نشریه زبان فارسی و گویش های ایرانی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 14، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The Persian language, which is called “Farsi” in Iran, “Dari” in Afghanistan, and “Tajiki” in Tajikistan, has been the official and court language of the land that is called Afghanistan today. This language has experienced a painful history since the formation of independent government in Afghanistan and changing the name of Khorasan to Afghanistan (1747 AD) until today. During this period, tribal and ethnic rulers have ruled the country with the approach of Pashtunism and each of them has adopted a specific orientation towards the Persian language. Since the beginning of the 20th century, they have tried to remove the Persian language from the official and national domain and replace it with other languages, including Pashto. While other common languages in Afghanistan never have had the background and the extent of Persian language in social, historical and cultural terms. The policy of marginalization of the Persian language, which started during the period of Amir Habibullah Khan (r. 1901-1919), has been followed with ups and downs in the following periods and until today - 18 months have passed since the second period of the Taliban rule. As it was removed from the administrative and educational system for a short period of time during the half-century rule of the Al Yahya dynasty (1308-1357), and then, in 1343, the name “Dari” was imposed on this language and it was included as one of the two official languages, along with Pashto, in the constitution of the Zaher Shah era. This position was also maintained during the communist regimes; but after the civil wars and the domination of the Taliban (1375-1380) it was treated more unkindly. With the establishment of democracy and the formation of the Islamic Republic (1380-1400), and in the constitution that was approved in 1382, Pashto and Persian were recognized as the two official languages in Afghanistan, with the difference that preference was given to Pashto and the national anthem of this country was also made in Pashto language. Also, academic, military and administrative terms were assigned to Pashto language only. Finally, with the fall of the republican system and the Taliban regaining control over Afghanistan, this group has tried to remove the Persian language and terms from government offices and signs.

The present research has investigated the production of derivational affixes in the Surani Kurdish language, based on the corpus of “Kurdpress”. In morphology, the productivity of a suffix was expressed as the number of new words created by that suffix. In this way, the present research has investigated the frequency of the derivational affixes of the Kurdish language in the final position of the word, based on a corpus approach. In the first step of this research, a list of Kurdish suffixes was identified. Then, by using web crawling programming in Python language, the required data was prepared from the Kurdpress news network. The measuring criterion used for the productivity of each of these suffixes is based on the criterion of the p value. Finally, it was determined that the words “چی، دان، ین، زن، یلانە” were among the most productive suffixes in the Kurdish language with a productivity rate of more than 50%. Among the other things discussed in this study is the difference between the concept of productivity and the importance that an affix assigns to itself. The importance of an affix is known in the number of words that are used in the vocabulary list of the language.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the address terms in Gilaki poetries of Sheevan Foumani, according to the dialogue-based approach, as the main pillar of a structure that is based on the context, situation, sex, class, age, and the social position of individuals and manifestated in various forms like pronouns, kinship nicknames, nominal groups and descriptive expressions. These descriptive expressions include religious, friendly, respectful, metaphorical, euphemistic, sarcastic, ironic and insulting address terms, taboo and offensive words, and have created various tones. Sheevan Foumani depiction of lush spaces of Guilan incorporating with various tones in poetries is regarded as one of the factors of diversity and mobility. Methodologically, the current research is based on theories of sociolinguists like Brown, Wardaugh and Parkinson, and it has been designed in accordance with the discourse analysis approach in the dialogue - based Gilaki poems of the poet. Also, results of the current research indicate that the use of address terms in dialogue poems within the“recommendatory, admonitory and threatening tones” are the most frequent ones, then the “satirical and ridiculing tones” and “slanderous and insulting  tones” are more frequent, and finally “the tone of “astonishment”, as the least frequent one.

The present article deals with the re-examination of two words from the second chapter of Vendidad, which considerations of scholars about their meaning and derivation are not satisfactory. One of these two words is the vīuuīse, which according to Bartholomae is an infinitive but the construction of which and its syntactic relationship with other parts of the sentence do not confirm it to be an infinitive. The evidence shows that this word can only be the second singular perfect of vīuuīs- from the root vaēs- “to be ready as”. The other is a word that Bartholomae corrected as astǝm, and in the phrase astǝm iθra fracarǝṇta pasuuasca, he considered it the object of the verb fracarǝṇta. However, in the Geldner's edition, the mentioned word is recorded as two independent words as tǝm, and apparently this reading was the focus of the Pahlavi translators of Vendidad. In addition, there are great linguistic reasons that show fracarǝṇta cannot be a form derived from fra + car- “to establish” and correcting as tǝm as astǝm, and to conceive the late form as the object of the verb fracarṇta is incorrect.

