نشریه رهپویه معماری و شهرسازی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، تابستان 1402)

Today’s children will be women and men of the future, and these children will play a key role in the future of every country. It should be noted that cities and urban spaces can be good or bad places for children’s growth and development. Cities and urban spaces have young and sharp users whose perception of urban spaces is substantially different from other age groups’ perceptions. Nevertheless, a large number of existing cities and urban spaces are just built according to adults’ features and perceptions, and children’s characteristics, needs, activities, and perceptions have been neglected in the design and planning of plenty of existing cities and urban spaces. As a result, these cities and urban spaces are not apt spaces for children’s growth, and in some cases they make children feel bored and behave abnormally; furthermore, they stifle children’s creativity. In effect, children as citizens of society have some rights, and they should not be overlooked in the creation of cities and urban spaces. Today, more attention is paid to children’s rights in society, and child-friendly cities are suitable places to achieve this important goal, and these cities are appropriate for children’s growth. In recent years, several cities in the world, including some cities in Iran, have sought to provide suitable conditions for children in the city spaces and become a child-friendly city. It should be mentioned that child-friendly cities are a fairly new concept in Iran, and the only Iranian city that has been recognized as a child-friendly city by UNICEF is Bam. After the devastating 2003 earthquake in Bam, UNICEF, the government of Iran, and other institutions launched the child-friendly city project in Bam. This research aims to evaluate the child-friendly city project in Bam and provide some policies to improve this project according to the indicators obtained from scholars’ opinions and global experience related to the research topic. It should be noted that this study is a descriptive-analytical research, and suses the content analysis method. Moreover, the required information in this study was collected through documentary research. To this should be added that results of this study show that safety and security, access to appropriate basic facilities and services, children’s participation, the existence of recreational and play environments for children, the existence of green and natural spaces, and proper access to them, traffic calming and the existence of appropriate public transportation and pedestrian routes and cycle lanes, and the existence of suitable facilities and environment for children’s learning and development are the most important indicators of a child-friendly city. In addition, the results of this study indicate that some of the child-friendly city indicators have been considered in the design, planning, and implementation of the child-friendly city project in Bam, some of which are: safety and security, access to appropriate basic facilities and services (health, educational, and sports facilities and services), the existence of recreational and play environments for children, the existence of creative spaces for children, the existence of right conditions for children’s learning and development, the existence of suitable housing and appropriate places of residence, children’s participation, interactions with the family and relatives and friends and society, protection of nature and the environment, sustainable environment, an increase in the awareness about children’s rights, the existence of green and natural spaces and proper access to them, and traffic calming and the existence of appropriate public transportation and pedestrian routes and cycle lanes. However, this project did not completely meet children’s needs and wills related to the indicators of the provision of public health, safety, and security, access to appropriate basic facilities and services, and the existence of green and natural spaces and proper access to them. Indeed, children were dissatisfied with the unsafe access routes to child-friendly spaces, the entrance of strangers into the children’s spaces, the small dimensions of tents and shelters, rain penetration into the tents and shelters, cold/hot air flow penetration into the tents, the odor of tents and shelters and toilets, the usage of dark tents for children, unhygienic and unsafe toilets, the absence of separate classes for different gender and age groups, the lack of suitable educational equipment, the usage of same educational equipment and curriculum for different age groups, the absence of appropriate educational equipment for disabled children, and the lack of green spaces in some areas. It should be noted that to improve this project, some policies, such as rebuilding access routes to child-friendly spaces, building some guard booths in some parts of children’s routes and spaces, considering climate factors in the design and using vernacular architecture in this regard, utilizing large waterproof tents, designing colorful tents emblazoned with children’s designs, separating classes by gender and age, separating toilets and improving toilet hygiene, constructing more toilets, providing adequate suitable educational equipment for different age groups, supplying appropriate educational equipment for children with disabilities, and creating more green spaces, should have been adopted in this project.

