نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال دوازدهم شماره 5 (پیاپی 86، امرداد 1402)

The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a family-based play therapy program on parent-child relationships in children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest, posttest, control group design, and follow-up. The statistical population of this study included all children in Tehran. Among them, 24 people were selected by purposive sampling and assigned to the experimental and control groups. The Child Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS) (Pianta,1997) was used to collect data. Family-based play therapy was performed on the experimental group for ten 2-hour weekly sessions, While the control group did not receive any intervention. Data was analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Variance with Repeated Measures. The results showed that family-based play therapy improved the parent-child relationship's Conflict, Closeness, and Dependency (p<0.05). The findings of this study showed that applying family-based play therapy is significantly effective in improving the Closeness and Dependency in the parent-child relationship of children with Attention Deficit Disorder.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the factorial structure, reliability, and validity of the forgiveness scale. The method of this research was descriptive and factor analysis type. For this purpose, 404 male students of the first secondary level of Tehran city were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling in the academic year of 2018-2019 and responded to the Trait Scale of Forgiveness (TFC) by Barry et al. (2005). The factorial structure of the scale was analyzed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the internal consistency of the instrument by Cronbach’s alpha, and its validity by a convergent method using the Bar-An (1997) empathy scale tool (EQ_EM). Each of the confirmatory factor analysis indicators of the mentioned scale, including GFI, AGFI, NFI, and CFI, had a suitable value. The alpha coefficient of the entire questionnaire was also 0.79 and the Guttman coefficient for the whole scale was 0.85. The factor loadings of all items were higher than 0.55 and statistically significant at the p<0.001 level. Convergent validity with the empathy scale was also reported to be significant at the level of 0.54 at p<0.001. Therefore, due to the good fit of the model, appropriate validity, and high reliability of the forgiveness attribute scale, it can be used to investigate and measure interpersonal forgiveness in Iranian adolescent students.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of story-based play therapy intervention on response inhibition and emotion regulation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The research design was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all 9-12-year-old children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Tehran in 2022. The sample size includes 30 people (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group) from the statistical population were selected by the available sampling method and were divided into two control and experimental groups. For the experimental group, 8 60-minute story-based play therapy sessions were conducted. In this research, the Child Behavior Rating Scale (Swanson et al, 1980, CBRS), Moon and Sun Stroop Test (Archibald & Kerns, 1990, SMST), and the Emotion Regulation Checklist (Shield and Kiketi, 1998, ERC) were used to collect data. Multivariate analysis of the covariance test was used to analyze the obtained data statistically. The findings showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference between the post-test of the experimental and control groups in response inhibition and emotion regulation (P<0.01). According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that story-based play therapy improves response inhibition and emotion regulation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Gestalt play therapy on aggression and test anxiety of elementary school students with specific learning disabilities. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test & post-test design and a follow-up period of one month. The statistical population included all elementary school girls (first period) with specific learning disabilities in reading and writing who were studying in Kashan City in the academic year 1402-1401. The sampling method was purposeful. In this way, 30 female elementary school students with choice disorder were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 people each). The tools used included the Nelson & Finch Children`s Inventory of Anger (CHIA), (2000) and the Abolghasemi et al test anxiety scale (TAI), (2015). The experimental group was treated in 10 sessions of 45 minutes twice a week and in three groups of five people, they were treated with a play therapy educational package based on the Gestalt method of Violet Oaklander (1997). The collected data were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the averages in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages (p≤0.001), while no significant difference was observed between the averages in the post-test and follow-up stages, which indicates the stability of the effectiveness of the intervention. Therefore, using gestalt play therapy can be effective in reducing aggression and test anxiety of students with special learning disorders.

