فصلنامه پژوهش های ژئومورفولوژی کمی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 45، تابستان 1402)

The shape of the earth changes over time and these changes can be periodic or non-periodic. Land deformation may be related to tectonic processes such as earthquakes, faults, volcanoes, landslides, and anthropogenic processes such as mine activity and groundwater exploitation. Subsidence and uplift is one of the most important changes in the shape of the earth. Which is directly related to the tectonic status of the areas. Which is directly related to the tectonic status of the areas. The land of Iran as part of the active alpine-Himalayan tectonic zone has been affected by numerous tectonic activities over time, with the emergence of the Zagros-Makran and Alborz-Kope-Dagh mountains in the Iranian plateau due to the Arabian-Indian Plateau drifting from the landforms resulting from this convergence. Kermanshah plain is also active in tectonic terms due to its location in folded Zagros, therefore it has a lot of potential for the displacement of the Earth's surface. Today, the calculation of ground-level displacements using radar interference technology includes unique capabilities in terms of dimensions, cost, time and accuracy compared to other measurement techniques. Accordingly, in the present study, radar interferometry method was used to assess the amount of subsidence and uplift of Kermanshah Plain and the correlation of this displacement with the earthquake in Kermanshah on 21/08/1396.

Nowadays, calculation of displacements occurring on the surface using radar interferometry technology has unique capabilities in terms of size, cost, time and accuracy compared to other measurement techniques. Therefore, in the present study, using radar interferometry method and SBAS time series, the vertical displacement rate of Kermanshah plain and its relationship with 7.3 earthquake of Kermanshah Ezgele have been investigated. In this study, the displacement rate was calculated for three periods:-the first time in the history of 11.24.2016 to 11.07.2017 and includes 13 image Sentinel 1.Second period is from the date of 07/11/2017 to 11/19/2017 (before and after the earthquake). The third time frame selected to assess the impact of the earthquake on the process of changes and calculations for different purposes is from 24/11/2016 to 19/11/2017 (including 2 images).

The results show that the Kermanshah herd earthquake has a direct role in the vertical displacement of Kermanshah plain. The result of calculating the vertical displacement in the first period indicates that the northwest and southeast areas of Kermanshah urban area have subsided and the northeast and southwest elevations have been elevated, but this trend has changed due to the earthquake of the Ezgele, So that the earthquake of the Ezgele has increased many parts of the study area, especially its southern regions, and has also subsided in the northeast areas of the study area, so the results in the third time period have been very variable, It is concluded that the Kermanshah northeast highlands, which had been uplifted during the first period, were associated with a subsidence due to the Kermanshah herd earthquake. Also the southeastern areas of Kermanshah urban area which had subsided in the first period, Due to the direct impact of the earthquake from the Ezgele, it has been experiencing an uplift in the third period. Therefore, it can be said that the earthquake of the Ezgele, while changing the vertical displacement process of Kermanshah plain, can affect the results of different calculations in this regard.

In this research, in order to investigate the factors affecting this displacement, three time intervals were used to evaluate the vertical displacement of the area. The results indicate that the range of studies ranged from +107 to -40 mm. Given that the amount of positive displacement (uplift) was higher than the negative displacement (subsidence) and also the tectonic factors, the main cause of the displacement can be attributed to the tectonic factors, however, other factors such as groundwater depletion can affect the rate of subsidence in the northwest and southeast of Kermanshah urban area. Evaluation results in the second time period indicate that the study area had a vertical displacement of between +22 to -46 mm during the 12 day period before and after the earthquake, which could be attributed to the short-term period. Directly attributed to the earthquake of the Ezgele. The third study period also had a range of displacements of +102 to +33 mm, but the important and significant point in this period was the impact of the earthquake of the herd on the extent and trend of displacement in the study area. In fact, the results show that in the first period, the northwest and southeast areas of Kermanshah metropolitan area have subsided and the northeast and southwest areas have risen, while the northeast Kermanshah highlands have subsided. The first time has been uplift, during this period has been associated with subsidence due to the Kermanshah Ezgele earthquake. Also, the south-eastern areas of Kermanshah metropolitan area which had subsided in the first period, due to the direct impact of the earthquake from the Ezgele, in the third period has been rising. Therefore, it can be said that the earthquake in Kermanshah plain, while changing the vertical displacement process, can affect the results of different calculations in this regard.

