نشریه رهپویه معماری و شهرسازی
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، بهار 1402)

Knowing and understanding the philosophical and allegorical meaning of artistic and architectural elements is undeniably critical. Chalipa is one of these elements. This ancient motif and the fundamental concepts of Iranian ontology have consistently and repeatedly played a role in art and architecture for over seven thousand years as a symbolic element in reflecting such concepts. Further, Islamic horizontality is considered a guiding principle in realizing Islamic architectural works as a principle derived from the monotheistic worldview and a belief in the unity of being in the universe. This paper discusses the pivotal role of light from the viewpoint of epistemology and ontology in Iranian mysticism and wisdom to perceive the ontology language of Chalipa as a symbol of light in Iranian thinking and culture. Afterward, it will be viewed analytically and comparatively through the principle of horizontality in terms of form and meaning.The theory of doubt in existence, or unity in multiplicity and multiplicity in unity, based on light, as a single and universal truth that has different degrees of perfection and imperfection, has been presented as one of the fundamental ontological theories of the Iranian people. This theory, which is passed down from ancient times, is brought up again at around 5th century AH, first in the guise of Tariqa and then through Sufi commentators and Islamic scholars. In this way, it is mixed with Quran's plethora of themes and the Sunnah and life of the Messenger of God and his family, together with intuitive perceptions and by using the language of philosophy and theology, becoming a stable and systematic intellectual tradition, and opening yet another chapter in Islamic wisdom and knowledge. This tradition of thought defines light as being equal to existence, meaning that light and existence form a single truth, and do not fundamentally differ from each other, except in the realm of ideas. This finds a decisive explanation in the mystical and philosophical circles, and therefore, the philosophical system of illumination and creation of light is transformed into the story of the creation of existential worlds. We are talking about the highest order of existence, which is infinite in terms of duration, intensity and number. Coinciding with this era, i.e. from the 4th-5th century AH, the principle of Islamic Horizontalism, originating from a unified worldview and based on the unity of existence, catalyzes the creation of Islamic works of art and architecture. In the process of realizing transcendental concepts, the Principle of Horizontalism acts as a structural guide, bringing the deep mystical meanings of existential unity onto the level of appearances as a non-hierarchical multi-scale model, characterized by a companionship, directionlessness, multiplicity and infinity infused with abstract simplicity. In ancient Iranian wisdom, the Chalipa is the only visual representation of the originary light, the "luminous gift" of existence. Thus, in the Iranian tradition, Chalipa acts as a precious and mysterious motif, which is the manifestation of the transcendental origin of the universe. In the continuation of the intellectual and artistic life of Iranians, Chalipa plays a critical role, acting in both fields of wisdom and art for more than seven thousand years, transforming the highest truths hidden in the depths of knowledge to the surfaces of comprehensible art. This research shows that from the semantics point of view, the Chalipa effectively expresses the fundamental concepts of the principle of Islamic Horizontalism and from a formal point of view, the Chalipa is a symbolic form that resists the limitations of perspectival hierarchy. The Chalipa consists of two arms of the same size, which are perpendicular to each other at their central point of intersection. The formal configuration of the Chalipa does not show preference for a particular point of view or direction and as a result, it can be viewed from any direction. Chalipa has thrived in Islamic art and architecture throughout the ages, due to its ability to be repeated and multiplied in various geometric patterns without creating perspectival or conceptual hierarchy or limitations. It is therefore widely used in shaping architectural spaces and ornamentations. Simultaneously simple and mysterious, the Chalipa demonstrates its special efficiency in responding to the needs of the viewers throughout the evolution and development of its conceptual history. Due to its unique geometry, the Chalipa has been widely used in combination with other symbols and geometries in order to create new artistic expressions based on the viewer's imagination and the transcendental definition of light. Therefore, Chalipa possesses both the conceptual and formal features proposed in the principle of Islamic Horizontalism.