The aim of this study was to predict depression symptoms based on personality traits and perfectionism in secondary high school students. This study was descriptive and cross-sectional and its statistical population was all secondary high school students of Rasht City In the academic year 2022-2023, 368 students from 10 schools were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. In order to collect data, Costa and McCrea's Five Personality Factors (FPQ) (2004), the Beck depression questionnaire (BDI) (1996), and Hewitt and Felt perfectionism scale (MPS) (1991) were used. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation test and Simultaneous regression. The results showed that among personality traits, neuroticism, and conscientiousness, and among the components of perfectionism, other-oriented and social-oriented had a positive and significant relationship with depressive symptoms. Also, personality traits 30/1% and perfectionism 14% explained and predicted the variance of depression symptoms (P<0/001). According to the obtained results, considering personality traits and perfectionism in the field of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of depression symptoms is effective and it is necessary to be considered in the formulation of preventive and therapeutic interventions.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness exercises based on acceptance and commitment to cognitive anxiety, and physical and psychological flexibility of female athletes. The research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was female athletes in the field of physical fitness in Qom who were active in 1401. Among them, 50 people were selected using the available sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. To collect data, Smith's (1990) Anxiety Assessment Questionnaire (SAS) and Denai and Vanaderval's (2010) Psychological Flexibility (CFI) were used. The data obtained from this research were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis. Findings showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference between the post-test of the experimental and control groups in cognitive and physical anxiety and psychological flexibility (P<0.001). Therefore, it can be concluded that mindfulness exercises based on acceptance and commitment were effective on cognitive anxiety, and physical and psychological flexibility of female athletes.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of self-compassion therapy and lifestyle modification on the psychological factors of eating core belief, self-criticism, and weight self-efficacy in obese women. The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the study consisted of all women with BMI ≥ 25 who were referred to obesity treatment centers in 2022, and who participated in the study after being called for volunteers. 60 participants in the research were selected using the G Power program and using the purposeful sampling method and having the criteria for entering the research, and then they were randomly assigned to two experimental (30 people) and control (30 people) groups. The experimental group received 12 sessions, three sessions a week, 2-hour combined therapy of self-compassion and lifestyle modification. In order to collect the data, the core belief questionnaires of eating (ECBQ) by Cooper and colleagues (1997), self-criticising (FSCRS) by Gilbert and colleagues (2004), and weight self-efficacy (WSEQ) by Clark and colleagues (1991) were used. Finally, the data was analyzed by mixed variance method. The results showed that the scores of the experimental group compared to the control group in the post-test and follow-up stage by receiving the combined treatment of self-compassion and lifestyle modification in the core beliefs of eating and self-criticism were significantly reduced and the self-efficacy scores increased (P<0.05). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the combined treatment of self-compassion and lifestyle modification is effective as a replacement package for modifying core beliefs and self-criticism and increasing weight self-efficacy in obese women.

The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of short-term solution-oriented psychotherapy on pain perception and distress tolerance of female patients with multiple sclerosis. This research was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and control group design with a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included female patients with multiple sclerosis who had been referred to the disability diagnosis group of the Tehran Welfare Organization in the third quarter of 2022 to use the services of the Welfare Organization. The statistical sample included 30 of these women who were selected purposefully. Then, 15 people were randomly replaced in the control group and 15 people in the experimental group. The intervention group received short-term solution-oriented psychotherapy during 8 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. The data were collected using the Simmons and Gaher Distress Tolerance  Questionnaire (2005, DTS) and the Melzak Pain Perception Questionnaire (1975, MGPQ) and were analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements. The results showed that the main effect of the group was significant for (P<0.05, F=54.05) pain perception and (P<0.05, F=44.9) for distress tolerance; In the pain perception variable, the main effect of the three stages of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up (P>0.05, F=54.2) and distress tolerance variable (P>0.05, F=45.3) are significant and lasting. . It is concluded that short-term solution-oriented psychotherapy has been effective in pain perception and Distress Tolerance.

