نشریه پژوهش های میان رشته ای زبان و ادبیات فارسی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The arrival of modernity in the East and the continuous struggle of women for the transformation of patriarchal social values, which often took place through the production of literary works, led to the formation of a special type of literature that is called feminine writing. The purpose of feminist writing is to express the specific problems of women with a feminine language, which can be analyzed with the approach of feminist criticism. Based on this, the current research has tried two novels by two Iranian and Kuwaiti female writers; That is, to examine and analyze"Dream of Tibet" written by Fariba Wafi and "Under the feet of mothers" by Bathina Al-Eisa with a feminist critical approach and in a comparative way. The research method in this descriptive-analytical research and the research findings indicate that the authors of these works have depicted the status of women in their society by using the components of feminist literature. "Tibetan Dream" and "Under Mother's Feet" although they were created in two different countries and with two different languages, they have many commonalities which resulted from geographical, religious and cultural relations and affinities between them. Numerous female characters in both works are independently involved in their feelings and personal problems; Finally, they form a coherent whole. Despite the difference in the details of the two mentioned novels, their central core is similar and compatible; In both stories, women seek to find their existential values, to gain equal rights with men, and to find love and peace.

 According to the outbreak of Covid-19, experts and politicians are working to inform people completely about the crisis in their country and around the world. In the meantime, the use of the metaphor of "war" as a linguistic instrument is very common. Therefore, the present study examines the metaphor of "war" in the domestic and international news statements and texts related to the Covid-19 disease based on The Frame Semantics theory. This research is a descriptive- analytic research. To this end, the metaphors of the domestic news statements related to COVID-19 were selected from 20:30 news and online news, ISNA and IRNA, and the metaphors of the international statements related to COVID-19 were gathered from Guardian news, New York Times news and the website of Twitter. 500 metaphors in these texts were extracted through “Metaphor Identification Procedure” pattern suggested by Pragglejaz. Then, the metaphors located in the “disease” semantic frame and their frame elements were identified. The findings demonstrated that to create metaphors, the core and non-core elements of the frame play a more tangible semantic role. For example, the core element patient in the “disease” frame enters the "war" frame and plays the semantic role of one of the parties as the core element. On the other hand, the core elements of the frame such as case and purpose and non-core elements including duration, tools, method, position, size, result, time and place of war can get a role in the frame of disease.

Johnson's linguistic theory of "vocabulary diversity" is one of the most prominent tools for studying texts, which is effective in fields such as literary criticism, comparative studies and stylistics, and tries to use statistical methods and an interdisciplinary approach to Evaluate the vocabulary of poets and writers and analyze their stylistic components.Nima Yoshij and Badrshakralsiab are both the first pioneers of liberating poetry from classical constraints in Iran and Iraq and guiding it in the path of modernity, although they are far apart in terms of time and place, but in many respects such as poetic language, living environment and Education, political thinking and social concerns are the same.The present study, in a descriptive-analytical manner, first examines and compares the diversity of words of two poets in a section of three thousand words based on Johnson's theoretical foundations, then explores them in terms of convergence and divergence of themes and how to create different spaces. As a result, the number of different words in Badrshakralsiyab's poem is 230 words more than Nima and decreases with a lower slope than his poem. This means that Siab had a wider vocabulary than Nima Yoshij and was more fluent in language. Also, despite the presence of the independent voice of each poet, the same mental concerns have created semantic circles around common nuclei such as: "death thinking, nature, love, birthplace and social categories."

The present article examines Susan Kay's novel The Ghost of the Paris Opera (1990) based on Gangman's hot theory (1963). Goffman addresses the issue of social relations. He is born and therefore rejected by society, his abilities are ignored and he is deprived of a terrifying and inhuman ghost.The present article will try to answer this main question with a descriptive-analytical anthropological approach. According to the results of the research, the most important stigmas and labels in the Paris Opera ghost novel are feelings of disgust, rejection, anti-currentism, and social dissent in the novel. It is Eric 's perception of character that often has a psychological and cultural basis, a hot feeling of destiny and, consequently, an arousal of kineticism and revenge that surrounds Eric more than anything else. According to the research, Eric suffers from the stigma of discrediting social identity, which dominates his actions and relationships throughout the novel.

