فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 54، تابستان 1402)

The impact of climate change on societies depends on their resilience. The economic resilience approach, due to its dynamic and foresight nature, can be more effective in increasing the economic adaptability of farmers against disasters. This study was conducted with the aim of obtaining suitable indicators for evaluating the economic resilience of farmers in dealing with climate disasters. The current research was conducted in two stages using systematic review and Delphi techniques. In the first stage of the study, based on a systematic review of the theoretical literature on resilience, a model of resilience that is adapted from Jantao's economic resilience model was selected as a suitable model for farmers' economic resilience studies, which consists of three main dimensions of stability, adaptation and change. THEN 44 primary indicators were extracted based on a systematic review of the theoretical literature of resilience studies. The second stage was done using the Delphi technique. According to the results, out of the 44 investigated indicators, 19 indicators were selected as suitable indicators for evaluation, and based on the opinions of experts and elites, 6 indicators in the dimension of stability, 9 indicators in adaptability and 4 indicators in change were the most frequent, and the indicators of the ability to adapt Relative economic conditions of the family at the time of crisis, having diverse job and livelihood capacity, ability to create and develop business through diversification of non-agricultural activities were of the greatest importance and emphasis.

Despite the great emphasis on the importance and protection of forests and the significant contribution these resources play in achieving sustainable development, the problems related to forest fires have become more critical. In this regard, the general goal of the current research was to present a paradigm model of the fire phenomenon in the forests of Chavar Township in Ilam Province by using the grounded theory method. The study population included experts and key informants in the field of forest management and protection, including experts from the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management in Ilam and Chavar Township, trained forces of the protection unit of the Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Ilam province and Ilam and Chavar Township, the local communities of Bankhshak and Ganjvan villages were part of Chavar Township and non-governmental organizations (NGO) were active in the field of forest management and protection at the level of this Township. The participants in the research were selected using purposive and maximum variation sampling. Data were collected through depth interviews. The result of the application of grounded theory in this study was a conceptual model that showed human, participative, managerial, motivational and natural factors as causative conditions, cultural-social and economic factors as contextual conditions, and legal-policy-making, educational-informational factors, supervisory and infrastructural conditions as intervening conditions have caused the fire phenomenon in the forests of Chavar Township. The findings showed that extensional and educational, appropriate legislation and supervision, and managerial and economic strategies were the most important strategies to deal with the fire phenomenon in the forests of the study area.

The carbon sequestration project is being implemented under the support of various international organizations aiming for reducing greenhouse gas emissions across developing countries. Mahalat County is one of the leading regions in Iran to implement this project. Despite the objective achievements, the current project has left many ecological, economic, social and psychological impacts in the study areas. Through a survey research method, the present study analyzed these impacts from the perspective of 105 experts. The results revealed that the sequestration project could significantly reduce the risk of runoff and flooding by implementing watershed management, grazing and desertification operations, and preventing soil erosion to an acceptable extent. By holding six skill-based training courses, the participants’ job skills were improved to a desirable level, and simultaneously with the holding of these courses, 5 microcredit funds were also established, which provided the necessary economic support to start 49 businesses. By forming 22 development groups, the group members’ social capital was improved to a good extent, especially in the dimension of social trust. In addition, as a result of holding skill-based training courses and organizing villagers into development groups, their attitude and behavior towards natural resources and environment improved. In general, the results indicated that the measures taken in the project had a significant impact on the formation of balanced sustainable development components, as well as achieving the goal of soil carbon sequestration.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the situation and How the environmental socialization in the villages of Tavalesh (Gilan province) by qualitative method. The study population includes 40 villagers and experts who were subjected to a semi-structured interview using purposive sampling. Data analysis was done using qualitative content analysis, based on Directed Deductive and through coding, categorizing and finding regular relationships between categories and concepts. The credibility of the research was obtained by two methods of selective credibility and credibility evaluation by communication method. Based on the concept of "environmental socialization" as the main modified concept based on Inglehart's theory of material/post-material values, 4 categories, 6 subcategories and 8 codes were extracted and analyzed. The research results indicate the weak situation of environmental socialization in rural areas and the existence of serious challenges and obstacles in this field. As a result, socialization agents have not been successful in the environmental socialization of villagers. The theoretical proposition resulting from the total of these findings is: In rural areas, the production of environmental protection culture under the banner of informal and formal education structure has not been given serious attention. In addition, the ineffectiveness of the educational performance of other organizations in this field is significant; Therefore, the rural community has not been exposed to environmental socialization. In general, the results indicate the underdevelopment of environmental education in the villages and ultimately the lack of environmental cognitive education of villagers.

Looking at the physical texture of the villages of Kojoor district, the influence of various natural, climatic, economic and social factors in the formation and location of villages in this area can be traced. The subject of the current research is the effect of socio-cultural and belief-spiritual factors on the physical characteristics of rural settlements in Kojoor district. The main aim of the research is to "investigate the impact of socio-cultural and belief-spiritual components on the morphology of the texture of rural settlements in Kojoor district of Nowshahr county". The research method used is applied-developmental. The research data has been collected by relying on library documents and field studies through participatory observation. The findings of the research show that socio-cultural components include population, ethnicity, cultural homogeneity, social relations and interactions, security, health, education, lifestyle and livelihood activities of villagers and belief-spiritual components include religious beliefs, ritual and religious ceremonies, territory and privacy, endowment and donation of land, relief and assistance to the needy and pilgrimage, worship, vows and recourse to Ahl al-Bayt (AS) on the components of the physical-spatial system of the villages of Kojoor district consisting of housing, land use, road network and the neighborhood centers have had a significant impact. There is a close connection between the mentioned components and the physical structure of the villages of Kojoor district. Also, the cohesion of socio-cultural and belief-spiritual relationships between the residents has led to physical harmony in the villages of Kojoor district of Nowshahr county.