The aim of the present study was the modeling of social anxiety based on brain-behavioral systems, attachment to parents and peers, and social self-efficacy mediated by emotion control among adolescents. This research was descriptive correlational using a structural equation modeling method. The statistical population included all of Tehran's secondary school students during the year 2021. In order to select the sample, eighteen schools were initially selected through cluster sampling. Then, of these, 564 individuals entered the study by convenience sampling method and responded to the Scales of Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation Systems (BIS/BAS, Carver & White, 1994), Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA, Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), Self-Efficacy for Social Situations (SESS, Gaudiano & Herbert, 2003), Emotion Control (ECQ, Roger & Najarian, 1989), and Social Phobia (SPIN, Connor et al., 2000). The results of this research indicated an acceptable fit of the proposed model with the collected data. According to the results, the behavioral inhibition system positively (P<0.01) and behavioral activation system (P<0.05), attachment to parents and peers, and social self-efficacy (P<0.01) negatively have a significant effect on social anxiety through emotional control mediation. So, according to the moderating role of emotion control, the advancement of emotional regulation skills can reduce the strength of the aetiological factors and help diminish the symptoms of adolescents' social anxiety.

This descriptive and correlational research examines family functioning based on religious orientation while mediating forgiveness in working men and women in Hamedan. The current research was descriptive-correlation based on structural equation modeling. In 2021-2022, the research population comprised all married men and women working in government organizations in Hamedan. The sample size was determined using Tabaching et al.'s (2007) technique, which resulted in a sample size of 335 men and women collected by non-random convenience sampling (online method). Data were collected using the Family Assessment Device (FAD), Epstein, Baldwin, and Bishop (1983), the Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) of Azarbaijani (2003), and the Interpersonal Forgiveness Scale (IFS) of Pollard et al. (1998). The structural equation analysis method was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the direct effect of the components of religious orientation (b = -0.514) and forgiveness (b=-0.170) on family performance is significant, and religious orientation with the mediation of forgiveness on family performance is also significant at the 0.001 level. which indicates the fit of the model. As a result, orientation according to the role of forgiveness can explain the performance of the family.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on physical self-concept and psychological helplessness in postmenopausal women. This study was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was all postmenopausal women who were referred to the health-treatment centers of Meshgin Shahr in the second half of 2022, of which 36 people were selected as a sample using the available sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of test (n 18) and control (n17). The experimental group participated in 90-minute sessions of Zimbardo's time perspective therapy (2012) for 6 weeks. Marsh's (1996) Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS) (Laubiond and Laubiond, 1995) were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance test. The findings showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference between the post-test mean of physical self-concept and psychological helplessness in the two groups of time perspective therapy and control at the level of 0.01. It can be concluded that time perspective therapy can effectively increase physical self-esteem and reduce psychological helplessness in postmenopausal women.

The purpose of the research was to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on the evaluation of body fitness and concern about not accepting the application of women for cosmetic surgery. The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design, a control group, and a 2-month follow-up period. The statistical population of this research was all the women who were referred to cosmetic clinics for cosmetic surgery in Tehran in 2021, and 30 people were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group. Data were collected using the Cash Body Image Scale (MBRSQ, 1990) and Sensitivity to Rejection (RSQ, 1996). Schema therapy intervention was performed during 8 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. The research data was analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements. The results showed that schema therapy is effective in reducing fitness evaluation, worry about not accepting the request, and waiting for a response in women applying for cosmetic surgery (p<0.05). Also, the results showed that this effectiveness is permanent in the follow-up period (p<0.05). It is concluded that schema therapy is an effective treatment in reducing the evaluation of fitness, worry about not accepting the request, and waiting for a response in women applying for cosmetic surgery.

