by tourists and residents in the central area of Mashhad, inflation and people's lack of financial ability, changing business hours during the day and night, and banning night traffic with the life of urban tourism during the third peak of the Corona epidemic in There is 2019. The support of urban tourism life in the central area of Mashhad is the way of tourists' presence in the order of environmental - health, economic and social aspects.Extended AbstractIntroductionThe religious pilgrimage site in the main core of Mashhad, which is well-considered as the main social and tourist gathering stocks with tangible and intangible heritage attractions, provides reasonable tourism, business, and economic development opportunities. With the outbreak of COVID-19, it left irreparable effects on the dynamic and 24-hour urban life of the central area, and the balance between the capabilities of the environment and the community was disturbed by the number of tourism activities. MethodologyAccording to the practical purposes and based on the nature of this research, the descriptive-analytical method has been used. The main approach is analyzing quantitative and qualitative data based on using the univariate Chi-square and Wilcoxon tests. In this regard, the statistical population included domestic tourists – including the 384 residents of Mashhad. They are randomly selected using the Cochran formula in the third peak of the COVID-19 pandemic (winter 2021). In order to achieve our research goals, one main questionnaire was planned in six social, cultural, economic, environmental and health, physical, and transportation dimensions to evaluate and re-evaluate the research. This specific questionnaire includes descriptive questions, multiple-choice and short answers, and our research data were collected through systematic random sampling. Then, the relationships between descriptive statistical data such as tables, graphs, etc., and the univariate Chi-square and Wilcoxon tests were analyzed by SPSS statistical software.  Results and discussionIn order to analyze the change, the tourism industry in the central district of Mashhad and the presence of people before and after the COVID-19 pandemicAfter this outbreak;The rate of outdoor activities such as walking have been studied with the support of the univariate Chi-square test. The quantitative rate of the presence of people is decreased after the outbreak of COVID-19;Social security has declined due to the forced shutdown and change in business hours, which means that the outbreak of Coronavirus has some effects on social security;The number of visits to commercial centers, shopping malls, and holy shrines dropped, window shopping, etc., are decreased dramatically;Using public transportation has been reduced after the COVID-19 pandemic;The rate of visiting the parks, monuments, historical and religious sites are decreased significantly;The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemics are inevitable in the economy, jobs and businesses;The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are remarkable on the daily and nightlife of the central district of Mashhad;The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are notable for the less participation of individuals in rituals and religious festivals in the central district of Mashhad. Based on a questionnaire, people do not prefer participating in these or even observing the health protocols. ConclusionThe cultural structure of communities and the historical contexts of a city are two valuable sources of its heritage that have suitable capacities to use and boost its cultural tourism. In this term, this development gives residents a new prosperous life and creates a new social and economic atmosphere for tourists.  But unfortunately, some factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, especially the third peak, failure to comply with the health protocols, economic sanctions, and the directorial decisions have damaged the urban tourism life. The findings show that the health policy observing health protocols while creating specific opportunities in the city in terms of the development of rituals and traditional festivals increases the rate of people’s participation and presence (residents and tourists) in the central district of Mashhad. But, incomplete infrastructure and insufficient view of urban management are barriers to activating and growing these capacities. The impact of vital factors on the threat to urban tourism life which contribute to decreasing the level of prosperity of the central district of Mashhad and changing the trend of urban tourism in the third peak. Mentioned by people are:1- The COVID-19 pandemic, failure to follow health protocols such as not wearing a mask, crowd and congestion, and lack of social distancing in religious and commercial spaces in the central district of Mashhad (environmental and health dimension) with the quantitative rate of 39.15 %;2-  Inflation, financial difficulties (economic dimension) with the quantitative rate of 38.95 %;3-  The change of business hours, the nightly traffic restriction (social dimension). Overall, urban management with reasonable and appropriate planning for any mentioned cases is able to redesign and revitalize the condition of the central district of Mashhad. Some of these suggestions are:Implement some policies to further comply and follow health protocols by local and tradespeople in this specific area;Appropriate management in ritual and religious ceremonies without any contact between individuals and the environment;Financial support from the government;Creating urban, social, and welfare services for security reasons;Retrospect the program of the public transportation network and control the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C T The desire to travel and experience the unique and true taste of local food has become one of the greatest paradigms of the tourism industry. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to investigate and analyze the factors affecting the development of food tourism in Anousheh Street, Ahvaz. This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of nature and method. Statistical data of the research have also been extracted from library and field methods (questionnaire). Data collection in this study was done by the researcher directly referring to the respondents and presenting a questionnaire to them. In relation to the objectives, the statistical population of the present study consists of tourists referring to Anousheh Street in Ahvaz in 2020; whose number was approximately 240 thousand people (Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Khuzestan Province, 1399). According to the statistical population in this study, the sample size, which was calculated using the Cochran's formula, 382 samples were identified. Finally, Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate regression, path analysis and Friedman test were used to analyze the data. Findings based on Pearson coefficient showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between environmental-physical factors, advertising-marketing factors, personality factors, attitudes and motivational factors and cultural factors with the development of food tourism in this street. Also, the findings of multiple regression analysis showed that approximately 44% of the variance of food tourism development is explained by environmental-physical and cultural factors. Also, according to beta values, cultural factors (Beta = 0.43) and environmental-physical factors (Beta = 0.21) are the strongest variables to predict the development of food tourism on Anousheh Street in Ahvaz, respectively. Findings from the path analysis test showed that the independent variables of the study to a high extent can explain the variance of the food tourism development variable And is estimated to be above average. Finally, the findings of Friedman test showed that there is a significant difference between at least two independent variables in terms of the impact on the development of food tourism on Anousheh Street; The highest impact is related to cultural factors and the lowest impact is related to personality factors.Extended AbstractIntroductionThe tourism industry in any country is very important in the dynamism and mobility of the country's economy and what will be necessary and inevitable for every tourist during the trip is to eat in the host country or city. Food is not only a basic human need, but also associated with culture and has a special place in the tourism industry. The desire to travel and experience the unique and true taste of local food has become one of the greatest paradigms of the tourism industry. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to investigate and analyze the factors affecting the development of food tourism in Anousheh Street, Ahvaz. MethodologyThis research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of nature and method. Statistical data of the research have also been extracted from library and field methods (questionnaire). Data collection in this study was done by the researcher directly referring to the respondents and presenting a questionnaire to them. In relation to the objectives, the statistical population of the present study consists of tourists referring to Anousheh Street in Ahvaz in 2020; whose number was approximately 240 thousand people (Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Khuzestan Province, 1399). According to the statistical population in this study, the sample size, which was calculated using the Cochran's formula, 382 samples were identified. Finally, Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate regression, path analysis and Friedman test were used to analyze the data. Results and discussionFindings based on Pearson coefficient showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between environmental-physical factors, advertising-marketing factors, personality factors, attitudes and motivational factors and cultural factors with the development of food tourism in this street. Also, the findings of multiple regression analysis showed that approximately 44% of the variance of food tourism development is explained by environmental-physical and cultural factors. Also, according to beta values, cultural factors (Beta = 0.43) and environmental-physical factors (Beta = 0.21) are the strongest variables to predict the development of food tourism on Anousheh Street in Ahvaz, respectively. Findings from the path analysis test showed that the independent variables of the study to a high extent can explain the variance of the food tourism development variable And is estimated to be above average. Finally, the findings of Friedman test showed that there is a significant difference between at least two independent variables in terms of the impact on the development of food tourism on Anousheh Street; The highest impact is related to cultural factors and the lowest impact is related to personality factors. ConclusionThe results indicate that among the factors affecting tourism development, cultural factors, attitudinal and motivational factors, advertising-marketing factors, environmental-physical factors, personality factors have had the most impact on food tourism development in Ahvaz, respectively. Also regarding the importance and ranking of variables affecting the development of food tourism, the research results are as follows:Cultural factors: hospitality (amiability) and appropriate behavior (rank 1); Nightlife (Rank 2); Food authenticity and cultural heritage of food (food differentiation with other regions) (rank 3); Observance of ethical issues (rank 4); General culture of the region (rank 5); Local traditions (rank 6); Feeling safe and secure (ranked 7); Cultural attractions of the region (ranked 8).Attitudinal and motivational factors: smell, taste and appearance of food (rank 1); Being together (rank 2); Observance of hygienic principles (rank 3); Escape from everyday life (ranked 4th); Interesting experience (rank 5); Genuine experience (rank 6); Social status (rank 7); Acquisition of knowledge (rank 8).Advertising factors - marketing: the quality of local food and creating diversity (ranked 1); Facilities and orders for production and supply of local and traditional food (rank 2); Local and traditional food brand (ranked 3); Information and Communication Technology, Banners and Billboards (Rank 4); Food Festivals and Festivals (Rank 5); Food tours for cooking training (rank 6); Food Tourism Guide (Rank 7).Environmental-physical factors: proximity to dormitories and the presence of people from different cities (rank 1), proximity to Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz (rank 2); Quick and convenient access (rank 3); Proper scenery (unique place design) (Rank 4); Environmental health (rank 5).Personality factors: curiosity (rank 1); Variety and experience of eating new foods (ranked 2nd); Pleasant perception (gaining peace of mind) (rank 3); Neophobia (trying to overcome the fear of experiencing new foods) (Rank 4). FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C T
Coastal cities have always been considered one of the main tourist destinations due to their proximity to the sea and the capacities they acquire from this point of view. However, many of these cities, especially in Iran, have not been very successful in realizing their talents. This issue caused the current research to analyze the satisfaction of tourists to achieve strategies for improving the tourism capacity of coastal cities. The research method is a descriptive analysis based on documentary studies and field surveys. The indicators of tourists' satisfaction analysis were extracted from domestic and foreign sources and the tourists present in Bushehr city in the autumn period of 2019 were questioned with the help of a questionnaire. Next, the data from the questionnaires were entered into SPSS software and analyzed with exploratory factor analysis and multivariate linear regression models. The findings show that the 40 indicators examined in the current research are categorized into 9 factors, among which 6 factors are "pleasantness of the city environment", "accommodation and food services", "access to attractions", "variety of attractions", "attractiveness of the city environment". and "pleasant experience of being in the city" with a significance level of over 95% have played a key role in the satisfaction level of tourists. Also, regarding the city of Bushehr, among the 40 investigated indicators, the indicators "availability and quality of sanitary services in the city and tourist places", "possibility of observing the diversity of aquatic species, marine corals, etc. for tourists" and "recreational facilities and services" [Blue] for women and children" has the lowest level of satisfaction and against the indicators of "people's attitude and hospitality", "security and safety level for tourists especially women and children" and "ease of access to the beach and water's edge" have the highest level of satisfaction in have gained among tourists. Therefore, at the end of the article, based on the results of the evaluation of the indicators and factors associated with dissatisfaction, proposed strategies have been formulated for the promotion of Bushehr tourism
Extended Abstract
All countries worldwide are developing the tourism industry because it benefits other sectors such as retail, transportation, and construction. Hence, countries engage in countless advertising and marketing activities to attract more tourists and improve their satisfaction. If a destination can identify and meet the needs and wants of tourists, these tourists are likely to make frequent visits and spread positive publicity. An issue that ultimately leads to more tourists spending money at the destination. The study of tourism in coastal cities is essential because travelers have long considered these areas due to their unique climatic and social conditions. According to the World Bank, coastal and maritime tourism will be the most significant value-added part of the ocean economy by 2030. Bushehr is one of the cities that, despite its potential and existing capabilities, has not been able to achieve its main position in the field of tourism. The city, due to lack of proper tourism infrastructure, relative deprivation of the city, pollution and poor health, lack of guidance and encouragement of the private sector to invest, etc., has failed in the development of tourism, despite its pristine views of the azure shores of the Persian Gulf, pleasant coastal parks, piers, various museums, handicrafts and local music, lush groves, markets, valuable historical texture, beautiful historic mansions and places Religious and historical. Meanwhile, the development of tourism in Bushehr can provide new capacities for economic activities, investment, and job creation. And due to the favorable climatic conditions, especially in autumn and winter, and beautiful coastal scenery to become a tourism hub in the country's south. In this research, an attempt has been made to answer the following two questions:-What are the factors that satisfy tourists in coastal cities?