Architectural design is considered one of the most important topics in the field of architectural education, because we are in an era where, due to the ever-increasing progress of technology, many diverse issues, possibilities, and inventions have been raised in the field of training. During the coronavirus epidemic situation, we have seen the increasing use of virtual training in learning and teaching to respond to the changes and challenges of higher education. The concept of education and the process of teaching and learning has changed due to the pandemic conditions of the corona virus in recent years, and educational models have also undergone modifications and changes.The meaning of architectural design is the creative production of shape schemes that can be converted into man-made space. Teaching architectural design is a challenging matter that depends on many variables. Since the formation of a designer's personality and the learning of design skills are related to this category, it is highly sensitive and it is necessary to pay attention and study the architectural education process in architecture schools. On the other hand, architectural design cannot be considered a computational and mathematical and completely systematic act. Design is simultaneously mixed with theory and research, and the knowledge of architectural design is formed between the two currents of rationalism and empiricism, therefore, it pays attention to both sides of subjective and objective issues. At the same time, the importance and sensitivity of architectural design training methods toward other specializations are that it is not possible to have simply knowledge and skills transfer. In this regard, the category that should be paid more attention to is; Evaluating the effectiveness of virtual and on-campus training methods. This proposition becomes more important in experts' knowledge such as architecture, which has lost effective communication between professors and students with educational facilities. What should be given serious attention in teaching architectural design and its process is providing the necessary conditions to understand the quality of life that is supposed to happen in the architecture in question. The more the student understands this quality, the more his ability to get closer to the plan increases. In terms of purpose and type, this research is developmental and practical. In terms of the methods of data collection, it is surveying. In this research, we are trying to analyze the learning quality of students' architectural design courses in virtual and on-campus training with a combinatorial procedure of analytical and descriptive methods. The statistical population of this research is undergraduate students of discontinuous baccalaureate at Soore architecture and urbanization university. On this subject, fourteen effective components which affect learning in architectural design courses were identified and categorized through the investigations on architecture schools and universities at the national and international levels. Then these parameters were organized in a questionnaire and distributed among 80 students. Therefore, it was possible to compare two methods (virtual training and on-campus training). Then, the second questionnaire with 20 questions was distributed among 21 people consisting of faculty members and professors of Soore architecture and urbanization university. The purpose of the second questionnaire was to verify the research findings. It seems that the results can be beneficial for the learning environments of studio-based architecture design courses in general. This research states that the effectiveness of virtual training and on-campus training in practical courses are different from each other and this effect is more practical in studio-based architectural design courses. By analyzing the students' questionnaire and taking into account the clarification of the criteria from the point of view of the professors and faculty members of the Sourah University Faculty of Architecture in the second questionnaire, the impression was obtained that:1. In the first category, which was related to students, the criteria of visual comprehension, valuation, sketches, technical drawing, model making, group work and understanding of concepts in face-to-face education have been most effective on students' learning compared to the virtual education of architectural design course. Also, in other cases that include presentation, ideation and learning, students and professors unanimously believe that both face-to-face and virtual training methods have been effective on learning.2. In the second category, which was related to the learning environment, the criterion of proficiency perceptions resulting from the physical presence and sense of belonging to the educational atmosphere of the architectural studio environment is more effective and leads to the growth of students' social interactions with each other in group work during the semester. Also, in another criterion that includes concentration in terms of space and time, the consensus of students and professors reaches the conclusion that the factor of concentration has been effective in both face-to-face and virtual education methods.3. In the third category, which was related to professors, the criterion of individual and collective correction has been more effective in face-to-face and studio-oriented teaching methods of design lessons. The criterion of theoretical foundations was found to be effective in both face-to-face and virtual teaching methods.