The purpose of this research was to predict the flourishing of students based on moral intelligence, wisdom, and critical thinking with regard to the mediator role of hope. The descriptive-correlational research method was structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all the students of the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery of Iran University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2020-2021, numbering 740 people, out of which 384 people were selected by the available sampling method. To collect data from Soleimani's flourishing questionnaire (FQ), moral intelligence (MIQ) Link and Keel (2007), wisdom (WQ) Webster (2003), critical thinking (CTQ) Fashion (1990) and hope (HQ) of Snyder and et al (2000) was used. In order to analyze the data, structural equation analysis was used. The results of the research showed that the direct effects of moral intelligence, wisdom, and critical thinking on flourishing were significant (p<0.001). On the other hand, moral intelligence, wisdom, and critical thinking were indirectly related to flourishing through hope (p<0.001). The goodness of fit indices also indicated the appropriate fit of the model. Based on the findings of this research, it can be concluded that moral intelligence, wisdom, and critical thinking with the mediation of hope can determine the prosperity model.

This research aimed to compare the effectiveness of Kendall's coping cat group therapy program and parent management training on the level of social anxiety, physical aggression, and resilience of students with anxiety disorders. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design, and a 45-day follow-up period with two experimental groups and a control, group. The statistical population included primary school students with anxiety disorders in Mobarakeh city in the academic year  2021-2022. In this research, 45 primary school students with anxiety disorder were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly placed in experimental and control groups of 15 people. Students of the first experimental group participated in ten 60-minute sessions of the Coping Cat Program (CCP) and mothers of the second experimental group participated in ten 75-minute sessions of Parental Management Training (PMT). To collect information, Spence's (1997) Anxiety Scale (SCAS), Merrell's (2011) (SEARS), and Nelson's (2000) Aggression (ChIA) questionnaires were used. Mixed variance analysis with repeated measurement and the Bonferroni test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that both the adaptive cat program and parental management training significantly reduced social anxiety and physical aggression and increased resilience compared to the control group (P<0.01). The effect of both interventions has a lasting effect up to the 45-day follow-up stage. Also, according to the difference in averages, there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two programs on social anxiety and resilience (p>0.05), but the effectiveness of the Adaptable Cat program on physical aggression is greater than that of the parent management training program.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of emotion regulation therapy on the improvement of shame and guilt emotion and co-rumination in adolescents with self-harm. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the research included all male teenagers in the age range of 13-18 years in Ardabil city in the second half of 2022. The number of the research sample was 30 people, who were selected by purposive sampling and randomly replaced in 2 groups (emotion regulation treatment, 15 people, and the control group, 15 people). To collect data, the Shame and Guilt Readiness Scale (Gasp) (Cohen et al., 2011), the Beck Suicide Scale Ideation (BSSI) (Beck, 1979), and the Co-Rumination Questionnaire (CRQ) (Rose, 2002) were used. Eight 75-minute sessions of emotion regulation training were provided for the experimental group. Data analysis was done by multivariate covariance analysis test. The findings showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference between the average of the post-test emotion of shame and guilt and common rumination in the two experimental and control groups at the level of 0.01. The obtained results indicated the effectiveness of emotion regulation treatment in improving feelings of shame and guilt and common rumination in adolescents with self-mutilation.

