جستارنامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 24 (تابستان 1402)

Romanticism is a literary, artistic and philosophical school that emerged in the West in the late 18th century and early 19th century in the field of literature; Then he influenced other societies and produced influential and valuable works in the field of prose and poetry. The most important features of this school are the use of remote and unknown places, the depiction of mysterious situations, the reflection of the author's inner sadness and depression, the expression of individual feelings and emotions, the lack of attention to rationality and the use of imagination. Many poets in the contemporary period were influenced by the school of romanticism in different ways. Wasif Bakhtri is one of the contemporary Afghan poets who can be considered as a symbol of contemporary Afghan poetry. Wasif has an unattainable position in the contemporary poetry of Afghanistan with his unique coverage of ancient Persian literature and mastery of contemporary Persian literature and new poetry. This research, in a descriptive-analytical way and with library tools, tries to describe and explain Wasef's use of the school of individual romanticism. The results of the research indicate that the components of the school of individual romanticism can be observed in Wasif's poems. Among the many characteristics of individual romanticism, Wasif is more inclined towards naturalism. After that, lyrical themes such as love, imagination and image, nostalgia, sadness, loneliness, despair and hopelessness have a more obvious expression.

Myth alongside the epic, legends and popular culture, is one of the elements that form the culture and ethnic and national identity of societies and a charter of social beliefs that is produced in the cultural context. The subject of myth is not separate from the study of religious rituals and it can be considered as a tool that explains existing beliefs and institutions by referring to religion. "Sin" as an action or behavior is an important concept; to the extent that cultural events related to it cannot be understood without understanding the concept and its motivating effects. "Darab" and "Ulysses" as mythological heroes, are cultural figures, and the subject of their "sin" is also placed as an action in the category of culture. In addition to exploring the hidden and implied meaning of the text, the theory of comparative mythology of Georges Dumezil also pays attention to the social/cultural context. The findings of this research, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical method, showed that the trajectory of a myth and her sin in the two civilizations of Iran and Greece is clearly defined. Themes such as "deception by demons", "doubt in the creator", "pride and claim of divinity", "achieving power and fear of losing power", "disobeying the command of gods and goddesses", " Killing ritual beings and heroes", "disrespecting to fire and sowing the seeds of hatred in the human institution", is the basis of the most sins among Iran and the world. The research findings indicate that there is a fixed structure in Indo-European mythology; which remained in these cultures over the centuries and despite the geographical expansion and reforms of different religions, their traces can still be found after many years.

Solitude and seclusion in Ghazali and Ansari's expression is a general concept without any Sufi traditions. In fact, according to these two mystics, seclusion is a way of life that continues continuously until the end of the seeker's life. This present research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, has dealt with a comparative investigation of the place of solitude and seclusion in the course of mysticism (Ghazali’s Ehaya al-Uloom and Khwaja Abdullah Ansari’s Manazel al-Saarerin). The result of this research indicates that Ghazali, as a mystic, was able to highlight isolation and avoidance of people well and show that real and true happiness is in seclusion and solitude, and the benefits of this seclusion are like remaining in the presence of God and treatment of physical diseases and acquisition of knowledge is considered. Ansari has a different view of solitude and considers it a means of self-knowledge and returning to oneself, although he has common points such as the benefits of isolation and avoiding people for solitude compared to Ghazali, Ansari's view is expressed in the form of awareness and punishment, exile and reflection.

The boundless imagination and emotional world of children provide a platform for creating spaces and creatures that are not dissimilar to the mythological creations of ancient times or those created in the world of myths. This childish ability has always been of interest and use to children's and young adult poets who, through the use of anthropomorphism, consciously or unconsciously, have depicted the common outputs of children's mentality and the world of myths. The result of this approach is the development of a type of anthropomorphic poetry based on a mythical mentality in children's poetry, which in this study has been analyzed and described based on the works of ten poets. Research findings indicate that poets have taken into account the emotional attachment of children to nature in this field. Unconsciously, influenced by the pattern of mythology and ancient anthropomorphism, the poets employed the technique of anthropomorphism in a particular way tuned to childish imagination. Therefore, they are able to represent the phenomena and manifestations of nature anthropomorphously providing a basis for emotional recognition of natural elements and objects for child audiences.

Lyrical literature is the oldest type of literature in which the poet displays his existential truth and expresses his personal feelings towards life and society, in such a way that social realities and society can be objectively reflected in a detailed and limited way. He saw literary works. The purpose of studying societies in poetry is to analyze the social concerns and issues of that period. Hossein Manzavi is one of the greatest ghazal writers of the present era, who is famous for his romantic ghazal; the subject of his sonnets is mostly about love, yet he has addressed social and political issues in his sonnets. The lover in the isolated sonnet has taken on a different face and this indicates the poet's different attitude towards the subject of love. Manzavi has a personal and special style in his descriptions, which distinguishes his poetry from other contemporary poets. In his lyrical compositions, different and dual themes can be seen around lyrical, social and religious topics and issues. In this research, the author is trying to analyze the social and related issues in isolated sonnets with descriptive-analytical method and library tools and to answer the question, what are the most important social issues used in isolated sonnets? The result of the research indicates that the poet was able to create a new language to express love in such a way that this distinction and duality of approach can be seen in his romantic sonnets.

As a valuable heritage, Persian manuscripts have made an important contribution to the preservation of Iranian culture and civilization. Mir Mohammad Momin Estrabadi, a sage, architect, poet, and writer of the 10th and 11th centuries AH, has left behind his works including Divan Shaari. This diwan is kept as a single copy in the "Royal Library of Golestan Palace" under number 459, which is registered as a manuscript of "Khayyam's quatrains" due to the similarity of its quatrains with Khayyam's quatrains. Diwan of Mir Mohammad Momen Estrabadi is one of the precious manuscripts that has remained unknown until now, and correcting this manuscript is very important in order to know his character and position and to familiarize himself with his poetic style and thoughts. This research is dedicated to the investigation and analysis of the poetic style of Divan Mir Mohammad Momen Astarabadi with a descriptive-analytical method. The scope and statistical population of the study are the manuscripts of his divan, which has been corrected by the author. His divan consists of quatrains, odes, ghazals, and pieces, of course, most of it is dedicated to quatrains. According to the results, the poetry style of Mir Mohammad Momen Astarabadi is very close to the Indian style, and in terms of content, language and literature, there are many features of the Indian style in his poetry.

Saadi grew up in the Ash'ari school, and the influence of Ash'ari words can be easily seen in Saadi's works. The influence of fate and fate on destiny, the influence of nature and essence on human actions, and the lack of influence of education on changing a person's moods and morals can be seen everywhere in Saadi's generalities. In addition to many themes of this kind, another common theme can be seen in Saadi's lyrical and love poems with the concept that love is an involuntary and irrational thing and one cannot resist love or make a choice. That is, the idea of predestination dominates Saadi's love poems, and the question arises as to whether this predestination originates from the words and education of Ash'ari, or is it simply a vehicle for creating a literary theme. With a more detailed examination of Saadi's generalities, using the analytical descriptive method, we come to the conclusion that the influence of Ash'ari's words on Saadi is not such that it made him fall into determinism; Saadi is a free and intellectual person and despite his contemporaries, he does not believe in absolute predestination; As a result, the theme of human helplessness in the world of love is simply an artistic theme and Saadi has used it to express the power of love.Keywords: Ash'arism, Determinism, Dialectics, Saadi.