The loss of the identity of spaces in the architecture and urban planning of the contemporary world is a comprehensive and multifaceted issue influenced by various factors such as globalization, rapid urban development and transformations, and new technologies in construction. The crisis is aggravated for the developing countries with a rich architectural heritage that have welcomed modernity and its achievements in building techniques, and their architects have begun to design through the lenses of Western aesthetics in architecture. We might consider it possible to change the view of architects and designers from a purely aesthetic point of view to a life-orientated one. But we cannot still be oblivious to the influence of the imported techniques and materials that play a significant role in the quality of spaces. The profit-seeking point of view has taken away the opportunity to digest the imported architecture. Considering the opinions of thinkers in the fields of humanities and architecture, the present essay raises the question of the possibility of reviving the lost identity on the scope of this crisis and how to maintain the connection to culture and history while accompanying the forced path of the times and the world. Through this exploration, the essay tries to find components for identity in architectural and urban design. The research approach is a theoretical approach in which the opinions of thinkers and philosophers on concepts related to identity, life, and architecture are studied and critically analyzed. Through this analysis, an attempt is made to answer the question: how to plan a way to one’s own space? The question of the lost spaces leads us to the question of the lost self. How can architecture help a dweller to recognize oneself? To know and recognize ourselves, we need a mirror that reflects us to ourselves. The spaces that surround us and the spaces in which we act according to our life are both a platform for our life and a mirror that reminds us of who we are. Self-recognition in the mirror of place and space becomes possible by dwelling. Here, dwelling is used in a broader sense than residing in a building. Whenever man can regain his position in relation to the earth and the sky, himself and his fellow species, or he himself, through the means of space, and can define these relations under the order of building, the matter of dwelling has taken place. Man’s residence in space, which turns it into a place for his life, is possible in the light of the mirror-like ability of space and the unification of man and space. The analysis revealed that consolidation of identity needs both thought and reminisce. In defining the remindful space, its required characteristics and components, and what should be reminded, we return to the definition of man. Man is identified based on his relationship with God, himself, nature, and others. Hence, the question of identity in architectural space as a dwelling place for man is how it can help him to remember and find his relation to these four. So, thought-provoking quality, reminiscence-provoking quality, and meaningfulness are proposed as solutions for this challenge, and strategies are provided for each. Among the answers in this direction are remindful architecture by using familiar signs and forms related to cultural concepts, providing the possibility of belonging, perception and thinking, readability and touchability of space, and enabling the transfer of perception from form to meaning through allegorical quality. After classifying the solutions, the essay presents three main characteristics architectural spaces should have to maintain identity through time. Thought-provoking as providing the dwellers with space and opportunity to engage with deep thought about their being and identity relative to the world’s existence; meaning-making, expressly the possibility of tying meaning with architectural spaces or elements in the context of time and poetic dwelling, and reminisce as establishing and continuing the audience’s perceptual and behavioral patterns based on the common culture of spatial characteristic, are the architectural characteristics that smoothen the stages of establishing and consolidating identity in space and promise its continuity in the context of time. In the meantime, architects should look at how to change the view of architects and designers from a purely aesthetic look to a life-orientation one. And how to strengthen presence, thinking, self-awareness, and life choices based on their own lifestyle in the space for the audience. And, of course, the final answer lies in the reminder that it isn’t possible to regain identity in architectural space, except by the inner return of the dwellers to the abandoned realms of their existence, and the first step is to plan the way of this return.

