نشریه توسعه پایدار محیط جغرافیایی
پیاپی 8 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Today, the increasing level of urban population and migration has caused new challenges in the structure and performance of cities in environmental, socio-cultural, and economic issues. Urban sustainability is a concept that emerged as a new paradigm in the world following the sustainable development plan, and it is an approach that leads to social justice. It is necessary to provide a suitable basis for evaluating and measuring environmental, economic, and socio-cultural sustainability in urban planning and development. Arak metropolis is one of the most polluted cities in the country. The purpose of the present study is to measure the sustainability of Arak city zones from the citizens' point of view to show the quality of different city zones.

The city of Arak, the capital of Markazi Province, has 5 municipal zones and a population of 520,994 in 2016. Regarding geomorphology and geology, Arak is located in a valley surrounded by mountains on three sides and the Miqan desert. With the establishment of several industrial plants, such as machine building and metal industries, in the 1940s, the city became polluted environmentally. The required data and information were collected by secondary and field study using a questionnaire; in order to achieve the objectives of the research, 4 main indicators and 13 sub-indices related to sustainability in Arak were defined from reliable sources in this field and adjusted in the form of a 5-option questionnaire in the form of a Likert scale from very high to very low. The statistical population of the research consists of all the citizens of Arak city who are over 20 years old and have a history of living in Arak city for over 5 years (due to the understanding of the dimensions of the research), which is 384 as sample size. Stratified sampling based on urban neighborhoods were exerted to distribute the questionnaires. In order to measure the validity of the research questionnaire, the opinions of 10 experts commented on the primary version. Also, in order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was exerted, and the reliability coefficient was obtained above 0.70 percent, which confirmed the reliability. Finally, the collected information was analyzed using GIS and SPSS26. To measure indicators for variable, a one-sample t-test and variance test (ANOVA) was used, and Friedman's test was applied to rank indicators and the urban zones. Finally, GIS was applied to display the analysis results in maps regarding the different socio-economic and environmental dimensions.

The research results showed that the average economic sustainability is more than 3, and the upper and lower limits are positive. So, the status of economic sustainability in the 5 zones of Arak is evaluated from medium to high. Also, the average of the variables of environmental and physical-infrastructural sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability is less than 3, and their lower and upper limits are also negative; Therefore, according to the significance level is less than 0.05, it can be concluded that the average obtained is lower than the value of the test (3) and the status of variables of ecological-environmental sustainability, physical-infrastructural sustainability and socio-cultural sustainability in the  5 zones of Arak are evaluated as less than average and inappropriate. The finding from the Friedman test revealed that the highest average rating (3.14) is assigned to economic and the lowest average rating (2.05) to physical-infrastructural sustainability.

The theoretical and research background review showed that sustainability is valued concerning economic, social and environmental indicators. Paying attention to sustainability issues as one of the most important factors and drivers for promoting urban development has been the focus of urban planning researchers and city planners in recent years. Environment-friendly policies could strengthen sustainability. The present research showed that the sustainability of the different urban zones of Ark is evident regarding the different dimensions. So, it can be concluded that the following recommendations could improve the situation as strengthening local and indigenous industries compatible with the environment, increasing green space, concerning the limits of factories can reduce pollutants, and closing polluting industries or at least modifying and improving them.

During the recent decades, the world has witnessed major economic, social, technical and environmental changes that have deeply affected the patterns of urbanization, human activities and lifestyle. Knowledge- based City is of the newly introduced concepts in the field of urban studies, which has been proposed with regard to the ever-increasing problems of cities, and the need to manage and develop this system based on knowledge and data. The components and indicators of knowledge-based city effect on one hand different urban areas, and on the other hand other urban areas affect this concept. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to explore and investigate the role of locating knowledge-based land-uses on attracting and retaining knowledge workers and managers of Bandar Abbas, and as a result the sustainability of the city.