In the history of Iranian art and literature, the term Ghazal was not only used to introduce a poetic form. This word has another specialized meaning. The other meaning is a musical term and it is related to combination of poetry and music. In ancient Iranian music, this term means a kind of ballad as a part of a larger genre called Nobat-e-Morattab (a musical suite) it seems that in Hafez's poetry, both meanings of this term are used in a self-aware and deliberate manner to suit the subject of the poem. The present study tries to use an inductive method by taking advantage of the literary industry to consider the analogies and the existing semantic clues, from a part to whole in three levels of intra-verse, inter-verse and finally inter-poetic, first to show the types of usages of these terms by Hafez and then in Comparison with its use by other poets to reach a more exact view about Hafez's relationship with Iranian music rather than previous studies. This research tries to uncover an aspect of Hafez's relationship with music with a scientific method and show how the relationship between Hafez and music can take on a specialized form. The present research will be able to cover the hypothesis of Hafez's familiarity with music in a scientific and reliable way.

Contrary to the French school of comparative literature, which according to it, only two written texts can be compared, in the American approach, it is possible to compare literary texts to various arts, including cinema. Since novels and films have many similarities, they are similar in many respects, and they are two comparable genres. These commons provide a good field for discussing a film from the perspective of a new literary theory and criticism, and allow us to use the concepts and terminology that we normally know as a tool for discussing about the novel to critically explore the structure and devices and themes of the film. On the other hand, in recent years, the term "postmodernism" has become popular in critical discussions about the novel, and many new fiction writers show much fascination in writing fiction with postmodern style. Therefore, in this research, firstly, by examining the views of some of the most important thinkers of postmodern literature, nineteen techniques used in postmodern novels were extracted and with qualitative analysis method, use of them in an Iranian movie (i.e. When we are all sleeping) were examined. The results of the studies showed the close proximity of literature and cinema (as a visual text) and the ability to compare these two written and visual texts. We realized that most of the techniques which are applied in writing postmodern novels were also used with high frequency in the reviewed Iranian film.

One of the most important factors in the breakdown of families is the existence of "paranoid" or "paranoia" as a disorder in men. The most obvious feature of this disorder are suspicion and mistrust in the relationship between spouses, which leads to increased tensions, hostile behaviors, boredom, emotional gap, and finally divorce. In the 6th century of Hijri, Nezami recognized this disorder in the presence of the "King of Maid Sellers" in the second dome of the book of Haftpaykar. In this research, by using the library method, and with a descriptive-analytical approach, it will introduce firstly that paranoid disorder, and examine its symptoms in the presence of the king of the maidservants, then solutions for the treatment of this disorder will be presented. The results of the research, based on Islamic teachings, show that Arrogance, self-importance, unreasonable expectations, innocence, women being influenced by seditious people around them, and their disrespect towards their wives, cause paranoia to intensify in men. in return, promoting positive interactions between spouses plays an effective role in treating men's paranoia, so that the suffering maid, relying on virtues such as kindness, patience, respect, obedience, and humility overcome the king's paranoid disorder.

Exploring the Interpretation of Meaning in Shahriar Mandanipour's "Violet Orient" through Roland Barthes' CodesViolet Orient (Sharghe Banafshe) is a significant short story by Shahriar Mandanipour offering diverse interpretations and symbolic meanings. This article employs Roland Barthes'analytical framework, consisting of five codes: hermeneutic, action, symbolic, connotative, and cultural, to delve into the layers of meaning embedded in the text. By a descriptive-analytical approach, this study aims to navigate the various levels of interpretation within the story, emphasizing the conflicts that arise among interpreters and facilitating the exploration of its meanings. The research findings reveal the presence of four codes: hermeneutic, action, symbolic, and connotative, and certain signs possess the potential to encompass additional aspects when interpreted, enabling readers to access other codes based on the significance of these signs. Notably, "Violet" is a crucial hermeneutic code within the narrative, warranting further investigation and analysis.Keywords: Literary theories, Violet Orient, Codes, Roland Barthes, Multivalence

