فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای طبیعی
پیاپی 124 (تابستان 1402)

Using comfort climate indices for tourism development in protected areas is essential for proper planning. The present study ranked climate indicators to identify and select the best tourism climate index to determine a good time for tourism activities in the Hara protected area. The results of the TCI index revealed that the best time for tourists is December, December, February, March, and April. In the HCI index, December, January, February, and March are the best months of the year. In Becker's results, the environmental conditions are suitable for recreational activities in December, January, February, March, and April. The SET index identified December, January, February, and March as the most suitable months. According to the results of the CI index, the best time for tourism is October and March. Also, in the results of the Tarjong index, January, February, and March were selected as the best months. Finally, the results of Mahoney's index indicate that December, January, and February were more favourable. In general, the ranking and analysis of the effects of tourism comfort climate indices in this study displayed that TCI is more comprehensive compared to other indices. According to the weather conditions of the area, it has more realistic results. Among the indicators, the highest rank was assigned to Tarjong, HCI, Mahoney, SET, Becker, and CI indices. The results of this study will help tourism planners determine the appropriate time for tourism in this area

This research aims to investigate the spatial variability and temporal trends of Iran's aridity in the future (2020–2050) based on the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios of CMIP6 models (MRI-ESM2 and GFDL-ESM4) compared to observational data (1992–2014) using AI and IDM indices based on precipitation, evapotranspiration, and average temperature variables. The coefficient of variation and innovative trend analysis were exerted to examine the changes and trends of the average annual aridity, respectively. The results showed that during the observation period, except for the northern areas of Alborz and a part of the northwest, other areas of the country were arid and semi-arid. However, in the future, the scenarios show a decrease in humidity in the northern areas of Alborz, the northern areas of the inner plateau of Iran, and parts of the southern areas of the Zagros mountains. Aridity decreases in the northwest and parts of the central and northern regions of Zagros. The models predicted arid and semi-arid conditions in other areas, as in the past. The highest percentage of annual average spatial variation of land (71%–105%) was observed in the southeast and south coasts of the country in the period 1992–2014, and according to the models, the percentage of spatial variation of land will decrease in the future. The trend of the average annual aridity values of Iran showed that the drought has increased at significance levels of 0.05 and 0.01 in the past and will increase in the future at significance levels of 0.05 and 0.01 based on MRI-ESM2 (SSP5-8.5 scenario and IDM index). At these significant levels, aridity shows a decreasing trend in other conditions. The results of this research can be useful in planning and reducing the negative effects of climate change in Iran.

Despite the water supply, rainfall has multiple and conflicting roles during the rice cultivation period and choosing the appropriate distribution of the probability of its occurrence is an important step in planning water resources management and adjusting the planting calendar and reducing damage in rice farming. In this research, to determine the most appropriate distribution of rainfall probability during the rice-growing season, from the data of eight synoptic stations of the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, including the stations of Astara, Bandar Anzali, Rasht, Ramsar, Babolsar, Qarakhil, Nowshahr and Gorgan with a statistical period of 30 the year (1991-2020) was used. After quality control and homogenizations, Bernoulli-log-normal, Bernoulli- Weibull and Bernoulli-gamma distributions were fitted to the rainfall data in the daily time range (in windows of three days without overlap) as well as the length of the rice-growing season. Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test (K-S) and Akaike's index (AIC) were used to identify the most suitable one. The obtained results showed that the Bernoulli-Gamma distribution is the most suitable probability distribution for estimating the rainfall of the rice-growing season in the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. After the Bernoulli-Gamma distribution, the Bernoulli-Weibull distribution showed a better fit, especially for Nowshahr station located in the central part of Mazandaran province. The findings of this research can be used to quantify the amount of expectation and risk caused by rain during the rice-growing season.