this research, in terms of nature, is an objective research, in terms of epistemology, is a pragmatism research, and in terms of research method, it is considered qualitative research, and also has cognitive and applied aspects. The strategy used in this research is the grounded theory method. To collect the data of this research, the semi-structured interview method was used. The interviewee was free to answer the questions, and describe and explain the categories as far as he/she wanted to. To conduct interviews, the statistical population of the research included managers and knowledge specialists in 55 growth and technology centers in Bandar Abbas, which is a total of 68 people; moreover, the interview of the statistical population continued until the theoretical saturation, and as a result the sample population included 15 individuals of the relevant knowledge-based managers. The data collected from the interviews were analyzed by MAXQDA software. From the total of 501 frequency of the primary open code, 56symbols were created, and from this number of symbols, 18 concepts were created and the effective indicators in the realization of knowledge-based view in Bandar Abbas were obtained in 5aspects. Also, in order to check the distribution of knowledge-based land-uses in Bandar Abbas, distribution maps of knowledge-based land-uses and urban areas have been prepared by ArcGIS software.

indicators effective in realizing the knowledge city in Bandar Abbas have been obtained in 5aspects being proper urban infrastructure, desirable urban-structure, knowledge sharing, information and communication technology networks, and knowledge-based management; furthermore,  according to the maps prepared in ArcGIS software, it was found that in general, Bandar Abbas municipality district 1, out of the 4 districts, is in the best condition in terms of this type of land-use. In addition, higher educational use is considered as one of the main and important centers for attracting knowledge workers. In the eastern and western parts of  Bandar Abbas city, meaning district 1 and 3 of the municipality, other urban districts are far from this type of land-use. In other words, the distribution of this land-use is undesirable and it needs to be reviewed so that an optimal distribution is achieved.

In order to realize and strengthen knowledge-based aspect in Bandar Abbas, land-use shall provide the necessary benefits in the urban planning department, to attract and maintain the population and knowledge workers; , Therefore, urban development plans should be prepared according to the needs of knowledge-workers.  Considering that the conventional frameworks for preparing urban development plans are not appropriate in most cities, the Knowledge-based government should take actions in line with the desired urban-structure and appropriate infrastructures. This would be achieved with land-use planning and the prediction and distribution of knowledge-based land-uses in a multi-core manner at the city.

Today, the significant increase in the use of private cars affects public transportation and is one of the most prominent issues in many cities. This issue can lead to harmful environmental consequences such as traffic congestion, global warming, climate change, environmental pollution and socio-economic problems. Therefore, the consequences of these problems can be avoided by implementing the principles of transportation-oriented development in Tabriz city. In fact, by using the transportation-oriented development approach, it is possible to turn Tabriz into a development center through planning and organizing important public transportation centers. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors affecting the future planning of transportation-oriented development of Tabriz city.   

This research was carried out in terms of applied purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical and survey methodology using a researcher-made questionnaire. The structural equation model was used to test the hypotheses. The statistical community includes experts in the field of strategic planning and foresight of transportation development in Tabriz city. The sampling method in this research is random purposeful sampling. Usually, the number of experts is chosen between 10-50 people, and in this research, 20 experts and specialists were questioned. Convergent validity test was used for the validity of the questions and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to check the reliability of the questions. The statistical analysis of the data was done by structural equation method in SmartPLS and SPSS software. The indicators examined in this research include: density, urban development, economic development, real estate value, environment, health of the city and citizens, choice and type of travel, greenhouse effects.

According to the results, the lack of a practical and efficient planning approach that includes a wide range of urban planning components including transportation, land use, and infrastructure requires researchers to develop integrated planning methods. One of these approaches, which can adequately deal with the planning of scattered urban areas, is transportation-oriented development planning. The sensitivity analysis showed that changing the weight of indicators in optimistic, pessimistic and average views has no significant effect on the levels of transportation-oriented development. As a result, the determined transportation development levels showed a high degree of reliability at the neighborhood scale in Tabriz city. According to the purpose of the research, 3 scenarios were done, according to the results of the research, the first scenario is sustainable and green transportation. It is an optimistic scenario in which most of the goals of sustainable transportation have been realized. The second scenario (continuation of the status quo and dependence on private cars): In this scenario, the continuation of the status quo in the transportation network and car ownership and the tendency to use private cars among citizens has increased. The third scenario (chaos): It is a scenario in which there is a long distance to reach the goals of sustainable transportation. 

Transportation within the city of Tabriz is facing problems such as weak public transportation, increase in car ownership, crowded roads, inappropriate use of land, lack of side facilities, etc. The failure to solve these problems along with the uncertainties that may occur in the future can cause a crisis and will definitely take us away from the goals of sustainable development. Planning in the field of transportation and achieving sustainable development requires a long-term view that is associated with uncertainty; therefore, it requires the use of approaches that have the ability to deal with uncertainties. The lack of a functional and efficient planning approach including a wide range of urban planning components including transportation, land use, and infrastructure requires researchers to develop integrated planning methods.