Cities cannot be recognized only by their past status and not only by the current situation. Not only the city’s form but also its meaning has changed over time. We cannot extend the situation of periods of eras to others. To properly understand the city, we need to examine the different layers of the city’s effectual aspects in each period. One of the most principal features that give a clear image of the city’s behavior to urban managers or used as urban planning guidelines for planners is a systematic recognition of the city’s history and background and a clear understanding of its physical, natural, historical, social, political and economic changes. If we accept this, then providing a specific pattern and trajectory that explains the evolution of a city and the process of change is increasingly important. Amol City is located between the Alborz mountain and the Caspian Sea In northern Iran. It is invaded into the eastern and western parts by the river Haraz. The city’s old fabric has been integral to its historical background and urban structure. Amol City has been considered for centuries with its historical background and its importance in terms of fabric, functional, and natural changes. This city has played a significant role as a strategic human settlement in northern Iran during several periods. Not long ago, Amol City had a cohesive structure and maintained its authenticity, with landmarks like the Bazaar, the buildings around the Haraz River, the Shahrrood Creek, the holy shrines, and more scattered throughout the city. With the construction of the first streets, the integrity of the Bazaar, residential fabrics, neighborhoods, and Shahrrood Creek, as the city’s most cardinal natural axis, was disrupted. This research seeks to investigate the pattern and trajectory of Amol city as one of the most important historical cities in the north of Iran, and some historians consider it to date to the Iron Age. It is worth mentioning that this city is the first Shiite government base and there are many historical monuments in the city. In the first stage of this research, the historical courses of Amol and its changes during these eras are discussed, which includes the pre-Islamic periods, after Islam, the Safavid governments, the Afsharite government, the Qajar, and contemporary and recent times. Then, the current structure of the city and its districts are analyzed. Consequently, the urban development plans prepared for the city in recent years are evaluated. In the next step, the current state of the city context is analyzed. Finally, the urban plan considers the city’s historical context, and its planning and design processes are carefully explained. Finally, based on the findings of the studies, the course of the historical developments of the city has been drawn based on the Bemont diagram in different periods, showing its high and low points. This research is descriptive-analytical by type, and the data is collected by studying historical documents and the writings of reliable historians. A qualitative analysis of the data has been accomplished while conducting a field survey of the historic area of the city and studying its current urban development plans. The results of the city’s growth and decline and the comparison between the features of the old and new Amol are presented at the end. According to the historical documents, Amol city was the capital of Mazandaran at least from the Sassanid period to the Mongol period and was the official capital of Iran in three dynasties and during the Safavid, Alawi, Qajar, Fereydun, and Rostam dynasties, Marashi rule, and the Zandiyeh period, it experienced a good period or the golden age of Islam, and during the Ilkhanid, Seljuq, Ghaznavid, and Afshar periods, it passed through a bad period. According to the research results, apart from political factors, natural and human factors were also involved in the choice of Amol city, which distinguishes it from other cities of the province. The most important factors are of natural, defense, economic, and communicational causes. According to the information from the Bemont diagram, interventions, and urban plans in recent years have tried to keep the physical monuments of the city stable, especially during the Sassanid period, the era of the city’s evolution, and during the Safavid period, which, according to historical documents, was the era of the city’s prosperity, which includes the Mir Bozorg Mausoleum, and it is related to the market order. Also, considering the historical role achieved by Bemont diagram, solutions have been presented to maintain identity-performance links between historical periods of the city and its current and future development plans.

Today, the speed of technological progress and its effects on the construction of cities have caused changes in cities, and urban design is like a collage rather than drawing. Collage is the creation of dissimilar images or the discovery of hidden similarities in objects that are not the same, and the transfer of materials from one subject to another and the gluing and scattering of these borrowings are evident throughout the new city. Contextual architecture is one of the common opinions in urban planning, which considers the plan as a historical event. Based on this, nowadays the issue of paying attention to recognizing the principles and values of context-oriented housing in the formation and design of contemporary housing reveals its importance more than ever. Because in most cases, these houses are built using western models without paying attention to regional issues, climate, mental and emotional needs of people, and the result is the change of the house to a dormitory without mental and environmental comfort in the space. This research has been evaluated by examining the role of climate in housing design using contextual architectural indicators. The purpose of this research is to explain the lasting indicators of contextual architecture in Iran, in line with the necessity of looking at the concepts and analyzing the characteristics related to contextualism, climate and design. which determines the common conceptual indicators, which should now be considered for the updating of context-oriented architecture and the design of middle and new urban context buildings. Many researches and researches have been conducted for the design of context-oriented buildings in different countries of the world, most of them considering the special climatic and geographical conditions of the region, and for this reason, they have addressed the issue of sustainability. Some of them have analyzed the specific patterns of living and living and changing its ways. As a result, they consider the physical components of context-oriented architecture in the context of life as a part of the native man’s memory that creates a sense of belonging to his space and peace. In the research process Descriptive-analytical method has been used and the desired information has been used to form the basics of the subject with a study method. In this research, with the investigations that were done, architecture is considered to be a scrutinizing responsibility on the field. Because the context or text can provide a collection of appropriate recommendations as concepts for architectural design. The context for it is not only the base of the building, but also includes the concept of design; In other words, the context is a main source for design, and we often face a new context and situation, and we must complete the design process according to the existing conditions. Context-oriented architecture has addressed the approach of architectural methods and quality to the emergence of compatibility between neighboring buildings - related to different periods or styles. In the past half century, the issue of achieving such harmony has been far from the attention of architects and the result of architectural education has been to create contrast between old and new buildings instead of creating visual compatibility between buildings. Accordingly, today for architects and planners who Until now, along with the new lifestyle, elements of native and traditional lifestyle are being tested, it is very necessary to pay attention to the beauty and essential and valuable points of the life of the predecessors and to maintain them in order to achieve a better life in the future. Therefore, vernacular architecture, which is a subset of context-oriented architecture, has been subject to changes in the past, but it has been able to maintain its own existence and represent the customs of the people; However, due to the fact that context-oriented design is different for each region depending on the climate, culture and other factors, many researches and researches have been conducted for the design of context-oriented buildings in different countries of the world, most of them considering the specific climatic and geographical conditions of the region. And for this reason, they have addressed the issue of sustainability. Some of them have analyzed the specific patterns of living and living and changing its ways, and also considered the existence and emergence of the physical components of traditional architecture in the living space as a part of the native man’s thought and causes the feeling of belonging to the environment, comfort and peace. Finally, the design is to reach a shape and form that is correct in harmony with the context. In other words, design is an effort to achieve compatibility and harmony between form and context. Therefore, in this research, while paying attention to the comfort and welfare needs of contemporary people, it has been tried to use contextual architectural indicators and attention to climate conditions.