- What are the strategies to improve the tourism capacity of the coastal city of Bushehr?
 
 
 
In the present study, first, by reviewing the authoritative global texts, the indicators of tourist satisfaction [with emphasis on coastal cities] have been extracted. In order to convert the table of indicators into a questionnaire, the reliability was confirmed according to the Cronbach's alpha test value of 0.946, and the validity of the questions was checked through interviews with experts. Then, through a questionnaire survey, the views of Iranian tourists on the status of tourism indicators in the city of Bushehr were obtained. In this regard, considering p = q = 0.5 and an error of 0.07, the sample size with Cochran's formula was 196 people, which was finally considered to increase the study's accuracy by 200. The questionnaires were distributed in the fall of 2020 among tourists who visited the beaches of Bushehr. After completing the questionnaires, the following data were entered into SPSS software and analyzed using the confirmatory factor analysis model. The model's output categorizes and summarizes the studied indicators into several homogeneous factors. Also, to determine the weight of factors in promoting the tourism situation in Bushehr, the relationship between factors and tourists' overall satisfaction has been measured using a linear multivariate regression model.
 
After extracting the information from the questionnaires and entering them into SPSS software, they were evaluated using the confirmatory factor analysis model and linear multivariate regression analysis model. The numerical value of the KMO test in this study was 0.889, which means that the existing correlation between the data will be suitable for data analysis. Bartlett test value is also acceptable (significance level, Sig =0.000). Cronbach's alpha value is more than 0.7, which confirms the reliability of the questionnaire. Findings show that the 40 indicators studied in the present study are classified into nine factors. Also, based on the regression analysis findings, the study of the relationship between these nine factors and tourist satisfaction shows that there is not a sufficient level of significance for the three factors. The other six factors include "urban environment pleasantness," "accommodation and nutrition services," "access to attractions," "attraction diversity," "attractiveness of the urban environment," and "pleasant experience of being in the city," respectively, have the most impact on the level of satisfaction of tourists.
 
Based on tourists' opinions about the city of Bushehr, the highest satisfaction was with the factors of accommodation services, nutrition, and air conditioning of the city environment. In contrast, the factors of access to attractions and variety of attractions were associated with the least satisfaction. Also, among the 40 indicators studied, the indicators of "availability and quality of health services in the city and tourist places," "the possibility of observing the diversity of aquatic species, marine corals, etc. for tourists," and "Water recreation facilities and services for women and children" gained the least level of satisfaction from the tourists' point of view. In contrast to the indicators of "how people are treated and hospitable," "level of security and safety for tourists, especially women and children," and "ease of access to the beach and the water's edge" were the most satisfied. Accordingly, the following strategies can be considered as priorities for improving the tourism capacity of Bushehr:- Benefiting from the capacity of the sea and aquatic animals in creating attractive and unique tourist centers;
- Strengthen coastal landscapes and install creative elements on the beach;
- Defining tourism sidewalks with the focus on connecting historic buildings and tourism centers within the urban context;
-Improving the quality of night entertainment spaces due to Bushehr's hot and humid climate.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C T
The 15-minute approach, called the 15- or 20-minute city, seems to be a popular model for neighbourhood spatial organization, as well as the big city. The implementation of 15-minute city policies is one of the new and effective ways to reduce congestion and pollution; Since these works are always attracting tourist trips, the implementation of the 15-minute city policies can have a direct relationship with the tourism boom; In other words, the results of implementing the 15-minute city policies along with other regeneration plans will help the city to become a tourist destination; Because the environment free from congestion and pollution provides the basis for preserving the natural and historical heritage as well as displaying them as much as possible. The category of spending leisure time is directly related to tourism, a city with a healthy and calm community, with identity and creativity, is where many people tend to spend their free time, and 15-minute cities can create such a possibility at a high level. have This paper tries to evaluate if and how tourist attractions affect the creation of cities or 15-minute neighbourhoods. According to the purpose of the research, firstly, indicators and components influencing this issue were collected in different economic, social and physical dimensions, and 14 criteria related to the city or 15-minute neighbourhood related to these dimensions were identified from the theoretical basis of the research. To analyze the data, using confirmatory factor analysis, the types of effective factors have been identified and leveled, and economic dimensions, then social, and physical attractions have had the greatest impact on the creation of 15-minute cities.