Culture includes concept and value of life, approach to life and also the creation of meaning. So, culture contributes to the general elevation of "self-esteem" in a region, and socially develops a community. Besides, it is considered as a source of people's confidence and security. Urban plans and new models of urban economic development have been emerged along with the fifth wave of economic development in the last 20 years. So far significant advances have been obtained in our understanding of cultural development, urban designs, economics, and life cycles, from early efforts to embrace culture and the arts to achieve urban regeneration to public space, public art, and street revitalization and development of cultural industries. At the end of the last century, sustainable urban regeneration, which  cared much about the protection of historical-cultural values and the preservation of social context, gradually became the mainstream. District 8 of Tabriz, as the historical-cultural context of the city, has undergone many changes in the process of modernity and urban renewal, and many of the historical-cultural objects of the region have been either destroyed or deserted. Therefore, in this study, by considering the improvement of physical space and cultural heritage in Tabriz city and considering their related relationship as the cornerstone of urban development, we will examine culture-oriented urban regeneration.

The research method is descriptive-exploratory, survey based and has been done based on a questionnaire. Besides, the components and indicators of the case were categorized. The statistical population of the research is Tabriz city experts. The sample size includes 40 people, which includes 20 urban planning professors and 20 managers and experts related to the historical context of Tabriz city. In this research, the structural equation method was used for data analysis. The structural equation modeling is a powerful analysis technique that explains the relationships between multiple variables. Structural equations are able to examine more than one relationship simultaneously, which is different from other multivariate tests. Measurement model and structural model are two main components of structural equations. The measurement model examines the relationship between the measured components and the latent variable, while the structural model measures the interrelationships among the latent variables. For a better conceptual understanding of this model, the latent variables are divided into two types: endogenous and exogenous variables. The structural equations are defined with the help of the following basic model.

The results showed that 16 features might be used for the evaluation of  the level of satisfaction of three underlying variables at a significance level of 0.001. As a result, these characteristics are known as acceptable and satisfactory parameters that can be used for evaluating urban regeneration with a culture-oriented or culture-oriented approach. Further, the results showed that the form obtained the maximum estimation value (γ=0.85), followed by "Function" (γ=0.78), "Meaning" (γ=0.69). There is a high correlation between performance and meaning variables with loading (γ=0.715). The results showed that the reconstruction of the.

As a result, direct involvement of citizens in creating cultural events and activities are among the important factors that affect urban regeneration based on culture.The attribute "social participation" has a lower loading than other factors.Cultural resources are more related to residents' personal experiences and feelings, which are more likely to resonate with residents and reflect the depth of urban culture.As a leading part of the "revitalization of the historic part of the city", cultural-oriented urban regeneration is expected to solve the real problems of incomprehensibility of cultural information, lack of access to cultural places, and lack of use of cultural resources. then the innercity area is stimulated so that cultural destruction is avoided.

In Iran, the history of foresight goes back to the five-year development plans of the country and the development vision document (the Horizon 1404); one of the essential axes raised in this document is the country's development through sustainable tourism. As a type of sustainable tourism, nature-based tourism has the potential to play a role in regional and national development. Therefore, the current research, as a descriptive-analytical and field study, is to compile the future scenarios of this type of tourism in Yazd province and evaluate its situation based on these scenarios.

In order to identify the factors affecting the development of nature-based tourism in Yazd Province, the factors affecting this type of tourism have been extracted through library studies (domestic and international ones, available documents, and research projects) and field studies (observation, interview, and questionnaire). Since the identification of factors influencing this type of tourism is different depending on the scale of the research and the place of evaluation, and the priorities of the study area, therefore, all the extracted factors are based on the subjectivity in the study area of Yazd, the degree of similarity or the sameness of the subject and the case study of the research. Based on the present research and combining similar factors, they were selected as a single factor. Finally, 31 influential factors were selected in six economic, social, cultural, managerial, physical, and environmental dimensions. Their validity was confirmed by experts using the method of content validity ratio. Cronbach's alpha test was also used to measure the reliability of the factors. In the next step, in order to identify the key factors, the structural analysis method was applied, and in order to perform its calculations, Micmac software was exerted. In order to determine the effect of factors on each other, a questionnaire including 31 factors and six dimensions was prepared. Their weight was determined by the mentioned experts based on the proposed spectrum of Micmac software, and in this way, key factors were identified. Then, for each key factor, all kinds of possible future situations have been predicted, and based on that matrix of cross effects has been compiled and provided to the experts. The results were used in the scenario wizard software, and the scenarios for developing nature-based tourism in Yazd province were compiled. 