Among the consequences of the industrial revolution in the modern era, we can mention the increase in apartment living, the decrease in connection with nature, the soullessness of houses, and the increase in diseases such as depression among residents. Since man is genetically and biologically dependent on nature and the natural tendency of man has been focused on nature and natural processes from the beginning, paying attention or not paying attention to this natural sense creates positive and negative feelings in it and has an effect on the soul and body. Lays. Researchers and scientists have introduced many solutions in the field of health and well-being, one of these solutions is the stimulation of human senses through biophilic architectural components, which will ultimately lead to physical, mental and social health of people. The aim of the current research is to analyze the direct components of biophilic architecture in the design of a residential unit and examine how it affects human health through the five senses, and at the end, solutions are also provided to highlight the positive results of this architecture. In order to achieve the goals, the following questions are raised: - Through what components in architecture can the biophilic approach be achieved? - What senses do the direct components of biophilic architecture stimulate? - How do biophilic elements cause human health and well-being? - What solutions are suggested for the use of direct biophilic components in the interior design of housing? A mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) was used to conduct the present research. In the research process, first through library-documentary studies, biophilic components was extracted and then based on the data obtained from the qualitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire was given to 30 people who are experts in the fields of architecture, psychology, environment and health. The results of the experts' questionnaire in SPSS 26 software showed that the influence of the components of direct experience was more than the other components, that the eight indicators of sunlight, plants, view and landscape, water, air, natural materials, fire and animals respectively had the highest average influence. assigned to themselves In the third step, the examination of the components in four case samples indicates that sunlight, plants, view and scenery, water, air and natural materials are common among all samples and have contributed to the health and well-being of the residents. In sample one, the indicators of sunlight, view and landscape, water and natural materials have a strong presence and the most involvement of the senses in this sample is related to the sense of sight. In the second example, the indicators of sunlight, sight and landscape, plants and natural materials have had a tremendous impact on the conflict of the sense of sight, hearing and smell. In sample three, the senses of sight, hearing and smell are stimulated by the indicators of sunlight, plants, air, sight and scenery and natural materials. In example 4, the most involvement of the senses is related to the sense of sight, which is caused by the presence of the indicators of sunlight, sight and landscape, water, fire, and natural materials. In the last example, the indicators of sunlight, sight and landscape, plants, air, natural materials have led to the conflict of the senses of sight, smell and hearing. Finally, the findings indicate that the indicators of light, visibility and landscape, plants and natural materials have been taken into consideration in the study samples; Therefore, according to the results of previous studies, it can be acknowledged that the mentioned indicators improve the health and well-being of the residents by stimulating the five senses. In the last step, in order to take advantage of the indicators of "direct experience with nature" in housing design, according to the theoretical framework related to biophilic architecture and inferential analyzes derived from the examination of samples, the solutions of using biophilic architecture through direct experience with nature through the five senses to reach It is provided for the health and well-being of residents. In the end, considering that "indirect experience with nature" and "experience of space and place" are also other components of biophilic architecture and lead to people's health and well-being, it is recommended that researchers for future research investigate the effect of this Two components deal with people's health and prioritizing their indicators.

Human societies have always been progressing and all aspects and different sciences have progressed in parallel with each other. In the meantime, the speed of development of sciences related to new technologies, especially computers, has been several times faster and perhaps hundreds of times compared to other sciences. The progress of technology is not an individual or group factor that can be easily controlled, or increase its speed or slow it down, but it is considered a huge and collective movement about society and the world, which is beyond our control. And its speed is adjusted according to the needs of the majority of human societies. The emergence of new technologies has always had supporters and opponents and has caused concerns for some jobs, but in most cases, it has worked to improve human life, and of course, its negative and destructive effects on some jobs and professions are undeniable. But with the disappearance of old jobs, new jobs related to new technology are also introduced, which replace obsolete jobs. But adapting to new jobs will also be a bit challenging because not all people working in an old profession can quickly adapt to new things. Therefore, these new facilities are defined as a big challenge for some and maybe a threat. With the advancement of artificial intelligence in the field of architectural design, questions have been raised about the importance of the position of the architect and the technology that can perform the tasks of an architect one by one, which can help architects in designing or building, and they are becoming more advanced and independent every day. This development will probably have consequences for certain groups in the field of architecture. The replacement of an architect engineer with artificial intelligence is considered the most obvious factor in these changes, and for this reason, researchers have done a lot of research to answer some of the architects' concerns about the possibility of replacing them with artificial intelligence and how artificial intelligence works in the conditions have been measured and their feedback has been explored in dealing with different and unexpected situations to determine whether this artificial intelligence will destroy architects and urban planners and consider it as a strategic threat to construction-related jobs. Is it taken or not? In recent researchers, have examined the possibility of using artificial intelligence as a designer outside the laboratory and finally concluded that artificial intelligence, because it lacks human characteristics and merely imitates it, cannot be used in cases where it is necessary for Creativity works well and in cases where it is necessary to analyze the simultaneous impact of several issues and factors on each other, such as the interference of architectural issues with urban or religious laws, it can provide an acceptable answer and plan. Also, from the implementation side, it cannot present implementation plans, and its solutions are almost one-dimensional, and all the effective factors are not applied in one plan. In addition, from a technical point of view, the construction and operation of artificial intelligence that can act like an architect requires hundreds of times more costs compared to an architect, and the costs of maintaining and upgrading them are also added to it; While with a small percentage of the same costs, you can use human architects who can provide much better performance in complex conditions. According to recent studies, the impact of artificial intelligence on a group of jobs such as taxi drivers, tour guides, factory workers, construction workers, online sellers, and some teachers will be direct, while this will not happen to architecture due to the nature of architecture. was to replace them with artificial intelligence in the future. In any case, the impact of artificial intelligence on architectural jobs will be palpable, but not to the extent that there is a risk of replacing them. When architectural drawing software such as AutoCAD or 3D modeling such as 3D Max was introduced, we faced harsh criticism from critics, while today, after several decades of these software's introduction, we have seen many improvements. We have been more in architecture, which includes saving time, drawing accurately, and making designs understandable for ordinary people. Some activists regarding human rights as well as worried architects are running away from the happenings of this technology and are trying to divert some thoughts to the other side to make the negative aspect of artificial intelligence entering the field of architecture a little colorful. Running away from technology or confronting it is not a correct answer technology will open its way and it is better to consider it as an efficient tool that acts as a research or executive assistant rather than a deterrent or destructive factor.