Weather conditions have a significant impact on the tourism sector, especially coastal tourism. Variations in the climate elements brought on by global warming may present challenges for this sector of tourism. This study aims to evaluate variations of climate elements in coastal regions of Hormozgan Province using the outputs of Global Climate Models (GCMs) and to identify how these differences affect the thermal comfort of coastal visitors to this area. Daily and monthly data of eight synoptic stations were used for the base period 1990–2019, along with the outputs of five GCMs for the near- and the far-future time periods of 2020–2050 and 2050–2100, respectively, based on tow Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5. scenarios). The PMV index was then extracted to evaluate travelers' thermal comfort. The research findings showed that January, February, and December were regarded as thermally stress-free or neutral for coastal tourism during the base period in all the analyzed stations. While April through October were hot and very hot, March and November were just moderately warm. Only The Minab station experienced intolerable conditios in July and August. Both scenarios projected monthly shifts in thermal comfort for visitors in the near and far future. Neutral thermal conditions will restricted to January and February, while months with no heat stress to moderate warm will change to warm and humid months and intolerable circumstances will worsen everywhere

The geomorphology of the Zanjanroud basin is affected by the active tectonic zones resulting from the interaction of the Soltanieh, Zanjan, Tarem, and Manjil faults and the faults that have been investigated more closely in this research. The interaction of these faults has made this basin in the form of a small high plateau, heterogeneous compared to the surrounding areas and a suitable place for the establishment of human settlements. In this research, remote sensing and geomorphometric techniques have been used to identify the lineaments and tectonic evidence in order to discover the tectonic effect on the geomorphology of the basin. The contour lines have been converted into a map after checking with the help of telemetry, geomorphometry and field techniques. Then, by analyzing and interpreting the evidence, the relationship between the dynamic pattern of the faults and its effects on the morphology of different landforms is presented with an emphasis on the interactive reconstruction of drainage networks and faults. The results show that the active tectonics of the faults are concentrated towards the centre of the basin and Zanjanroud area. On the other hand, the compliance of the morphology and topographical trends of the basin, as well as the Zanjan River canal and many drainages with the extraction lines with the help of geomorphometric techniques, clearly shows the effectiveness of geomorphometry to evaluate and prove the impact of terraforming on the geomorphology of the basins. Although no destructive earthquake has been reported in the region, But the presence of morphological evidence and the interruption of Quaternary to Holocene deposits indicate the active deformation of the region. Therefore, it seems that the fault systems of the basin have the potential to create earthquakes with a much higher magnitude than what has happened so far, which indicates the necessity of planning based on a detailed study of the faults in the region.

No study has so far evaluated the NEX-GDDP and CORDEX-WAS downscaling methods to validate the output of CMIP5 models in Iran for temperature and precipitation parameters. Therefore, this study is the first in Iran to compare the MPI-ESM-LR model performance from the CMIP5 model series for temperature and precipitation variables with the combined approach of dynamic and statistical downscaling methods for the historical period of 1980-2005. The verification was performed using the MBE, RMSE, and R statistics. The slope of the data trend in the time series is estimated using Sen’s non-parametric method. The findings revealed that degrees of bias equal to -0.34 and -0.46 C were recorded in CORDEX and NEX-GDDP projects, respectively, indicating the better performance of the MPI-ESM-LR model under the CORDEX dynamic downscaling project than the NEX-GDDP statistical project in temperature simulation. In both projects, the maximum and minimum temperatures were simulated in Iran's southern coasts and north-western heights. The MBE index shows a decreased bias in the NEX-GDDP project (-2.60 mm) compared to the CORDEX project (-8.21 mm), suggesting the better performance of the MPI-ESM-LR model in the NEX-GDDP project than the CORDEX project in precipitation simulation. Both projects' maximum and minimum precipitations were simulated in the Zagros highlands and the southeast of Iran, respectively.

According to the dominant tradition, geomorphology is a field discipline and observation is one of the pillars of fieldwork. In any field of human knowledge, the element or observation may be different. Observing nature and its constituent elements, which is a part of epistemology in geomorphology, requires an active relationship with the observed reality. Seeing and observing landscapes, landforms and watersheds as an ancient tradition in earth sciences and especially geomorphology, in addition to being a sensory process, has a special place and importance in terms of different philosophical attitudes in the process of geomorphic research. In other words, knowledge is multi-generational like landscapes, and in attaining knowledge (cognition, knowledge, awareness) regarding the subjects investigated in each scientific field, the way of thinking has philosophical principles. Observing without a theory in mind (logical positivism) and theory-laden observations (in realism), are two approaches that have been examined in this paper. According to the philosophical approaches, concepts, goals and results will be different. However, in geomorphology, observation plays the main controlling role