The key factors identified in the development of nature-based tourism in Yazd Province are government investment, non-government investment, laws related to tourism development, education, information technologies, quality of communication routes, protected areas, modes of transportation, tourism development planning, security, advertising, presentation Government facilities to attract private investors, tourism, nature tourism attractions, local participation, creating coordination and integration between related organizations, financial support of international organizations, environmental air quality and safety. Among the five drawn scenarios, the first and second are favorable, the third is average, and the fourth and fifth are unfavorable. The results indicate a big difference between the existing reality and the purposes of the country's development perspective document in the study area.

Since in this research, an attempt has been made to evaluate the nature-based tourism trend of Yazd Province with a realistic view of the current situation of the region; therefore, a comparative comparison has been made between the country's development perspective document and the fourth and fifth scenarios, which are at an unfavorable level. For this purpose, the possible situations selected for each key factor of the fourth and fifth scenarios have been compared with the purposes, strategies, policies, and action plans presented in the perspective document. Based on the results of the comparisons, at the level of setting purposes, the current trend of tourism in Yazd Province includes about 68% of the factors of the fourth and fifth scenarios. As a result, there is almost the same amount of overlap at the level of how to achieve the purposes.

Autumn cultivation of sugar beet is important in terms of the optimal use of rainfall and increasing the efficiency of water consumption; besides, it is economically more useful than the spring cultivation. But due to various reasons, including climatic conditions, its autumn cultivation is faced with limitations  in Iran and many regions of the world. Therefore, to know new areas proper for autumn sugar beet cultivation would be necessary for the sustainable supply of sugar. In the arid regions of the country, it is necessary to identify new areas proper for autumn cultivation of this crop. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the possibility of delayed autumn sowing of three types of sugar beet cultivars in Bushehr province and its innovation, to verify the sustainability goals and agronomic management, and to determine the sowing date and suitable cultivar for Bushehr province in the sugar supply chain.

This experiment was carried out in two private farms with different soil and water characteristics as representatives of the agricultural lands of Bushehr province. The experimental treatments include the location of the field independently on two levels (Farm No. 1 and 2) and each farm with two cultivar treatments on three levels (Palma, SBSI 061 and Sharif) and different sowing dates on two levels (November 11 and 19) as the first and second sowing dates, which were performed in 3 replications. On April 29, that is about 170 days after the first sowing date, and 162 days after the second sowing date, sampling and harvesting operations were carried out in both fields. Quantitative and qualitative yield components of sugar beet, after data normalization, were evaluated with multivariate statistical analysis and least significant pairwise comparisons using Xlstat2020 software.

The findings of the research showed that the triple interaction effects of cultivar, sowing date and the field on all components of sugar beet yield are significant. The highest root yield and white sugar yield with 111350 and 9127, kg/ha, respectively, was obtained in (Palma cultivar, sowing date  of November 11, in farm 1) and (Palma cultivar, sowing date of November11, in farm 2), and the lowest root yield and white sugar yield in the order was obtained with 47450 and 3044 kg/ha in (SBSI 061 cultivar, sowing date 11 November in field 2) and (Sharif cultivar, sowing date of  November19, in field 1). Furthermore, the highest sugar content, white sugar content and extraction coefficient of sugar were obtained respectively with (19.1, 16.9 and 88.5%) in (Palma cultivar, sowing date of November19 in field 2). The lowest amount of root impurities, including sodium and potassium, respectively 0.87 and 4.34 milliequivalents per 100 grams of root pulp, and the lowest amount of molasses sugar (1.61%) in (Palma cultivar, sowing date of November 19, in farm 2) was obtained, and the lowest amount of harmful nitrogen (0.80 milliequivalents per 100 grams of root pulp) was obtained in (Palma cultivar, sowing date of November 11, in field 2).