This research seeks to obtain a correct and close to reality image of the face of the city and the urban space of the poet's time by carefully studying the life and works of the Nezami sage Ganjavi. Finding-Finding in this research is in the form of documents, libraries and study of previous researches and the method of content-based content analysis has been used in the study of the poet's five stories. The content of the themes of his poem can be divided into eight stages based on the chronological order "Not describing or mentioning the details of the words of the city, adherence and belonging to the birthplace, resentment and turbidity of the incompetent people of the city, not mixing with the people of the city and the first sparks of building an ideal city in the imagination, proposing their mental model for reforming the state "Introduction to shaping his mental idea about the ideal city, finding the desired pattern and design of the ideal city" introduced. In fact, the ideal city and consequently the ideal from the point of view of the Nezami sage finds meaning and manifestation in the relations that govern it, relations based on social justice and equal rights of individuals in society. In his view, the role of individuals, wise men, and especially the masters of power in building the ideal society and the face of reality to cover the utopia and utopia, is constructive and serious and presents it in the city Nikan.This research seeks to obtain a correct and close to reality image of the face of the city and the urban space of the poet's time by carefully studying the life and works of the Nezami sage Ganjavi. Finding-Finding in this research is in the form of documents, libraries and study of previous researches and the method of content-based content analysis has been used in the study of the poet's five stories. The content of the themes of his poem can be divided into eight stages based on the chronological order "Not describing or mentioning the details of the words of the city, adherence and belonging to the birthplace, resentment and turbidity of the incompetent people of the city, not mixing with the people of the city and the first sparks of building an ideal city in the imagination, proposing their mental model for reforming the state "Introduction to shaping his mental idea about the ideal city, finding the desired pattern and design of the ideal city" introduced. In fact, the ideal city and consequently the ideal from the point of view of the Nezami sage finds meaning and manifestation in the relations that govern it, relations based on social justice and equal rights of individuals in society. In his view, the role of individuals, wise men, and especially the masters of power in building the ideal society and the face of reality to cover the utopia and utopia, is constructive and serious and presents it in the city Nikan.This research seeks to obtain a correct and close to reality image of the face of the city and the urban space of the poet's time by carefully studying the life and works of the Nezami sage Ganjavi. Finding-Finding in this research is in the form of documents, libraries and study of previous researches and the method of content-based content analysis has been used in the study of the poet's five stories. The content of the themes of his poem can be divided into eight stages based on the chronological order "Not describing or mentioning the details of the words of the city, adherence and belonging to the birthplace, resentment and turbidity of the incompetent people of the city, not mixing with the people of the city and the first sparks of building an ideal city in the imagination, proposing their mental model for reforming the state "Introduction to shaping his mental idea about the ideal city, finding the desired pattern and design of the ideal city" introduced. In fact, the ideal city and consequently the ideal from the point of view of the Nezami sage finds meaning and manifestation in the relations that govern it, relations based on social justice and equal rights of individuals in society. In his view, the role of individuals, wise men, and especially the masters of power in building the ideal society and the face of reality to cover the utopia and utopia, is constructive and serious and presents it in the city Nikan.This research seeks to obtain a correct and close to reality image of the face of the city and the urban space of the poet's time by carefully studying the life and works of the Nezami sage Ganjavi. Finding-Finding in this research is in the form of documents, libraries and study of previous researches and the method of content-based content analysis has been used in the study of the poet's five stories. The content of the themes of his poem can be divided into eight stages based on the chronological order "Not describing or mentioning the details of the words of the city,

