فصلنامه مهندسی منابع آب
پیاپی 57 (تابستان 1402)

Knowing the spatial and temporal changes in groundwater quality is one of the important issues for optimal management of groundwater resources. In this study, the hydro geochemical properties of groundwater resources in Miandoab plain (West Azerbaijan province of Iran) were investigated.

For this purpose, the data of 51 study wells during the time period (from 2014 to 2018) were used. The qualitative parameters such as the amount of Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, CO32- and the indexes such as TH (Total Hardness), TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), EC (Electrical Conductivity), SAR (Sodium Absorption Ratio) and pH were evaluated based on drinking, agriculture and industry water quality standards. Aquifer qualitative zoning maps were extracted by entering the descriptive layers obtained from the qualitative analysis in ArcGIS software and selecting the best interpolation method based on the validation technique.

The groundwater hydro chemical analysis based on the drinking water standards of the Energy Ministry indicated that the groundwater of the plain is in a relatively acceptable condition. This was also obtained from groundwater analysis by the Schoeller method. It was found that the largest areas of this plain had saline groundwater, in terms of agriculture. Industrially, sedimentation in the plain was more pronounced than corrosion.

Results showed that the aquifer quality declined from 2014 to 2017 and improved in 2018. Zoning maps showed that Miandoab aquifer has better quality and condition in the feeding areas in terms of drinking, agriculture and industry. In other words, according to the geography of the plain, the aquifer feeding areas were less vulnerable than the areas located in the evacuation areas.

Hydraulic jump is created at the end of shoots and many hydraulic structures. The occurrence of a hydraulic jump phenomenon leads to a decrease in the amount of energy in open channels. In the present study, in order to simultaneously evaluate the effect of roughness and the effect of reciprocal slope on reducing the secondary depth of the hydraulic jump, as well as reducing the length of the hydraulic jump.

In this study, two types of roughness in the form of rhombuses and triangles were compared in a laboratory with a reverse slope of zero to 0.1% compared to a flat surface. The results of experiments related to the effect of roughness in reducing the relative second depth of hydraulic jump showed that rhombic and triangular roughness (in the horizontal plane) were effective in reducing the relative depth of hydraulic jump by 9.6 and 9.1%, respectively. Also, the results related to the effect of reverse slope (at the surface without roughness) on controlling the relative second depth of hydraulic jump showed that creating and increasing the reverse slope in the tested interval alone will not have an effect on reducing the relative second depth of hydraulic jump.

After examining the effect of roughness and reverse slope in controlling the relative length of hydraulic jump, it was observed that at the highest rate, the relative length of hydraulic jump was reduced by 0.075% and the roughness of rhombic and triangular, by 52.8 and 56.8% was observed. Therefore, as a result of this research, it can be stated that if the goal is to reduce the secondary depth of the hydraulic jump, the best option to reduce the secondary depth of the hydraulic jump is to roughen the bed using triangular roughness.

Researchers have performed many Experimental and theoretical studies to estimate river-stage-discharge curves using the manning roughness coefficient. In natural rivers, in flood conditions, with increasing flow rate, water flows out of the central canal through the floodplains, thus the shape of the river and roughness coefficient change.

In this research, nine laboratory models and six natural rivers data were used to examine the accuracy of different Divided Channel Methods, DCMs, of rivers’ stage-discharge formulas to calculate the roughness. The cross section of rivers along the route would change significantly, therefore, the method with the least sensitivity to cross-sectional shape changes has the more generalizability. In the process of this research, the Manning coefficient was calculated using different methods and various laboratory data.

After reviewing the results of the different DCM methods, SC-SEV, SC-SIV, SC-SIH techniques were found as the less sensitive methods to cross-sectional changes to determine the roughness coefficient.

So as to conserve and manage reservoirs effectively, a comprehensive awareness is necessary for the spatial and temporal pattern of water quality.  