Among lexical relations, polysemy is of an important position in the semantic field because it provides the fertility of meaning and the expansion of concepts dramatically. The present study aims to represent the conceptualization of the verb /shekanen/ (break) in Kalhori Kurdish based on Evans and Green’s principled-polysemy approach (2006) in cognitive semantics. For this purpose, in this qualitative research, the data were collected from Kurdish proverbs (Jafarzadeh, 2006), interviews with Kalhori Kurdish speakers, and their routine dialogues; and then they were analyzed with the use of descriptive – analytic method. The results showed that the primary meaning of this verb was “break”, and it has thirty-six distinct meanings, such as “fragment”, “halve”, “burst”, “shrink”, “harm”, “pain" and the like in its semantic network. Then, these different meanings were also placed in seven distinct semantic clusters. Besides, these distinct meanings along with their seven semantic clusters were illustrated in a semantic network. The conceptual representation of verbs in the Kurdish language (Kalhori Kurdish) makes our knowledge about the verb more complete, and also helps the mobility of Kalhori Kurdish grammar.

One of the categories of linguistics that has entered the field of studies of this knowledge in the last one hundred years is the field of  “false cognates”. This term refers to words that appear to be the same, but have different meanings in one or two languages. Not paying attention to the different meanings such words have, may lead to misunderstanding, and/ or miscommunication. Kermanshahi Persian is one of the dialects of the Persian language that has been used in the city of Kermanshah along with Kermanshahi Kurdish for centuries. In a different way, there are some words, phrases or sentences in the quality of those words, phrases and sentences that are used in a different sense. In this article, after stating the definition, history and characteristics of the false cognates, examples of them in Kermanshahi Persian have been provided and analyzed. The findings of the research show that 65% of the false cognates analyzed in this article were associated with semantic expansion, and 25% were associated with semantic degradation. In terms of expressive usages, the most usage is related to similarity (32.5%) and then it is related to total and partial permission (15%). From the point of view of semantic relationships, the highest frequency (32.5%) is related to the relationship of proportionality and the lowest frequency is related to contrast (7.5%).

In the present study, the linguistic atlas of Bushehr province is discussed, as the first linguistic atlas of the provinces in Iran. It is a collection of maps compiled to show the linguistic restrictions on a geographic area. The data collected for this study is based on the questionnaire of national linguistic atlas of Iran (105 words and 36 sentences) by Parmoon (1385); and interviews with speakers from 500 villages in the province. Then the interviews are transcribed into international phonetic alphabetic form (I.P.A). It is tried to show the aords with the least and the most dialectal diversities in the dialects of this province. It is also possible to see dialectal diversities of each word and sentence, in question, on the maps of this province in graphical forms and in different colors. Finally, the dialectal diversities of this province are analyzed and then explained linguistically.

The purpose of this research is to compare speech acts in interactions of Persian monolingual and Turkish-Persian bilingual students. This research is a field research in the field of language usage. This is a cross-sectional and descriptiveanalytical research that collects information using a questionnaire. The statistical population includes monolingual (Persian) and bilingual (PersianTurkish) students, 100 bilingual students and 100 monolingual students in a random cluster, among the students of Payam Noor and Azad universities in Firozabad and Jam from different disciplines. Bloom and Kolka (1982) questionnaires related to requests and apologies were used to measure speech interactions in the two areas of requests and apologies, each of which contains 18 questions. In this research, in order to analyze the data, SPSS statistical software was used, and the data was examined and analyzed in two parts, descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings showed that most of the responses to apologies are direct. Also, the monolingual group has more interactions than the bilingual group. In the request reaction, most of the answers are direct. The monolingual group has more speech acts. Request reactions, whether in terms of accepting or rejecting the request, are more among monolingual people. The degree of difficulty of actions in the speakers of Turkish has the highest average and the probability of requested action in the speech of the speakers of Persian is higher with a small difference.