The hydrograph shape, volume, peak discharg, and time to peak are important factors that should be considered in flood prediction and surface - water management problems. Rainfall and watershed characteristics affect runoff, and thus, hydrograph aspects. Numerous models have been developed to estimate hydrographs based on a variety of parameters. The PGIUH model is a geomorphologically - based model that has a probabilistic structure applying Strahler ̓s stream ordering scheme and Horton's laws and overland/streamflow travel times of different overland/stream orders to predict hydrographs. In the hydrological literature, the watershed response time to the rainfall is commonly characterized by the concepts including " time of concentration", "lag time", and"travel time", and the latter is applied in the PGIUH model to refer to the time it takes water to travel from one location to another; both on overland surfaces(overlandflow travel time) and in streams(streamflow travel time). .Different physically and empirically - based relationships have been developed to estimate travel time. Regarding the invariable probabilistic structure of the model, one can test the computational accuracy of the various travel time relationships based on the results of the model runs in comparison with observatory rainfall-runoff data The aim of this paper is to assess 10 travel-time relationships (5 overlandflow and 5 streamflow relationships) by comparing the estimated hydrographs with 10 observatory hydrographs in the Amameh watershed, located in the Alborz mountains, northern Iran. To reach the goal, some observatory hourly rainfall-runoff data of the watershed were obtained from two companies related to Iran ҆ s Ministry of Energy and 10 appropriate data were separated. For each of the runoff data, the total runoff ordinates were separated from the baseflow to derive the direct runoff hydrograph (DRH). Knowing the runoff depth produced by each event, the hourly effective rainfall amounts of that event were determined using the 𝜙-index, so that the total of all effective rainfall amounts of the whole rainfall duration would be equal to the runoff depth.On the other hand, the geomorphologic, topographic, and hydraulic paramaters needed to be used in the probabilistic structure and travel time relationships were obtained from the 12.5 m digital elevation model (DEM), the Google Earth satellite images and the previous papers regarding the study area. Different combinations of travel time relationships were applied at numerous model runs (One overlandflow plus one streamflow relationships at each run) to derive various IUHs. The hydrograph ordinates were obtained by multiplying the hourly effective rainfalls by the IHUs` ordinates and were compared with observed hydrographs statistically using such criteria as root mean square error (RMS), coefficient of efficiency (CE), error of peak discharge (〖Eq〗_p), and error of time to peak discharge (〖Et〗_p). The results showed that overlandflow travel-times did not contribute significantly in the hydrograph characteristics (in terms of peak flow, time to peak, and runoff volume), however, the effect of streamflow travel times, especially those related to the main stream has been decisive. This could be due to the short water flow paths, and thus, travel times on the overland surfaces, and consequently, least contribution of the overlandflow in the time of concentration at each event as opposed to the streamflow Also, no of the streamflow travel time relationships has simulated all the events accurately. Some of the relationships (the Bransby-Williams and the Gupta et al with gamma of 0.6 to 0.7 relationships) have estimated more frequent normal rainfall-runoff events more precisely wich is represented in better mean statistical results of the 10 simulations and some others (the Kirpich, Johnston-Cross, and the Gupta et al with gamma of 0.2 to 0.4 relationships) have done the same for more intense less repeated events with higher peak discharges.This is because various events result in different streamflow velocities, and thus travel times, and various relationships have estimated streamflow travel times, especially those of the main stream, differently. Also, the the types of parameters used in the relationships have affected the results The watershed area (A) parameter involved in the Bransby-Williams relationship has led to more accurate average results obtained from the simulation of 10 rainfall-runoff events and the effective rainfall intensity (i_e ) parameter used in the Lee et al relationship has, unlike other relationships, led some of both the more frequent low intensity and more intense higher discharge events to be as of its best estimations. It is concluded,thus, that not a single streamflow travel time relationship can best estimate all the rainfall-runoff events in the PGIUH model, however, there may be one relationship that can be best adapted to the mean hydroclimatological conditions in a watershed and lead to best mean statistical results among others. For more rare events, other relationships whose results are far from mean hysroclimatological conditions of the watershed can be applied