Natural light is widely available throughout Iran, suited to its climate. Solar Energy is one of its byproducts. Given the crises experienced in recent years during summer and winter due to the use of cooling and heating systems and the high energy demand year-round, it is advisable to prioritize this energy source. In recent years, extensive research has been carried out in the field of solar energy, leading to the proposal of various solutions for utilizing solar energy. Researchers have generally categorized solar energy into passive and non-passive forms. The solar energy entering a building through clear windows is known as passive solar energy. However, this energy has its drawbacks, one of which is visual discomfort, referred to as glare. Glare is particularly problematic in office and educational settings, disrupting the comfort of those within. It is often observed on glossy surfaces and computer screens, significantly impacting employee efficiency in office environments. To address this issue, a simulated office building was used for investigation, focusing on the city of Abadan due to its high sunlight exposure. The article explores various solutions to control glare, including optimizing openings, using canopies, and creating optical shelves. Specifically, it delves into the optimization of canopies, with a focus on two types of awnings. Awnings play a significant role in reducing sunlight penetration, and their design aspects such as depth, materials, and angle position influence their effectiveness. The study aims to evaluate the performance of canopies in creating a comfortable office environment, considering the multifaceted aspects of natural light, including psychological, economic, and energy-related factors. The research methodology involves simulation, with both quantitative and qualitative data analyzed. The simulation environment features an office space with four occupants, considering their heat emission for a comprehensive assessment of comfort. The study also specifies the dimensions and light requirements of the office space, emphasizing the significance of natural light in building design. The findings highlight the superiority of composite canopies over horizontal ones, demonstrating a notable reduction in energy loss of nearly 1.5%.

As a comprehensive religion that answers all human needs, the religion of Islam has paid notable attention to the role of humans in attaining development and sublimity from various aspects. One of the primary aims of the Holy Quran is to elucidate the humane qualities, enabling individuals to achieve the ultimate goal of creation by following the guidance and directives of this sacred text. Besides, the pure religion of Islam is considered a social religion, and the society it focuses on is the one in which man not only satisfies his own material and spiritual needs but also lays the ground for the growth and sublimity of the rest of its members. The present article aims to cite the Quranic verses and the al-Mizan interpretation while identifying the influential social components of urban management and citizens in the sublimity of urban society and explain it in the religion of Islam. The research method used in this study is qualitative content analysis. The interpretation used in this research was the al-Mizan interpretation. ATLAS.ti was utilized for coding, classifying, and categorizing the chosen texts.s. A total of 5 categories, 14 components, and 107 sub-components were identified within the propositions pertaining to the research topic. Expanding science education in the city and promoting knowledge and wisdom among citizens, encouraging maximum participation and cooperation, engaging in social affairs and avoiding division to achieve perfection, fair distribution of urban facilities and services, fostering a sense of responsibility towards each other to establish social justice, promoting social interactions and connections based on brotherhood, consultation, and promoting good and discouraging evil, ensuring security in the city, and adhering to social and financial norms are identified as social duties of urban management and citizens in the excellence of urban society.