. In this research, a three-dimensional EFDC dynamic environmental model has been utilized, for the assessment and simulation of the thermal-regime and quality parameters of the Mamloo-Dam Reservoir. The information required for the calibration and validation of the model in the 12 months of the year of 2019, has been taken from 6 stations.

The thermal stratification has prolonged, for several months. Stability in stratification has obstructed the transfer of oxygen to the lower layers and the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the hypolimnion, decreases intensely, in to less than 2 mg/L. In the entire seasons of the year, the highest concentration of Chlorophyll is relative to photic zones (with highest concentration 35.6 µg/L in august). The phosphorous factor restricts the growth of algae in the reservoir; and a high correlation between the modifications in total phosphorous concentration and chlorophyll was observed. The trend of modifications in total nitrogen illustrates its control by external input loads. Furthermore, the results attained in comparing the simulated and real values (R2 and RMSE values), display that the EFDC model has the capacity to simulate the hydrodynamic and qualitative parameters of the Mamloo-Dam Reservoir. Moreover, provided appropriate statistical indicators (RMSE=0.15, R2=0.72) in water level simulation.

One of the solutions for flood management is flood zoning in different return periods, which can be an essential tool in determining development strategies and reducing flood damage. Calculating flood damage in existing uses provides useful information for various organizations such as insurance to be aware of the amount of damage in different uses in the event of a flood.

The study area is located in Rudak basin. In this regard, first maps, required hydrological data and DEM of the study area were prepared. Then, according to the flow data, the maximum annual moments in Rudak hydrometric station were fitted with normal log distribution (as the best distribution) and the flow rate was obtained in four return periods. Then, a single hydrograph was obtained by SCS method for different return periods. Then, using the HEC-RAS2D model, the flood zone with the mentioned return period is obtained and finally, based on the global damage-depth functions, the amount of damage in the return period is based on different uses, including residential, commercial, agricultural, roads was calculated.

By comparing the results of flood zoning and damage maps, which with increasing flood return period, the amount of damage and the area of ​​high-risk zone increases. The amount of flood zone in the return periods of 5, 25, 50 and 100 years is equal to 17.9, 18.9, 19.4, 19.9 hectares, respectively. Most of the damage is related to agricultural lands and then lands with commercial use. The rate of increase in damage to the area between floods 5 and 25 return period is about 47%, between floods 25 and 50 return period is about 6%, and between floods 50 and 100 years is about 15%. Therefore, a 50-year flood can be proposed to determine the flood protection plans of the region.

Mismanagement and uncontrolled abstraction of water resources, especially in the agricultural sector, with the allocation of more than 90% of water consumption, will exacerbate the water crisis and the continuation of this process will make it catastrophic in the future.The present study investigates the effect of changing cultivation patterns on the sustainability of water resources and agricultural production in West Azerbaijan province.

This research has modeled two effective water resources subsystems hydrology and economic by using statistical data from 1991 to 2017, and the main variables were simulated up to the horizon of 1430. After calibration by simple genetic algorithm and verification under extreme condition tests, the scenarios of the current cropping pattern, low-consumption cultivation pattern and economic cultivation indicators, groundwater sustainable index (SUI) and water Exploitation index (WEI+), the impact of scenarios was evaluated.

The results indicated that the continuation of the current cultivation pattern reduces the volume of groundwater by 93/34% and the available surface water by 20% to the horizon of 1430; While the low-consumption cultivation pattern with a reduction of 52.88% in agricultural water demand by eliminating crops with high water requirements (beets) and allocating the cultivation area to crops with low water requirements (barley and canola) and increasing fallow by 10%, in addition on 53.72% improvement of water productivity, it  increases the potential of groundwater 13.69 times and the available surface water 2.45 times, and with a positive effect on the sustainability Index (SUI) and water Exploitation Index (WEI+) Groundwater stability and creates the least water stress in the horizon of 1430. Therefore, in order to sustain water resources, cropping pattern policies should focus on low-use cropping pattern.