Alluvial fan flooding occurs as a flood occurring on the surface of an alluvial fan or similar terrestrial shape that originates from the source at the peak and is characterized by high velocity flows, active erosion processes, sediment transport and unpredictable flow paths, any point in the Active alluvial fan may be at risk of flooding, and flooding changes over time.Lack of attention to the geographical features of an area in relation to urban development causes instability of landscapes and geographical phenomena. Floods are one of the Risks that have challenged Pardisan town. Floods cause a lot of damage to the area every year. The location of this area of Qom city in the area of floods and its acceptance, as well as its rapid development, requires comprehensive studies in this place. There is access from the slope, air conditioning, access to transportation roads as well as smooth space in urban development, so that this area can be studied logically and in principle. The purpose of this study is to answer the question whether the development of Qom city in the study of geographical features has been done or not? To answer this question, it is necessary to conduct field evaluation and review patterns and models.

The study area is located in the area of Qamroud river and in longitude 50°41'14" west and50°54'17" east and latitude34°18'50"south and 34°34'15" north. The desired area is 222 hectares. The general slope of the region is south to north, where the southern part is mainly composed of old alluvial fan deposits and the northern part is composed of new deposits. Field and satellite images, reports, land use maps and topography of the regional water organization and natural resources of Qom province are among the important sources used in this research. Due to the size of the area, we divided the area into 15 basins. In this research, two qualitative and quantitative methods have been used. In the qualitative method, geomorphological indices of flood risk zones were determined and in the quantitative method, using numerical data in hec-Ras software environment, a 100-year flood risk map was drawn and finally the results of both methods overlapped and a final map was presented.

The term active refers to areas of the alluvial fan where deposition, erosion, and instability of flow paths are possible. If floods and sedimentation have occurred areas of the alluvial fan over the last 100 years, such areas can clearly be considered active. Such conclusions can be drawn from historical data, photographs, aerial photographs taken at different times, and engineering and morphological data. To study the flood zones, we first need to analyze the current situation in the region. To do this, using hazardous images, vegetation maps, waterway network maps and field visits, hazard zone analysis was performed on alluvial fans. Taking into account the desired indicators, the initial flood risk area in the area of Pardisan town was drawn. The indicators presented can give us an overview of the current situation, which is basically accompanied by flaws and shortcomings. We need mathematical modeling for better and more accurate representation.Before entering the flood modeling, it is necessary to prepare hydrometric data from the study area. For this purpose, we will first extract this data. In this study, due to the lack of a hydrometric station in the study area, a Rational method has been used to calculate thmaximum flood flow Equation(1) Q=1/360 CIA Q= peak flood discharge in cubic meters per second C = surface runoff coefficient, I = maximum rainfall intensity in millimeters per A = basin area per hectare To analyze the intensity, amount and duration of floods for flood warning programs, we need a flow diagram. Which is obtained from the following relations; Equation(2) Qp=0.208A/Tp Equation(3) tp=D/2+ti E D is the required continuity for rainfall (hours), t is the latency of the basin (hours), A is the area of the basin (square kilometers), Qp is the peak flow rate of the unit hydrograph in cubic meters per second for one millimeter of runoff, and tp is the peak time. Equation(4) D=0.133Tc Equation(5) ti=Tc/1.66Tc is the precipitation concentration time which is used in SCS method with delay method using the following formula. Equation(6) Tc=0.000142L^0.8 〖(25400/CN-228.6)〗^0.7 S^(-0.5)Where L is the length of the canal in meters, S is the slope of the main canal in percent. The curve number (CN) is determined by the soil characteristics, the type of land use and the previous soil moisture conditions. According to the diagram, 15p, 14p, 9p, 7p, 9p, 2p basins introduce the largest volume of flood into the alluvial fans.After obtaining hydrological data from the existing relationships, we proceed to simulate floods from the study area. After creating the geometric model, a one-dimensional model was created for all the main channels. For this purpose, riverbeds, shorelines, flow path determination, cross sections and surfaces resulting from the intersection of cross sections were extracted. After constructing the geometric model of the main channel, it should be combined with the geometric model of the entire study area (floodplain) and an integrated model suitable for hydraulic modeling should be obtained. In creating a computational network, it is necessary to enter the desired cell dimensions.