The current research aimed to determine the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on the psychological well-being, resilience, and meaning of life of mothers of mentally retarded children. The present research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population in this research was all mothers with mentally retarded children in the Sai Noor rehabilitation center of Saveh City in 2022, among them 24 people, 12 people in the control group and 12 people in the experimental group were selected through the available sampling method. They were randomly placed in two groups. To collect data, questionnaires of demographic characteristics, psychological well-being of Reif (PWB) (1989), resilience questionnaire of Connor and Davidson (CD_RSC) (2003), and meaning of life questionnaire (MLQ) (2006) were used. To analyze the data, the multivariate covariance test (MANCOVA) was used. The findings of the research showed that by controlling the pre-test effect between the post-test mean of psychological well-being, resilience, and meaning of life in two groups. There was a significant difference between test and control at the level of 0.05. As a result, positive psychotherapy can be considered as an effective intervention for mothers of mentally retarded children.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of underdeveloped defense mechanisms in relation to childhood injuries and self-destructive characteristics. The present research method was descriptive-correlation and the statistical population included people aged 18 to 35 in Tehran in 1401. Among them, 253 people were selected as a sample in an accessible way. To collect data from the Self-Injury Questionnaire (SHI) by Sanson, Wiederman, and Sanson (1998), the Child Abuse Self-Report Questionnaire (CASRS) by Mohammadkhani et al. (2003), and the Defense Styles Questionnaire (DSQ-40) by Anders and his colleagues. (1993) was used. The data were analyzed by structural equation analysis. The findings showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between childhood injuries and self-destructive characteristics (p<0.01). Also, there was a direct and significant relationship between childhood injuries and underdeveloped defense mechanisms and between underdeveloped defense mechanisms and self-destructive characteristics. (p<0.01).. In addition, based on the model test, underdeveloped defense mechanisms play a mediating role in the relationship between childhood trauma and self-destructive characteristics (p<0.01). Also, the research model had a favorable fit. Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that underdeveloped defense mechanisms play a mediating role in the relationship between childhood injuries and self-destructive characteristics.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between the quality of parent-child relationships and risky behaviors in male adolescents. The descriptive-correlational research method was structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research was all the male adolescents in the first and second year of public schools in Rasht in the academic year 1401-1402, 215 of whom were selected by non-random sampling method. The research tools were the Iranian Adolescent Risk Scale (IARS) by Alizadeh Mohammadi and Ahmadabadi (2007), the Parent-Child Relationship Assessment Scale (PCRS) by Mark et al. (1983) and the Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire (FMI-SF) by Walach et al (2006). The structural equation analysis method was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the direct effect of the quality of communication with parents on high-risk behaviors and mindfulness was significant; Other results showed that the direct effect of mindfulness on risky behaviors was significant (P<0.05). It was also found that the mediating role of mindfulness between the quality of father-mother relationships on high-risk behaviors was significant (P<0.05); In fact, the variable of mindfulness plays a partial mediating role between the quality of parent-child relationships and risky behaviors. The proposed research model had an acceptable fit. Based on this, it can be concluded that the quality of parent-child interaction can lead to an increase in self-awareness in teenagers, and as a result, it can be considered a protective factor against high-risk behaviors.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of life skills training on communication skills and resilience of male adolescents in the Corona era. The method of the current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included male students in the second year of high school studying in Tehran in the academic year 2021-2022, among them 30 students were selected as a sample using the available sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of 15 people (15 people The experimental group and 15 people of the control group) were replaced. To collect data, Queen Dam's Communication Skills Questionnaire (CSTR 2004) and Connor and Davidson's Resilience Questionnaire (CD-RISC 2003) were used. Life skills training sessions were arranged in 12 sessions, two sessions per week each session lasting 90 minutes. Data were analyzed through multivariate analysis of covariance. The results of data analysis showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference between the mean scores of communication skills and resilience in the post-test of the two experimental and control groups at the level of 0.05, and teenagers in the experimental group have higher communication skills and resilience than teenagers in the control group. Showed.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of teaching problem-solving skills on exam anxiety, self-efficacy, and locus of control of male second-year high school students. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population was the male students in the second year of middle school in Tabriz city in the academic year 2021-2022, from which 60 students were selected by multi-stage random sampling and randomly divided into 2 experimental groups (30 people) and a control group (30 people). were placed The test anxiety scale (TAS, Sarason, 1998), academic self-efficacy questionnaire (ASQ, McIlroy and Bunting, 2002), and locus of control questionnaire (SCQ, Rutter, 1996) were used to collect data. Data analysis was done using analysis of the covariance test. The results of the research showed that by controlling the pre-test effect, there is a significant difference between the post-test mean of test anxiety, self-efficacy, and source of control in the two test and control groups (P<0.01). In fact, teaching problem-solving skills increases academic self-efficacy and the source of internal control. Also, teaching problem-solving skills reduces exam anxiety and the source of external control in students.