Land-use change is an important factor in changing the hydrologic processes and biodiversity. It has significant environmental consequences at local, regional, and global scales. Although many studies have been conducted for revealing the land-use change worldwide, its impact on the hydrologic processes, water resources, water supply, and water consumption is poorly understood.

The present research is an effort to use remote sensing techniques for investigating land-use change in Qom province during the last three decades. Qom province, located in the west of the Dasht-e-Kavir desert with vulnerable water resources, has been subject of a rapid development process in recent decades so water resources require more attention. Here, Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) and Decision Tree Classification (DTC) were used to show the role of the classification method in the results.

The results showed that “drought” and “increasing number of farmers”, with an average score of 3.56 and 3.45 respectively on a scale of 1 to 5, are considered as the main causes of agricultural water conflict. From the farmers’ view, the priority for reducing water conflicts was the participation of farmers in managing water wells and negotiating with farmers around the water. On a scale of 13 to 65 with an average of 38.51, the perceived agricultural water conflict was at the medium level. By increasing farm distance from the well, area of agricultural rental land, and annual income from non-agricultural activities, the perception of agricultural water conflict increased. However, by increasing owned agricultural land area and agricultural income, the perception of agricultural water conflict decreased. The main strategy used by farmers to manage agricultural water conflict was “control”, in which coercion and force are used to manage conflict. The “problem-solving” and “avoidance” strategies were the second and third priorities respectively.

Expansion of urbanization, increasing in the population of planet, excessive exploitation of water resources and wastewater release in nature have negative and irreversible impacts on the environment. The present research has been carried out in order to optimize the redesign model of the green water and wastewater network.

In this research, a bi-objective optimization model for the green redesign of the water and wastewater network is proposed. The model includes locating the optimal place of storage ponds and also optimally allocating the treated wastewater to agricultural areas and industrial settlements in order to mitigate the devastating effects of discharging industrial wastewater into the municipal wastewater treatment plants and eventually mitigating the entry of such pollutants into the environment. The proposed model, has been solved using the - constraint method.

Accordingly, the total system cost is minimized, the demand is met and simultaneously the environmental issues are met and the environmental pollution load of the network is minimized, because of network redesign. Also, a sensitivity analysis is performed on some important parameters.

The results showed that the proposed model can help the designers in this field to design the distribution network, because despite the increase in costs the environmental pollution is reduced by installing COD meters and performing environmental disinfection. In addition, in this model, it has been tried to compensate part of the increased costs by selling activated sludge.

As the world population grows, it is predicted that freshwater supplies will be rare in the 21st century. Despite abundant advances in water and wastewater treatment, waterborne diseases still threaten the health of the people of the world. Listeria monocytogenes bacterium is a pathogen that causes listeriosis. This pathogen can also cause meningitis, poisonous sepsis, and abortion in humans. One way of transmitting this microorganism is water and foodstuffs. Quick and accurate identification plays an important role in preventing infections. Also, due to the importance of Campylobacter jejuni in water and food industries and causing infection, toxication, and digestive problems in humans, the identification of this bacterium can be an effective step in preventing water contamination with Campylobacter jejuni. The aim of the present study was to identify Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter jejuni through culture and PCR and compare them in the water supply of Kermanshah city.

18 samples were collected from different water supplies of Kermanshah. DNA was extracted from standard Campylobacter jejuni and Listeria monocytogenes using a DNG-Plus kit. PCR reaction was optimized using specific primers. After determining the specificity and PCR detection limit, the collected water samples were examined and at the same time, the samples were cultured and examined.

From 18 samples of water supply sources in Kermanshah by PCR, Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from all samples, and Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 17 samples, and also 4 cases of Campylobacter jejuni and 2 cases of Listeria monocytogenes were isolated by culture method. The results showed that PCR has a better performance than culture for detecting Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter jejuni.