The main effect of vegetation in the rivers course is on the flow velocity. The velocity is affected by different vegetation type such as shrub, bush and grass-like in the bed, river side and floodplain. The water velocity at a river channel cross-section tends to decrease, due to the effects of vegetation stems and leaves by the flow resistance. As the flow velocity decreased, the water depths increase, which results the backwater and flooding of the floodplains. The regular and irregular (typical of many natural channels) geometric shape are different cross section types within the reach, which affect the flow characteristics especially during floods. The Manning’s n is a coefficient which characterizes the roughness of the river channel cross section and longitudinal variations. Manning’s n-values are often defined from tables, but can be estimated from field measurements. The selection of a Manning’s roughness coefficient value is depending on the expert judgment and can strongly affect computational results of the river flow velocity and discharge. In the present study, the effect of vegetation cover and the affecting factors of Manning roughness coefficient and flow velocity estimation were investigated. The aim of this work is to study the variation of Manning roughness coefficient (n) with the distance and flow river geometry along a river flowing in a low-lying plain.

In order to conduct this research, the characteristics of the vegetation and water flow velocity were recorded through field survey in 24 cross sections. The study area was a reach of the Qarehsou River, (from Anzab to Poleh Samian locations in a 16.70 km river length). Field measurements of flow velocity and evaluation of Qharahsoo riverbed were performed in May 2016. It should be noted that in the mentioned season, the river flow has a moderate flow that is fed through tributaries that originate from the forest area of Fandolo, Abi Begloo and upstream of Namin. The type and density of vegetation in the studied periods is different and is a combination of shrubs (turmeric), herbaceous plants (grasses, weeds) and in some cases natural trees (willow) or plantation (poplar). In the present study, the effect of vegetation on flow velocity has been evaluated through the instructions in the standard table for estimating vegetation conditions in calculating the roughness coefficient. Then the manning coefficient were estimated using the Cowan method for each river cross-section. Also, the relationship between vegetation related and flow depended variables inter-relationship were tested using Pearson correlation method in the SPSS software.

The values of Manning’s roughness coefficient, n found in this study is in the range of 0.0275 to 0.0831. According to the results, the flow depth had a significantly inverse relationship (r=-0.889, r=-0.934, p<0.01) with the velocity and the channel width. While, a negative significant correlation (r=-0.375, p<0.05) exists between the flow depth and manning roughness coefficient. Also, stream width had a negative correlated with Manning coefficients (r =-0.387, p<0.05), and had a direct relationship with flow velocity (r =0.941 and p<0.01). The value of manning roughness coefficient decrease, the amount of flow velocity, discharge, hydraulic radius, and flow width increases (r=-0.347, r=-0.474, r= -0.412, r=-0.387, with p<0.05 significance level). The variations of n manning roughness is due to changes of the river cross-sections, the flow depth and velocity, and the irregularities of the bed forms which affect the estimated flow velocity.

Also, the results showed that the estimated and measured velocity had an acceptable agreement, which is proved using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The accuracy of the velocity estimation indicates the ability of the Cowan method in manning roughness coefficient estimation and flow velocity. River channel geometry and stream flow characteristics are inter-related in natural channels with irregular condition. Variations in the geometry and vegetation of the river channel can impact stream velocity and resulted discharge estimation. In general, based on the results of the range of computational values, the minimum and maximum Manning roughness coefficients of 0.0275 and 0.0836 show that the values presented in the range are close to the roughness coefficient of natural rivers. It should be noted that the studied Qharahsoor River reaches passes through the agricultural lands of Ardabil plain, so the impact of agricultural land use and human interventions in the destruction of vegetation is evident and is one of the cases that has changed the dynamics of flow and erosion. In many cases, agricultural lands have been plowed along the river, and the removal of vegetation has caused sloping shores and intensified erosion. The relationship between discharge variables and the rate of erosion along the river bank and the bed is one of the items that can be studied in future research. According to the results, Manning's coefficient variations is influenced by the river morphometry and the vegetation characteristics in the cross section of the river. The manning equation in the studied meander river provide reliable results for flow velocity estimation, flood routing and inundation simulation studies.