Natural hazards have always been a major challenge in achieving development. In response to this challenge, the concept of resilience has entered the scientific field. This concept seeks to quickly return to pre-crisis conditions. Today, in addition to geo-structural risks, the issue of climate change and related risks also threatens human societies, and this issue, along with the complexity of societies, shows the necessity of creating empowerment capacities to strengthen communities and deal with these risks. A resilient city is a city that supports the improvement of resilience in its offices, infrastructure, and social and economic life. These cities reduce vulnerability and provide creative responses to economic, social and environmental changes to increase long-term sustainability.In this regard, the current research tries to evaluate and analyze the comparative dimensions and components of the resilient city approach in the cities of Naqadeh and Qorveh, emphasizing the climatic changes, in order to clarify the level of resilience of urban areas. The main importance and necessity of the present study is explained in the following cases.- Explaining and describing the approach and concept of urban resilience as a targeted and effective framework with the aim of dealing with various environmental risks and achieving a stable, safe and ideal urban environment.- Comparative analysis of Naqadeh and Qorveh study areas for the first time in the field of scientific research- Explaining and verifying the basic challenge of climate change in today's urban societies (important and new risks in the field of urban science and scientific research)

The present research, with a practical purpose and a descriptive and analytical-adaptive method, tries to describe and explain certain boundaries (comparative comparison of the cities of Naqadeh and Qorveh), and in order to determine points of commonality and difference and achieve the goal of the research (determining a boundary durable and livable settlement) takes place. The statistical population and the sample size of the present research include groups of experts, university professors, managers and city officials, experts in the field of urban sciences and all native citizens of each of the study cities. The quantitative data analysis method is derived from the new and targeted Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Swara and Mabac techniques. In order to determine the correlation level of the factors, and the level of importance and priority of the research evaluation dimensions and components and to determine the best and final option, it has been selected.

According to the findings of the quantitative analysis of the research, the structural-physical and managerial aspects have gained the highest and highest level of importance and priority in the matter of urban resilience, respectively. Also, the component of having an orderly, desirable and consistent urban structure and texture has the highest level of importance and study value. Economic and socio-cultural dimensions have respectively the lowest level of importance and value and study priority in the scientific field of urban resilience. Also, the component of economic dynamism and diversity has gained the lowest and lowest level of importance and study priority. Finally, based on the MABAK method and the results of the MABAK test, the city of Naqadeh has a favorable and more suitable resilience situation compared to the city of Qorveh in relation to the dimensions and components investigated, emphasizing the challenge and crisis of climate change.

In the following, based on the findings and the current situation, we will present some targeted and effective proposals, strategies and policies regarding the improvement and promotion of environmental conditions and achieving a safe and resilient urban society in various dimensions of development. It is as follows.- Emphasizing the adoption of policies and programs with the aim of materially and spiritually supporting the people of Qorveh city in order to improve the environmental quality of buildings and physical structures (renovation, improvement and renovation of unsuitable and unsafe buildings).- Benefiting from experts and experts and knowledgeable officials in order to improve the level of effectiveness and achieve self-reliance in the urban management system of Qorveh city.- Adopting policies and strategies with the aim of improving the level of individual and social identity and strengthening the sense of belonging to the living environment in Qorveh city.- Emphasis on improving the level of solidarity, cohesion, unity and empathy in the city of Qorveh- Supporting the creation and development of diverse economic activities and functions in order to increase the mix of uses and with the aim of dynamism of the economic level in the city of Qorveh- Improving the quantitative and qualitative levels of the communication network and the access system in the city of Naqdeh and improving urban facilities (including the quality level of roads, the creation and development of bridges, tunnels, etc).- Improving the quality level of buildings and houses and the physical structure in the city of Naqadeh in order to improve safety levels.- and improving the level of effectiveness and support in the management and urban planning system and the implementation of development plans and measures in the city of Naqadeh