The results showed that farm No. 1, which had a type of soil and water with a suitable texture and high electrical conductivity, had a Quantitative performance, and Farm No. 2, which had a type of soil and water with lower electrical conductivity and less texture suitability, had superior quality characteristics. Despite the significance of the effect of sowing date on some investigated traits, it is not possible to state in general which sowing date is superior; thus, both sowing dates are recommended. The average yield components of the palma cultivar are justified at the soil quality levels, and the adverse phenomenon of bolting and other challenges of autumn cultivation were observed in none of them. Therefore, delayed autumn cultivation of sugar beet with a short growing period of 162 and 170 days has the possibility of being entered into the agricultural ecosystem of Bushehr province and has the potentiallity of environmental sustainability.

The approach of structural empowerment of rural women with the aim of participating in tourism development projects is one of the most prominent approaches in the field of spatial developments of rural settlements, which is in four factors such as learning opportunities, receiving information, access to resources and Support is effective on spatial evolutions. Structural empowerment based on education and raising awareness to rural women about the benefits and costs of tourism development, cultivating local knowledge and skills to benefit from various job opportunities, facilitating access to material and spiritual resources and looking at the formation of organizations, is effective on Woman’s compatible perception for participation in tourism development projects and spatial evolutions of rural settlements. However, in Iran, unproductive education has turned women into "Objective human" in the process of tourism development projects and has challenged their participation, which hinders development and spatial evolutions. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to investigate the effect of structural empowerment on woman’s compatible perception of tourism development projects and motivating factors for rural women's participation in the spatial evolutions of rural settlements. 

The statistical population of this practical and quantitative research includes 33 villages active in the tourism sector with 15,196 households, which was randomly calculated by the number of 400 samples based on Cochran's formula, and the questionnaires were completed in 2021. The statistical methods used are correlation analysis and structural equation model (PLS). Modeling was done in two steps. In the first step, the reliability of the index has been confirmed by Cronbach's alpha criteria, which is higher than 0.7, and composite reliability has been confirmed by values higher than CR<0.6. The structural empowerment of rural women with a coefficient of 0.824 has a strong and significant relationship with woman’s compatible perception of tourism development projects and spatial evolutions of rural settlements; the woman’s compatible perception also has a high correlation with the coefficient of 0.852 with the dimensions of participation in the spatial evolutions of rural settlements. In the second step, all obvious variables related to hidden variables were tested separately. The values of the fit indices confirmed the measurement patterns in the conceptual model.

The findings showed that the path coefficient is significant at the 95% confidence level; because the value of t is greater than 1.96. Based on the of path coefficients values and t value, rural woman’s compatible perception of tourism development projects with their structural empowerment with the path coefficient of 0.830 and the t value equal to 48.014 indicates a positive and significant relationship and is confirmed. Women’s participation in tourism development projects and spatial evolutions also has a positive and significant relationship with woman’s compatible perception of tourism development projects and spatial evolutions, with a path coefficient of 0.382 and a t value of 6.866. In order to measure the mediation hypothesis, the results of the Sobel test showed that there is a mediating and indirect relationship between structural empowerment with the mediating role of woman’s compatible perception and their participation in tourism development projects and spatial evolutions of rural settlements. This research is in line with the results of Irawan and Nara's research (Irawan and Nara, 2020). They believe that empowerment in all dimensions in effective participation and benefits from tourism and their fair distribution has led to the development of tourism in society. 

The average results of variables show that structural empowerment has been effective on woman’s compatible perception of their participation in tourism development projects and spatial evolutions of rural settlements in the studied area. The effective role of women in these projects is undeniable and it is difficult to succeed without the participation of women. Therefore, the empowerment of rural women is important, because it can be effective in creating sustainable cycles of empowering them, including gender equality and increasing income. Nevertheless, it is suggested to pay more attention to the effectiveness of structural empowerment and compatible perception with the purpose of Strengthening for the continuation and increase of women’s participation and also in order to prevent the upcoming challenges of empowerment.

Among management issues, urban development, and project management play an essential role in the success of the preparation and implementation of urban development projects. However, the problems related to the management of urban development projects and plans, the lack of resources, facilities, and the bulk of the administrative body of government organizations for implementing urban projects have caused fluctuations or deficiencies in the economy of urban plans. In this regard, the current research aims to evaluate the management of urban service projects in Sari from 2018 to 2019. In the present research, this question will be answered, how can project management be evaluated using a technique, and what has been the status of project management in implementing urban service plans? Finally, by providing suitable management solutions, it can play a significant role in realizing sustainable urban development plans for this city.