Among the biggest disasters and natural disasters, landslides have taken the seventh rank in terms of casualties. Considering that, landslides are one of the most destructive natural disasters and cause severe changes in landscape morphology and damage to natural and artificial structures on earth (Tanias and Lombaro, 2019). Identifying landslide-prone areas and producing accurate maps of landslide susceptibility zoning are important issues for risk management studies and are vital to reduce landslide disasters (Kalksen et al., 2016:54; Rabi et al. colleagues, 1:2022).The upstream basin of Yamchi dam, with an area of 698 square kilometers, is located between the Sablan volcanic massif in the north and Bozgosh mountains in the southwest. The highest point of the basin is the peak of the Heram Mountain with a maximum height of 4505 meters above sea level and a minimum height of 1506 meters at the Yamchi Dam site. The climate of the region is semi-arid and very cold. In terms of tectonics, the studied area is located in the tectonic zone of Western Alborz-Azerbaijan. The different lithological units of the region are spread in volcanic and sedimentary forms.

The current research is of an applied type and its research method is an analysis based on the integration of data analysis, geographic information system, and the use of multi-criteria analysis techniques. the ENVI, Ecognition, Arc GIS, Idrisi, and Excel software were used for image processing and data analysis. To assess the risk of landslides, first, the effective factors (including slope, aspect, dem, lithology, soil, land use, rainfall, distance from communication road, distance from the river, and distance from fault), according to natural and human conditions The area was identified. In the next step, information layers related to each of the factors were prepared in the geographic information system environment. The weighting of the investigated factors was done according to the CRITIC method and the final analysis, using CODAS and MARCOS multi-criteria methods. After preparing the landslide sensitivity map, the accuracy of the models has been checked using the ROC curve.

According to the obtained results, respectively; Slope factors with a weight of 0.14, land use with a weight of 0.13, and lithology with a weight of 0.12 assigned the greatest role in the occurrence of landslides in the basin. Examining the high-risk and high-risk points introduced by the reviewed algorithms shows; In terms of the slope criteria, according to the output of the CODAS algorithm, the areas with high and very high-risk probability are located between 10-65% slopes. Examining the output of MARCOS and comparing it with the slope map also shows that the slope values of high-risk and very high-risk points are between 15-50%. According to the criteria of land use, according to the results of both methods, agricultural use, pastures, and man-made areas have the highest level of areas with a very high probability of danger. About the lithology map, it can be said that according to the zoning map resulting from the application of CODAS and MARCOS methods, very high-risk and high-risk classes, mainly; They are seen in formations with very low and medium resistance and limited form, in areas with resistant lithology.The results of the overlap of the output from the examined models, with the distribution of sliding points; showed that according to the CODAS multi-criteria decision-making algorithm, 22.58 and 54.84 percent of the slip points are in the high-risk and high-risk category, respectively, and according to the results of the MARCOS method, 51.62 and 29.03 % of the slip points are in the very dangerous category.

According to the output of the CODAS method, respectively; 139.46 and 58.17 square kilometers of the area of the basin and according to the results of applying the MARCOS method, 114.01 and 54.07 square kilometers of the area are in the high-risk and very high-risk categories. The investigations carried out in this analysis show that in the upstream basin of Yamchi Dam, due to its mountainous nature, cultivation in sloping lands, excessive grazing of livestock in pastures, presence of deep soils on Steep slopes, and water infiltration into the lower layers of the soil have created a suitable ground for the formation of the landslide phenomenon and will cause a lot of damage. The results of the ROC curve, showed that the accuracy of the method CODAS, with an area under the curve of 0.72, is very good, and the accuracy of the MARCOS method, with an area under the curve of 0.81, is excellent.

Paleoclimatology includes the study of climate in every part of the earth's history, among which the study of Quaternary changes and especially the Holocene, which is more related to the current climate conditions of the earth, and in which human biological evidence is related to climate changes, is of particular importance. Environmental and climatic changes leave geochemical signals in lake sediments that can be used to interpret past environmental and ecological conditions.

In order to reveal the changes of climatic conditions in the past and present, this research investigates the paleoclimate in this region through the evaluation of laboratory analyzes (granulometry, elemental analysis and its indices) on sedimentary data and the interpretation of paleoclimate conditions.The method of this research is a field, laboratory and analytical method in which by collecting data from the surface of the earth and then performing analysis, finally analyzing them and examining the influencing factors by integrating the results.The research data consists of library data and written sources, image data, sediment data collected during the field visit of the region and laboratory analysis.

