پژوهشنامه آموزش زبان و ادبیات عرب
پیاپی 7 (بهار 1402)

Textbook is the main resource available to students. Analyzing the content of textbooks provides planners and authors with potential strengths and weaknesses to modify and change the content. Therefore, it is an important step towards identifying defects and fixing them. In this research, the content analysis of the books "Arabic, the language of the Quran (II) and (III)" for the 11th and 12th grades was analyzed with a descriptive-analytical method according to the principles of content organization. Considering the comprehensiveness of Tyler's criteria, the criteria and principles suggested by this researcher were used in the content analysis. From his point of view, the criteria of content analysis are the three principles of sequence, continuity, and unity. Therefore, in the external dimension, the books have been examined and analyzed in three sections: text, grammar, and exercises. The findings of the research indicate that out of the total of 11 lessons of the Arabic books (II and III), sequence is observed in 4 texts, continuity in 8 texts and unity in 4 texts. In the grammar section, sequence and continuity are observed and out of the total of 11 lessons in the two books, 5 lessons have unity of grammar. The sequence is observed only in the exercises of the book (II), also the continuity and unity of the exercises in the two books is observed correctly.

In the paper, position of Akkadian and Arabic language among Semitic languages are determined and they are compared by linguistic factor. By means of distinguishing between temporal and linguistic priority, it is shown that a language could be older than other while former has preserved properties which the latter has missed them. In this paper, it is shown that Arabic temporally is posterior, but linguistically prior than to Akkadian. It means that some properties with origin of Proto-Semitic without changing are retained in Arabic and same properties have changed in Akkadian. Archaic properties of Arabic compared to Akkadian could be classified in two groups: (1) Phonemic properties and (2) Grammatical properties. Arabic language preserves Proto-Semitic phonemes: /θ/, /ḥ/, /δ/, /՜ṣ/, /θ’/, /ˁ/, /ǵ/, /h/ that disappeared completely in Akkadian language. On the other hand, these phonemes which have existed in Proto-Semitic gradually have changed to other phonemes in Akkadian, while they remained without any change in Arabic language. Most important grammatical properties which are maintained in Arabic language and disappeared in Akkadian language as follows: duality in personal pronouns (independent pronouns and affixes), duality in verbal conjugation (perfect and imperfect aspect). Final change that is studied in this paper is word order in the sentence. As with most Semitic languages, Arabic has maintained Proto-Semitic order VSO (verb-subject-object), while in Akkadian by influence of Sumerian language Proto-Semitic word order has changed to SOV (subject-object-verb).

Pirang is the structure and main design of a story, in which, in addition to the chronological sequence of the story, cause and effect relationships must be observed. Yaqub Sharoni is one of the prominent writers in the field of children's fiction, who was able to write valuable works by using the technical principles of Pirang. One of his works is called "Saral Lahiyyah Al Bayda", which in this research we have analyzed and examined this work from the point of view of Pirang to further prove the capabilities of this great writer.Therefore, the plot mentioned in this story can reveal an example of the author's skill. From the results of this research, we find out that although the stories were used according to the technical principles of story writing and the chronological sequence of stories was respected, but the method of connecting two stories at the end of the story complicates the story and understanding it for the child. It makes it a little difficult. It should be mentioned that the research method in this article is analytical-descriptive.

Non-verbal communication is a communication that conveys concepts and meanings through non-verbal and speech. messagesNon-verbal messages are more powerful than verbal messages. Body language, non-verbal communication andIt is our non-verbal communication that we use in each of our interactions with others. Body language includedPeople's messages are with looks, facial expressions and gestures that help the reader to understand the text in literary texts.slow "Paul Ekman" and "Walce Friesen" have done extensive research in the field of non-verbal activitiesTheir goal is to better understand people's emotions and behavior. They non-verbal activities in three waysThey have analyzed "origin-encoding-use". This research with descriptive-analytical method based on approachesMentioned from "Ekman and Friesen" body language in the novel Al-Shahaz, which is the work of Najib Mahfouz, including; face languageThe language of gaze and head gestures has been described and examined. The results obtained from the analysis of language samplesThe body in this novel shows that the origin of facial language, which has a high frequency in the novel, is intrinsic.Its encoding is instinctive and its use is informational.