Extended Abstract
Citizens of today's cities, while they have a great need for time and speed management, face problems in meeting these needs due to the accumulation of population and, therefore, traffic. The concentration of commercial and service centres in cities and their lack of an efficient transportation system (not necessarily up-to-date vehicles) can be one of the main reasons for wasting time and reducing the speed of access; In addition, the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic showed how concentration, accumulation and accumulation could cause the epidemic to intensify and increase the possibility of infection; In such a situation, the need for ease of access and more efficient placement of uses and functions becomes more apparent, and this is the goal that the theory of 15 [20] minute cities or localities is looking for. When we look at the centres of accumulation and gathering of towns in the following cases, it turns out that in many of them, this is the central and historical core of the city, which despite all the potential attractions and also the high and inevitably fragile semantic load, It bears the burden of hosting the mass of citizens; Areas of the cities that have a memory of the self-sufficiency of neighbourhoods and pedestrians; From the eclecticism of the above, we can find a way through which, in addition to decentralization and implementing the guidelines of the 15-minute city, it is possible to touch the attractions of the historical core of the cities in the field of tourism and take advantage of their potential talent in the plain—availability of services, provision of
 
Construction
Research The current type of research is applied, and its investigation method is descriptive-analytical based on library and survey information collection. First, the necessary information was collected by using various sources in the research topic field. Then, questionnaires and interviews were used to collect information about the statistical population. The tools for managing data are
 
questionnaires, survey methods, library and documentary studies, and field observations. The statistical population of the historical context of Urmia city was selected using a simple random sampling method from the entire population and the Cochran model.
 According to the purpose of the research, firstly, the indicators and components affecting this issue were collected in different economic, social and physical dimensions, and 14 criteria related to the city or 15-minute neighbourhood related to these dimensions were identified from the theoretical bases of the research. The types of influential factors were determined and ranked to analyze the data using confirmatory factor analysis.
 
Discussion and During the research, the service, historical and attractive travel points of the historical core of Urmia city were determined and then, using the confirmatory factor analysis method, their influence on the creation of a 15-minute city was measured in the economic, physical and social dimensions. The findings after the examination are as follows: In the economic size, there are nine items - local economy, the capabilities of the historical context (city branding), the number of jobs, the number of informal employment, the level of access to commercial service centres, transportation, business prosperity, facilities accommodation, medical facilities - were investigated as influential variables in the category of tourism and 15-minute city; Based on this, the results show that the prosperity of trade within the historical context of Urmia city has the most significant impact on the capital of tourism by being placed in the first place, the influence of informal businesses and at the same time the second non-violent issue, the issues of transportation And the local economy ranks 3rd and 4th, the level of access to service-commercial centres, accommodation and medical facilities, and the ability to brand the city are in the following ranks. In the physical aspect of the legibility of the environment in the historical context of the town of Urmia and the 22 Bahman School, the most influential physical factor in the development of tourism in the context is State Square and its surrounding buildings, Imam Street, Sardar Mosque, Lotf Ali Khan Mosque, urban furniture, Minaret Mosque and Hedayat School. Green space, Khayyam street, the market complex and public spaces are all objects that can play an influential role in the tourism boom in the historical context of Urmia. In the social dimension of memory-making with the highest score in the first rank, the presence of the art department in the second historical context, the high degree of freedom in the third historical context, the fact of itinerant musicians in the fourth, and the presence of cinema in the fifth context, the level of sense of security in the sixth context, The importance of cooperation in the seventh context is the level of identity, the level of face-to-face communication is the ninth, the sense of belonging is the tenth. The prevalence of street food is the eleventh.