In Core 1 of Damghan, there is a sedimentary type (silt, sandy silt, sandy mud) which indicates lake sediments and its shore because it is within the range of fine-grained sediments and does not include coarse-grained sediments. The type of sediment in core2 is also (silt, sandy silt, sandy mud), which sediments indicate sedimentation in a lake environment. The results of elemental analysis show that the amount of different indicators and elements in core 1 sediments is as follows, at the level of 10-12 13-11 at a depth between 156 and 100 cm, it indicates a cold and dry environment (low energy conditions). At level 9, at a depth of 80-100 cm, a small amount of moisture conditions and environmental energy increases. In the 8th level, the process of dryness and lack of humidity appears again, but in the 7th and 6th levels, there is an increase in humidity and a more humid environment than the previous environment. The fifth and fourth levels do not show a noticeable increase or decrease in humidity or coldness and heat. The third, second and first levels are the process of drying environment and the absence of moisture in indicators and elements, which are quite noticeable, which correspond to the conditions of the dry environment at the end of the Holocene. In core 2 Damghan, the elements and their indicators at the 10th and 9th level (150-170 cm deep) determine the transition conditions between cold and dry to hot and humid. In the 8th, 7th, and 6th levels, the depth of 90 to 150 cm sediments indicates wetter environmental conditions and erosion and environmental conditions are more.At the fifth level, there is a noticeable decrease in humidity conditions and an increase in the dryness of the environment. In the fourth and third levels, the general process is the same as before, but a very small increase in humidity is not observed. In the second and first levels, it shows the trend of dry and low humidity conditions, and the temperature of the environment has also increased, which corresponds to the conditions at the end of the Holocene.

Therefore, the results of sedimentary and geochemical analyzes in Damghan playa show that in the end part of core, the environmental conditions were humid and with the passage of time, at the end of this period, this area faced a gradual trend of decreasing humidity. In the next facies, extremely cold and dry climatic conditions will prevail in the region. At the beginning of core, the process of drying up of the lake begins and gradually a shallow and salty lake is replaced in the basin, which finally created flood conditions in the area and continues until today. The results show that the geochemical interpretation (elemental analysis) clearly defines the fluctuations of humidity, dryness and ambient temperature in different sequences in Damghan region. Also, granulometry and climatic indicators have been very useful in interpreting the sedimentary environment in Damghan region and it has clarified the ancient climatic conditions in this sedimentary environment.The results show that the geochemical interpretation (elemental analysis) clearly defines the fluctuations of humidity, dryness and ambient temperature in different sequences in Damghan region. Also, granulometry and climatic indicators have been very useful in interpreting the sedimentary environment in Damghan region and it has clarified the ancient climatic conditions in this sedimentary environment.

On a global scale, the importance and danger of wind erosion is less than that of water erosion, but its size and magnitude is sometimes greater than that of water erosion. Wind deposits are important for the development of desert landscapes, especially in arid and semi-arid lands. In fact, wind erosion is a major process in arid and semi-arid regions and the landscapes created by it include sand sheets and different forms of sand dunes. Sand dunes are one of the types of natural hazards that cause a lot of damage every year, especially in dry and desert areas of the world. Depending on the wind regime and sand supply, the hills include several shapes such as barkhans, transverse hills, linear star hills and satellites, each of which has its own characteristics such as height, width and distance. Dunes are a potential source of dust caused by wind erosion, which strongly affects loess formation and biogeochemical and ecological processes by supplying nutrients to marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Sand dunes are always important in terms of human threats, so it is necessary to study these dunes because of the effects they have on water and soil resources, plant and animal life, and communication facilities and roads.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphology of sand dunes under the influence of plant communities using telemetry indicators (Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI)) and also to investigate the effectiveness of each species in the field in the Kashan Citadel region during the period 1995-2020 was done. In order to check the height and slope, Google Earth images were used, and to calculate the vegetation, Landsat TM and OLI8 images and field visits were used. Correlation between morphological factors and vegetation was investigated using geographically weighted regression (GWR).