Empowerment is one of the principle concepts in business, and capacity building and empowerment of villagers and their organizations are prerequisites for the sustainable development of businesses. If businesses in local communities want to be successful, they must develop efficient business models because this is their sole way to survive in today's turbulent market. The business model is a paradigm through which organizations must organize business processes in such a way that they can create val-ue, generate income and lead the business towards sustainability and survival. The purpose of this re-search is to help business managers adopt appropriate strategies in order to improve their business and performance by identifying essential components within small businesses, and finally, a new business model for Small businesses (GHORBANI Business Model) should be provided. In order to do so, through purposive sampling, data from 35 members of the board of directors of rural development funds in Qalehganj county of Kerman province was collected through semi-structured interviews and then analyzed using a grounded theory method. Findings of this qualitative research show that an ap-plication of small business model components can increase sales, increase productivity, and increase the satisfaction of groups involved in sales.

The expansion of rural-urban migration and maintaining the connection of immigrants with their hometowns and the exploitation of inherited agricultural lands has caused the phenomenon of non-resident farmers; immigrants who live in cities and use their agricultural lands in villages. It seems that there is a significant difference in the way these immigrants use the agricultural land and the resident farmers in the villages. The purpose is to recognize these differences. This research was been done using the descriptive-analytical method. Two analysis units of village and (resident and migrant) farmer were used. The statistical population of this research is all resident and non-resident farmers of 16 selected villages of Chendar District of Savojbolagh County. The sample consisted of 396 people (170 residents and 226 non-resident heads of farmer households) which were determined using Cochran and were selected among villages by weight method and within selected villages by simple random sampling method. The required data were collected by using national statistics and the supplementary information required by completing three questionnaires of the village, resident and immigrant farmer household; interview and observation. The results showed that resident farmers play a greater role than migrant farmers. Despite the relatively short distance between the studied villages and the cities of the non-resident farmers, and the possibility of migrants traveling on weekends, to perform necessary agricultural activities, there is no noticeable difference between residents and migrants, but in matters of care and recalcitrance, resident farmers take more care of their agricultural lands and especially their gardens than migrants.

Today, the tourism industry is considered one of the fastest-growing economic sectors and one of the most suitable tools for the regeneration and revival of rural areas to achieve sustainable de-velopment. In this regard, because of their location, Roadside villages offer tourism services and sell souvenirs and agricultural and horticultural products to travelers and tourists, which plays a key role in their economic development. Based on this, the purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the role of tourism on the economy of Roadside villages in Zanganeh and Gorab, which are located next to the Arak-Malayer highway. The research method is descriptive and an-alytical. The statistical population is the residents of Gorab and Zanganeh, 266 households were selected as a sample using the Cochran formula. The rural tourism economy includes five compo-nents: economic reconstruction, economic sustainability, agricultural tourism, non-agricultural tourism and local community participation. Data analysis was done using SPSS and Smart PLS software. The results indicate that providing services to tourists and wayfarers has a significant effect on the tourism economy of these settlements. Also, by analyzing the R2 criterion, the highest impact of services to tourists on economic reconstruction with a value of 0/385 and the lowest impact on the participation of the local community with a value of 0/241 was obtained. In order to develop the tourism economy of Roadside villages, it is necessary to use the capacities and provide infrastructure and comfort facilities and eco-tourist accommodations in accordance with the environmental characteristics.

Dams have always had consequences by creating changes in the surrounding natural and human ecosystems. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the socio-economic impacts of Eyvashan Dam on the surrounding rural areas. The methodology was quantitative in nature with the type of applied research and was approached in a descriptive survey manner. The statistical population of the study was 128 households living in the villages around Eyvashan Dam. Totally, 90 households were estimated as sample size according to Bartlett and colleagues’ sample size table and were selected by performing a random proportional distribution of the samples in the four villages of Eyvashan Golestan, Chakmeh Siyah Olia (Galeh Hadi), Goldarreh, and Chaghalvand Rood Olya. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire within which the face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed by conducting a pilot study and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients (0.621-0.879). Findings showed that the construction of Eyvashan Dam has affected the components of the economic factors and these effects have been additive. Findings also showed that the Dam affected all social components across local communities in the way that conflict was more noticeable among them, with a decrease compared to the past (-0.318). Results also revealed the variety of diverse impacts among the surrounding villages. Filially, according to the results and the status of the components in the studied villages, suggestions have been made to improve the situation.

The current Research was conducted with the aim of Strategic Analysis of Rural Development Pro-grams Implemented by the Basij Sazandegi Organization of Kermanshah Province to achieve Sus-tainable Development. The research was carried out through the qualitative-quantitative method. Then the main collecting data tools were interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population of this study consisted of 30 experts working in rural development institutions, 30 experts from the Basij Sazandegi Organization and 30 experts from the target community of the organization's pro-grams (90 experts in total) who were asked to identify strategies, and 8 rural development experts were selected purposefully to prioritize strategies. Data analysis was done in SPSS22 and Super De-cision software. SWOT technique was used to identify strategies and network analysis process (ANP) was used for prioritization. The results of the study identified 33 strengths and opportunities as benefits and 44 weaknesses and threats as effective limitations of rural development programs held by the Basij Sazandegi Organization, which ultimately led to the extraction of 10 main strate-gies. The prioritization of the strategies showed that the strategy (ST1) "coordinating the Basij Sazandegi organization with other rural development managers in preparing programs and reducing redundancies" was placed as the first priority and the strategies (WT1) "thinking together and hold-ing regular meetings with local leaders to implement and evaluate Rural development programs" and (SO1) "Collaboration with Semans and religious institutions to mobilize people's forces and financial resources towards employment projects" were placed in the next priorities respectively.