Critical discourse analysis is one of the new critical approaches that is used by researchers to understand the goals of the author and to reveal the hidden ideologies of the text at three levels of description, interpretation and explanation. Omar Aburisheh is one of the contemporary poets of Palestinian origin, whose concepts of aversion to oppression and anti-colonialism are widely expressed in his works. The themes of his poetry are often subject to the political and social conditions of the poet's time, and Al-Nasr's poem is no exception. In the present essay, the authors have analyzed and analyzed the ode of Elanser in a descriptive-analytical way based on the theory of Norman Fairclough. The results of the research indicate that the author was affected by the suffocating conditions prevailing in the society of Palestine and Syria at the level of description and used arrays such as similes and metaphors to create images. In this way, by drawing the current situation and expressing the lost glory of this land, he called his fellow countrymen to fight against the colonialists. At the level of interpretation, the situational and intertextual context of the ode and the influence of the author from different literary schools are important. At the level of explanation, the poet shows that he has taken a step in line with his campaign goals and in the direction of persuading and encouraging the readers by taking a stand against the colonial powers.

One of the most important principles of teaching is that the teacher teaches in such a way that the level of the material presented is not difficult and incomprehensible. The teacher, as a facilitator in the matter of learning, can, through new and innovative methods, stimulate the flexibility and humor of the context to increase self-confidence in students and stimulate their curiosity. Teaching creativity to learners is one of the most important goals of education professionals. This article examines creative teaching methods with qualitative approach and analytical-descriptive method. The results of this research show that some of the most important solutions in the field of Arabic language education include revising the field of training and learning Arabic in the national curriculum with the approach of emphasizing the communicative role of the Arabic language in textbooks, revising and reforming the process of training special human resources. Teaching Arabic language, holding specialized and face-to-face teacher training courses, assigning books to practical conversations. Based on the findings of this research, the most important challenges of teaching Arabic in Iranian schools include issues such as the lack of human resources for teaching Arabic, the traditional method of teaching Arabic, the dominance of grammar and core rules in teaching Arabic, the lack of visual and auditory teaching aids, and Multimedia tools, lack of correct explanation of the objectives of Arabic language education, inappropriateness of Arabic language course evaluation method and inefficiency of in-service training.

Narratology is based on analyzing the structures and describing the rules and features governing the narrative, and by analyzing the totality of the texts and their relationship with each other, it aims to achieve a grammar that can be used in all narrative texts. The element of character is one of the basic elements in fiction that reflects the author's worldview and thought. Structuralism is one of the schools that have addressed the subject of personality in a scientific and purposeful way. Some structuralists understand the importance of character in their actions, and some like Raymond Kenan place an individual value on character. The historical novel Al-Tanturiyah, by Razwa Ashour, a contemporary Egyptian writer, is considered a suitable option for narratology studies (personality analysis). The author has used two direct and indirect methods in dealing with the character. Although the direct method leads to simplicity and saving time, it takes away the possibility of reading and curiosity from the audience. For this purpose, the author has used the indirect method to strengthen the structure and convey the meaning better. In an indirect way, it introduces the character through action, naming, conversation, environment, analogy. This research, with descriptive-analytical method, examines the aspects of character representation in Al-Tanturiyeh's novel, so that by understanding and understanding those elements, the field for

The two odes of Lamiya al-Arab Shanfari and Lamiya al-Ajam Toghrayi have the eloquence of composition and the beauty of wide expression. So far, there has been no claim of plagiarism from Lamiya Shenfari about Lamiya Toghrayi, and there is no such issue in it either, but there are strong relationships between these two poems in terms of the reason for their composition, the meanings and the words discussed in them. The purpose of this research is to investigate the thematic and verbal commonalities of two poems and the conscious influence of Taghrai from Shanfari's poem. Taghrai using Shanfari's meanings and topics; With artistic styles, he decorated his ode with various topics, rhetorical devices and proverbs. Also, he has used the words of Shenfari beautifully in his poem, which is the result of the influence and interaction between prominent writers. In this research, the researcher by examining the words, meanings and topics of two odes with the method of analysis and comparison between the verses, and based on the method of Dr. Abdul Malik Mortaz in the book Muqarabah Simaiye, which examines the relationship between the verses by the method of verbal and thematic and intrinsic or identity connection. has been discussed, it intends to prove the existence of thematic and verbal relations and commonalities between these two valuable odes.