Materials and methods  :

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in terms of methodology. Library and field methods and questionnaire tools have been used to collect information based on the standard of project knowledge management and design with a Likert scale. Questionnaires are arranged in the sections of individual and general characteristics, project characteristics, and project management evaluation and control, which includes nine management areas. For each field, components are defined that determine the correct measurement of the level of knowledge. Experts and employers of Sari municipal services have completed questionnaires. After completing the questionnaire, the importance of the indicators has been determined by calculating the average in each nine areas. If each area's average is higher, it indicates a higher importance than the other areas. Then, their relative deviation is calculated and analyzed to rank the fields.

The results show that in 18 implementation projects of urban service plans during 2018-1999, project risk management, with the highest average (2.91), was in the best condition, and time management was in the worst condition, with an average (2.12). As a result, time management, with a relative deviation of 47, is identified as the priority for change. Also, the results obtained from Fazi Dimetal showed that integrated management, human resources management, communication management, and risk management with scores of (0.084), (0.050), (0.024), and (0.017) are among the causal factors, and other indicators such as range management, time management cost management, quality management and procurement management with the value of (-0.021), (-0.044), (-0.043), (-0.008), and (-0.032) are considered among the handicap factors. As a result, integrated management and time management are among the most effective indicators in project management of urban service projects in Sari city.

In the current research, using the PMBOK project management knowledge technique, the status of Sari urban service plans project from 2018 to 2019 in 9 areas (integrity, time, cost, scope, risk, quality, human resources, procurement, and communication) was evaluated. The results show that in 18 implementation projects of urban service plans during 2018-1999, project risk management, with the highest average (2.91), was in the best condition, and time management was in the worst condition, with an average (2.12). As a result, time management, with a relative deviation of 47, is identified as the priority for change. On the other hand, in terms of effectiveness and effectiveness, project integrity management, with a score of (0.084), was identified as high effectiveness, and project time management, with a score of (-0.044), was identified as low effectiveness.

Bank erosion is one of the geomorphic processes caused by natural and human factors. This phenomenon, as one of the types of water erosion, can create several geomorphic effects in the river. The increase in river erosion also causes the instability of the river and as a result changes the type of flow, changes the pattern of the river and changes the course of the river. So far, several methods of rapid geomorphic assessment have been used to investigate river bank erosion, and one of the most common and widely used in these assessments is the Channel Instability Index (CSI). The aim of our study was to know the applicability of the channel stability index to identify erosion-sensitive and unstable banks in the Qaleh Rudkhan Fooman river in Gilan.

Qaleh Rudkhan river is located in the west of Gilan province in Fooman city. This river originates from the northeast heights of Sote village and flows into the Caspian Sea after traveling 40 kilometers from the Qaleh Rudkhan area. The area of the basin is 347.76 Km2. With the aim of studying the bank erosion and stability of the river bank of Qaleh Rudkhan, a part of the river path with a length of approximately 5 km was selected in near the city of Fooman. In this area, 8 reaches were determined based on river conditions (pattern and morphometric differences) and its sensitivity to bank erosion. Then, mapping of cross_sections, Channel morphometry, grain measurement of the bank sediments, state of compaction and stickiness of sediments, and examination of the vegetation characteristics of the bank and flood plain were carried out for each reaches. In eight reaches, using the channel stability index, the streambank erosion situation was investigated. In this model , the primary bed material ,bed/bank protection, degree of incision, degree of constriction, streambank erosion, streambank instability (percentage of mass movements), established riparian woody- vegetative cover, occurrence of bank accretion and stage of channel evolution model are scored.

Based on the findings of the channel stability index (CSI) on the left and right banks of Qaleh Rudkhan river, it showed that the index values ranged from 18.5 to 25.5. Based on these values, reaches one, two, three and four are in a very unstable state (high instability) in terms of channel stability, and reaches five, six, seven and eight are in a medium instability state. Based on the relative score method of bed sediments, bank protection and riparian vegetation are the most important factors affecting channel stability. Based on Pox-Whisker Plot diagram, the status of three variables of degree of incision, the available evidence of bank erosion, percentage of mass movements and occurrence of bank accretion are different in different reaches and as a result of these factors, the sensitivity of the river bank of Qaleh Rudkhan to instability is different.