Myth is a type of ancient cosmology that is based on the knowledge and thought of humans who want to know themselves and the world. Myths of every nation show the values, norms and perceptions that evolve and change over time. But they do not deteriorate. Looking at the mythological characters and mythological paintings, the presence of human-animal mythology and the sanctity of mythical animals is evident. One of the common themes among the myths of nations is the sanctification of animals, including "cows". In this analytical-descriptive article, an attempt is made to examine "cow" as a myth in the nations of Iran, Greece, and other lands, and to present its existential angles and dimensions from the point of view of contrasts and similarities. The obtained results show that this animal, both from the point of view of the main myth and as a supplementary animal of the myth, has two attributes of femininity/maternity with the attribute of birth and fertility and the attribute of authority and power. According to the results of this problem, it is evident that there is a similarity between the theme in the Iranian legend of Afridon with other mythological stories of other lands, including Greece, and this story can be considered and investigated in its place from the point of view of holiness and motherhood. Is. The four virtues of motherhood, sanctity, authority and virtue are evident in this common myth with other nations.

Simurgh is a mythical being which appears widely in Persian literature. According to Levy-Bruhl’s theories, the law of Participation is dominant in primitive thought and this thought sometimes ignores causality. Primitive thought also considers totemic animal as the protector of the members of its group. In this paper, with the use of desk study and content analysis and the use of Levy-Bruhl’s theories, we have tried to analyze mythical characteristics of Simurgh in Ferdowsi’s Shāhnāme and Attar’s the Conference of the Birds. Then we have compared this bird in these two literary works. We found out that Simurgh’s character is rooted in mythical thought. In Shāhnāme, this bird lives on a sacred mountain, is the totemic ancestor of Zāl, with the use of its feather protects Zāl’s family, suspends causality, is a which-doctor and can prophesize. In the Conference of the Birds, lives on Ghāf, its feather can be used for prophecy, and has Farr. The difference between Ferdowsi’s Simurgh and Attar’s Simurgh is in the amount of participation of this bird with the members of its group. Despite Shāhnāme in which participation of Zāl and Simurgh does not cause Zāl to melt in Simurgh’s being, In the Conference of the Birds we see that the birds melt in Simurgh’s being. While mythical thought is more noticeable in Shāhname, but the Law of Participation has a wider role in Attar’s story.

The current research aims at studying a frequent phonological process. A sort of vowel-consonant harmony which acts when the vowel /ɑ/ followed by a nasal consonant. The process sometimes does not act in many Persian words. This article deals with the Persian words, having the required phonological circumstances, but Persian speakers do not raise their vowels. Many university students look for the reasons and it needs a more detailed study. The research method is a survey, qualitative content analysis and the data included in 110 words gathered by purposive sampling to make a questionnaire. The interviewees include 150 speakers who are fluent in Persian. The vowel raising of /ɑ/ before nasals stops in accordance with the historical documents and in newer words. The findings show that even in older words, the process does not act because of: 1. The required phonological arrangement stands in two morphemes, 2. In loanwords, 3. In proper nouns, 4. When another phonological process bleeds or put a falling vowel adjacent to a nasal. 5. In open class words of the new domains like teaching and technology.

The subject  of this essay is to review the origin of the metric of the Gusheh-ha_i of Avaz Dashti in the Iranian classical music. Pahlaviyat is one of the important types of poetry-music of the Sasanian era, which is the old and less evolved metric of today's dobeyti. Since the arrival of Islam in Iran, under the influence of the Arab prosody system, it gradually underwent changes in the metric and became Bahr Hazaj Mosadas Mahzof or Maqsur, and due to its special structural characteristics, it continues to be a popular and common metric in the Iranian ethnic's music continued and that way he got into the Radif of Iranian music. Some music researchers believe that ،Avaz Dashti is a collection of songs of Iran and heavy metric presence of  Dobeity on the Gusheh_ha_i of  Dashti, this will reinforce doubt and believe. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the statistical investigations were carried out to determine the frequency of the metric of Avaz Dashti in four Radifs of Iranian music (instrumental and vocal) as well as the metric of selected poems in the performance of the Avaz Dashti of Mohammad Reza Shajarian's albums shows a significant connection between the Avaz Dashti with dobeyti metric and its less evolved ritmic, which is reminiscent of the metric of old Pahlaviyat.This article examines the changes in the Pahlaviyat metric and its relationship with the metric of the Gusheh_ha_i of Avaz Dashti.