Poetry is an event and a revolution that occurs in the poet's impatient soul, a stimulus that motivates her to rise up in words and put an end to the chaos of the disordered world. and display the outside world in the frame of art and become a mirror to reflect the political and social reality.Therefore, the poet uses language as an important tool in the relationship process among people in society. Communication is divided into two types of verbal and non-verbal communication based on its communication methods, and each communication includes the components of sender, receiver and message. But in non-verbal communication, features such as facial color, eye and eyebrow gestures, head and hand movements, etc. are discussed.Ahmed Matar, a famous Arab poet, has used many verbal communication such as conversation, debate, etc. to convey her literary concept and experience in her poetry.In addition to this type of method, she has artistically used non-verbal communication, which has the role of complementing, substituting or denying and emphasizing, etc. for verbal messages.This article tries to clarify the purpose of non-verbal communication and the place and importance of body language in the reader's understanding and reception of Ahmad Matar's poetry with a descriptive-analytical method. Body language, hand and face movements, possessions and the conditions of the time are well-helped to convey the purpose and finally the space in his poem.

In fact, the press changes with the change of events, and it is the voice that addresses public opinion. Its only weapon is language, in prose or poetry, in order to convey what is in its cover to the people. Since its spread in the Arab countries, we have seen its impact on contemporary Arabic literature, especially in Egypt. In the sense that it led traditional literature from some restrictions in its literary formulation, weight and rhymes to liberation and renewal, whether in its structure or in its topics. This is represented in the complete works of Mustafa Lotfi Al-Manfaluti, Muhammad Abdul Qadir Al-Mazni, Taha Hussein and Tawfiq Al-Hakim. The research seeks to address the extent of influence and vulnerability between journalism and literature, especially Egyptian prose, depending on the analytical descriptive approach. Among the findings of the research is the detection of shifting issues in the literary style, reviewing the role of newspapers in literature and its status. Also, among its other facts is that the literary subject has played an important role in the reach of journalists, in addition to the classical language used in writing literature in the books of those whose names were mentioned above.

The Islamic Republic of Iran and Palestine have resisted internal and external oppression and arrogance throughout their history full of jihad and struggle. Intellectuals of these two societies demonstrated their protest against the current political conditions at the time, coinciding with the outbreak of the two world wars, and portrayed the political conditions, poverty, deprivation, the thugs of darkness, and other topics by singing poetry. The literature of resistance had an important role in this field. In order for the poet to portray the painful and distressing conditions of society in the literature of resistance, he tends to a special subject field and aims to stir up the spirit of struggle and resistance among people. Mahmoud Darwish and Tahereh Sfarzadeh sang wonderful verses on resistance, which led to the emergence of poetic commonalities in their poems. The research deals with the emergence of resistance in its various forms, as the two poets chanted, relying on the comparative approach. The result indicates that the chants of the two poets were the scene of the emergence of common contents such as the call for peace, identity, patriotic fervor, martyrdom, and other religious and patriotic contents that make the poets enthusiastic about it.

There is consistency between science and the Qur’an as long as we found it throughout the ages, and through this agreement between them, the Qur’an proves its miraculousness to all mankind, and its miraculous aspects are scientific and linguistic, and this is evident in the sounds mentioned in the Qur’an, and as science has shown us that sounds have energies and waves And vibrations that cause trembling, and they also have a power that the Qur’an did not ignore, and it mentioned in many places precise divisions that draw attention to them, we seek in this article to apply between science and language and to study the scientific topics that Dr. His book “The Qur’an is Knowledge and Explanation” and its application with the language according to the opinions of linguists about these names, and we tried to make an explanation about the sound in general, and the sound in humans and their speech and hearing apparatus, because the intensity of sounds in humans is linked by auditory consistency and how these sounds pass through Through it. The Noble Qur’an has mentioned vocabulary such as focus, whispering, imploring, shouting, shiver, and shrieking, and each of them has its own energy, ability, and level.