 
the historical context of Urmia city, due to its tourism potential and its historical record in meeting the needs of citizens in a short period, can be an influential part of Urmia city as a tourist area and at the same time, 15 minutes to bloom; To some extent, the historical context of Urmia can be introduced as a region in itself and related to the surroundings, because the variety of uses - exceptionally compatible uses - has caused the daily, weekly and even longer-term needs of the residents to be quickly and cost-effectively met. to be resolved in a bit of while; Also, in addition to having an organic network of pedestrian walkways, this area also has a relatively efficient public transportation network, therefore, from this point of view, the mentioned context also has a high potential in terms of reducing the time of passing and travelling and at the same time increasing it. It is touristic; The significant historical physical elements in the area all have a relative potential in the matter of tourism, and by increasing their potential in the case of the 15-minute neighbourhood, the inherent role of the mentioned elements in the said matter can be taken advantage of. From the point of view of social dimensions, it can be said that the high level of memory creation in the current authentic context, if the 15-minute city policies are implemented in it, can increase its originality by driving out the crowd and chaos and for the residents and along It is an inspiration for tourists.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The historical collections of cities as a place have cultural heritage values, identity, history, thoughts and attitudes of people in different historical periods. The values attributed to them can play a major role in the direction of protection and investment in the form of cultural tourism. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the role of cultural tourism in revitalizing the socio-cultural values of the historical market of Tabriz to take an effective step towards the development of cultural tourism in the city of Tabriz. To achieve this goal, relying on a qualitative approach and studying written sources around the three strategic axes of "Architectural Heritage Protection", "Architectural Heritage Value System", and "Cultural Tourism"; And also conducting a semi-structured interview with 4 statistical groups, including businesses and market residents, domestic and foreign tourists, residents of Tabriz, and experts familiar with the subject, their opinions about the socio-cultural values of the market, damage An analysis of values and strategies for reviving damaged values were collected. The findings of the library study and field questioning were examined and analyzed by relying on the descriptive-analytical approach and the coding and categorization method to answer the research questions. The obtained results show that with the application of value-based conservation methods by the selected community, it is possible to ensure the continuity of life and create the grounds for the permanence of the work, to provide a basis for attracting tourists and, as a result, for the development of cultural tourism. Also, the results of the research show that among the considered social factors, the structure factor has the most influence with a path coefficient of 0.467. Among the factors related to culture, the religion factor has the highest path coefficient of 0.455.

The historical collections of cities as a place have cultural heritage values, identity, history, thoughts and attitudes of people in different historical periods. The values attributed to them can play a major role in the direction of protection and investment in the form of cultural tourism. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the role of cultural tourism in revitalizing the socio-cultural values of the historical market of Tabriz to take an effective step towards the development of cultural tourism in the city of Tabriz. To achieve this goal, relying on a qualitative approach and studying written sources around the three strategic axes of "Architectural Heritage Protection", "Architectural Heritage Value System", and "Cultural Tourism"; And also conducting a semi-structured interview with 4 statistical groups, including businesses and market residents, domestic and foreign tourists, residents of Tabriz, and experts familiar with the subject, their opinions about the socio-cultural values of the market, damage An analysis of values and strategies for reviving damaged values were collected. The findings of the library study and field questioning were examined and analyzed by relying on the descriptive-analytical approach and the coding and categorization method to answer the research questions. The obtained results show that with the application of value-based conservation methods by the selected community, it is possible to ensure the continuity of life and create the grounds for the permanence of the work, to provide a basis for attracting tourists and, as a result, for the development of cultural tourism. Also, the results of the research show that among the considered social factors, the structure factor has the most influence with a path coefficient of 0.467. Among the factors related to culture, the religion factor has the highest path coefficient of 0.455.