The results of this research show that the three variables of the primary bed material, bank protection and established riparian woody- vegetative cover are the same in all reaches and are considered important factors affecting the stability and river channel stability. Based on the above findings streambank instability, occurrence of bank accretion, degree of incision and stage of channel evolution model are variable factors in each reaches, which cause differences and changes in the intensity of river bank erosion and river channel.

Fire has long been an essential threat to urban safety, the physical environment, and the quality of urban life. One of the most important challenges threatening cities is the risk of creating and spreading fire in urban environments. Currently, Iran's metropolises are facing various problems, and one of the problems that the country's metropolises are dealing with is the fire crisis and, on the other hand, the weakness of their existing service infrastructures. The present study was conducted with the aim of statistical analysis of the fire crisis in the land-uses of Karaj metropolis the fourth largest city in Iran.

The current research has a small nature, and using Merec and CODAS techniques, the statistical analysis of the fire crisis in urban uses in Karaj metropolis has been done. The scope of the research comprises 12 districts of Karaj metropolis, and 10 indicators related to the fire crisis in urban uses in 12 districts of Karaj metropolis have been investigated. The required data, taken from the statistics of Karaj in 2018, were weighted by the Merec technique and used in CODAS technique. The indicators studied in this quantitative research are the number of fires in residential use, the number of fires in educational use, the number of fires in healthcare use, the number of fires in service use, the number of fires in commercial use, The number of fires occurred in industrial use, the number of fires occurred in warehouse use, the number of fires occurred in the use of urban green spaces, the number of fires occurred in vehicles, and the number of fires occurred in the use of roads and crossings.

The research findings show that District 11 of Karaj metropolis has the highest score (3.859), and this District is green. The number of fires that occurred in the urban uses of this area was limited. In CODAS technique, Karaj District 6 with a score (-3.566), District 10 with a score (-2.605), District 2 with a score (-2.469), District 7 with a score (-0.488), and District 4 got the lowest points with a score of (-0.274). The most fire crisis in the urban uses of Karaj metropolis belongs to District 6. The number of fires that occurred in the urban uses of Districts 6, 10, 2, 7, and 4 has been high, and these areas are red. The average of the closest neighborhood of the fire crisis score in urban uses in the areas of Karaj metropolis was scattered.

Most fires related to residential and educational use occurred in District 6, most health and medical fires in District 4, and most service fires in District 5. City managers must pay special attention to these Districts. The most fires related to the commercial uses of Karaj city occurred in District 3, the most industrial fires in District 10, and the most urban green space use fires in District 2. The most fires on the roads and crossings in District 5, and it is necessary for city managers to pay special attention to these areas. Most fires occurred for residential use in Karaj, especially in the mentioned areas. Several factors play a role in this field. However, the main reason for this danger is due to the non-observance of construction principles and structure standards, which, if correctly observed, citizens will not fall into the trap of fire and subsequent accidents.

The present research, while investigating the spatial distribution pattern of Tehran's thermal islands in the context of social (behavioral) characteristics of this city, also deals with urban planning and development based on the effect of behavioral patterns to increase climate comfort. In this research, by examining the neighborhoods of ten, eleven and twelve districts of Tehran (selected neighborhoods resulting from overlapping urban quality GIS maps with satellite images of urban heating), including Mortazavi and Soleimani neighborhoods in ten district, Jumhori and Abbasi neighborhoods in eleven district and Harandi and Takhti neighborhoods are in Dozadhe region, finding the analytical relationship of continuity and correlation between the pattern of distribution of heat islands and the behavior patterns of citizens in the mentioned neighborhoods has been done with inferential analysis.

In order to provide urban planning solutions based on behavioral patterns appropriate to climatic comfort in the city of Tehran, the present research has addressed the dominant behavioral patterns of residents and visitors in urban contexts, and by expanding these analyzes on the connection and correlation between the distribution pattern of heat islands and the behavioral patterns of citizens in the neighborhoods According to the inferential analysis (SPSS) of ANOVA variance and Spearman's correlation coefficient, it provides urban planning solutions in the form of a coherent urban model resulting from these analyses. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and both documentary and field methods are used to collect data. In the documentary method, more scientific books and scientific-research publications have been used. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and both documentary and field methods are used to collect data. In the documentary method, more scientific books and scientific-research publications have been used. Basic GIS maps of population density, housing prices and quality of life taken from the National System of Applied Data are overlaid with satellite images from Landsat 8 and Madis satellites prepared in September and February 2014 by the author, up to the areas of Tehran that are responsible for the existence The arrival of heat islands in them is caused by the lack of urban quality in Tehran. Why so among the new methods of calculating the urban heat island and the role of different uses is the use of remote sensing and satellite images. In order to obtain the predominant behavioral patterns of residents and visitors in the urban contexts of the mentioned neighborhoods, including (time of presence, reasons for presence, frequency of presence and population density) with the field method and distribution of questionnaires to the subjective and perceptual evaluation of people in the environment and Its descriptive analysis is discussed. While conducting field studies, qualitative analysis was also done based on behavioral and semantic observations. In order to find the analytical relationship of continuity and correlation between the distribution pattern of heat islands and the behavioral patterns of citizens, an inferential analysis has been performed.

Presence in different neighborhoods has different manifestations. By creating invitingness in other activity spaces by strengthening activities with activity overflow, defining pause and movement spaces in the space of the main streets on the edge and within the context of the neighborhood, controlling the entry and exit of vehicles to the neighborhood by defining the entrance for the main streets, etc. during these hours. Finally, by expanding the analyzes that have been done in this research, urban planning solutions will be implemented in the urban system to solve the problem of heat islands with behavioral patterns.

The neighborhoods under study lost their climatic comfort and became heat islands due to the presence of mixed uses and traffic interference, management disorder, etc. The activities in these neighborhoods are known at the city level in terms of meaning, but they lack proper implementation rules. Therefore, these parts have the necessary potential to explain and provide behavioral patterns to reduce the effects of heat islands. In order to explain and present the principles of reducing the effects of heat islands and increasing the level of public satisfaction, controlling attendance in neighborhoods, and paying attention to the low traffic hours of each neighborhood and its management are among the most important factors in reducing heat islands with behavioral patterns.

With the spread of Covid-19, the demand for tourism decreased to a minimum. As a result, tourism businesses suffered from much damage, including a reduction in tourist stay, a decrease in the sale of rural products, an increase in unemployment of tourism sector workers, a decrease in income and an increase in economic pressure that faced a lack of capital efficiency in the tourism sector. This issue is of particular importance in tourism destination villages due to the dependence of a large part of the residents' income on tourism; Therefore, the current study has examined the vulnerability of rural tourism businesses in the face of Covid-19.

The descriptive-analytical research method is of applied type. Field data collection was done in the spring of 2021 before the start of the seventh wave of Covid-19. The study area is Kalat-e Naderi county in Razavi Khorasan province. In this study, eight villages were identified and studied as tourist destinations with the help of cultural heritage experts and district administrations. The unit of analysis was 201 tourism business owners who had direct and indirect income from tourism before Covid-19. The situation of tourism businesses in two periods before and after the Covid-19 outbreak was investigated with the help of the Pseudo-panel method with six variables on a relative scale. Also, the damage caused to the tourism sector was quantified with the help of 18 indicators on an ordinal scale. Data analysis was done with the help of paired sample and single sample t-test, two independent samples, exploratory factor analysis, and one-way analysis of variance. The reliability of the questionnaires was checked with the help of Cronbach's alpha, and its coefficient was 0.81 for 18 indicators.

The average vulnerability of tourism businesses on the Likert scale has been evaluated as high, with 4.03. The vulnerability of mature businesses is 4.1 more than that of start-up businesses, with 3.9 and growing businesses at 3.8. The high age and low level of education of mature business owners can help explain the high vulnerability of mature businesses. Exploratory factor analysis divided the most significant damages of tourism businesses under five factors with 63% variance. A significant decrease in tourism demand with a 29.91% variance is the main damage to tourism businesses. Then they are: jeopardizing job security and investments, stopping the activities of the tourism sector, lack government support for tourism businesses and closure tourism businesses, respectively.

The outbreak of Covid-19 showed that tourism businesses are extremely vulnerable in the face of external crises, and the owners of these businesses suffered an economic shock. In such a situation, these businesses were left alone, with no plan for survival or reducing their vulnerability. About 40 percent of the surveyed businesses, which had income from the tourism sector before Covid-19, lost their income from the tourism sector altogether after the outbreak, and the organizations in charge of rural tourism could not play an effective role in the survival and increasing the resilience of tourism businesses. Therefore, it is necessary to play the active role of trustee institutions in adopting effective measures to increase the resilience of tourism businesses, especially in the villages of tourism destinations, in the face of external impulses.