The identification of sand dunes indicated the presence of six different types of dunes in the study area. Quantification of height and slope based on images extracted from Google Earth showed an average height of 33 meters and a slope of 3.6%. The changes in the height and volume of the sand dunes of Arg Kashan showed an increasing trend, so the height change rate and its correlation were calculated as 0.0455 and 0.85, respectively. Also, the volume change rate and its correlation were calculated as 0.216 and 0.9, respectively, and the surface volume of sand dunes in Kashan region increased by 1.02 cubic kilometers during a 25-year period.Also, the temporal changes of NDVI increased in this study period, and the relationship between the height and slope of the sand dunes and NDVI showed that the highest amount of vegetation cover was in the fixed hills and the lowest amount was in the Star and Buklieh hills. Barkhani is located. The results of the correlation between the morphological characteristics of sand dunes and NDVI through GWR showed that there is a positive correlation between these factors in all sections (r= 0.57 and r=0.46). The sand-loving species of the region were Calligonum comosum, Cyperus conglomerates, Smiriniva iranica and Stipagrostis plumosa species. The results of the analysis of the efficiency of these species in the morphology of hill ranges showed that the above species do not have the same performance. So that the combination of the species and the Stipagrostis plumosa species had the greatest effect on the partial slope of the range by increasing the partial slope of the range by 40% and 30%, respectively, and the Smiriniva iranica species had the least effect on the partial slope of the range.

The height of the sand dunes at the beginning of the citadel is low and gradually increases until it reaches its maximum value in the center of the citadel and then decreases, which is due to the prevailing winds in the area. According to studies, the winds in Kashan region are capable of carrying a lot of sediment throughout the year due to their abundance, which play an important role in the formation of sand dunes. The prevailing winds in the study area are mostly east to north-east, which affects the sand dunes. Converging and local winds have caused the formation of sand pyramids and thus increased the height and volume of sand dunes, especially in the central parts of Kashan citadel. In terms of spatial distribution, the highest value of NDVI was observed in the southwestern and western part of the study area, which was consistent with the stabilized sand dunes, which can be seen mostly by man-planted forests. The reason for increasing the stability of the range in the case of a combination of species and basket species can be said that the height and volume of the canopy of the plant has an important role in the height of the sand dunes because the taller and bulkier the plant is, the more sand it traps. and as a result creates a higher sand dune with a greater slope. In the case of tree and shrub species such as skambil, it can be said that tree and shrub species act more as a protector than a sediment trap due to the lack of significant aerial organs. The results of the analysis of the efficiency of these species in the morphology of hill ranges showed that the above species do not have the same performance. Morphological changes in sand dunes provide important information with which we can understand the possible arrangement of ancient wind dunes. Therefore, this work is an important step in developing improved models to describe stratigraphic complexity and heterogeneity in desert environments. Also, the variety of vegetation has led to the variety of yield in the morphology of the hills, and this shows that the ecosystem uses the role of all species against the wind process.

The assessment of river patterns is necessary in order to understand current conditions and the potential of their possible changes in the future. Geographers, Geomorphologists, and geologists have used channel shape as an effective parameter in classifying, analyzing, and predicting fluvial responses. In recent years, the changes in river systems have led to increased environmental damage caused by river processes in many countries, therefore managers have had to pay more attention and be more sensitive and change as an integral part of all river systems. River classification is one of the most effective tools for solving these problems. Brierley and Fryirs (2005) categorized the channel pattern based on three interrelated characteristics, including the number of channels, sinuosity, and lateral stability, into five types, straight, sinusoidal, Meandering, braided, and anastomosing. For this purpose, changes in the braided pattern in Jajrud river have been studied.

The studied area is located on the east bank of the Jajrood river, which is 19Km long (17 reaches) and located between the Latian and Mamlu dams. The Jajrood River originates from the heights of Alborz (Klon Bestak) and its most significant branches are the Fasham, Damavand, Migun, and Ahar rivers. Mamlu basin covers 1772.82 square kilometers, including Latian dam basin (701.19 square kilometers). The study area is located on the main channel of the Jajrood river, where the Latian and Mamlu dams were constructed.Throughout this study, satellite images (years 2006 and 2019), aerial photographs (years 1957, 1973, and 1995), and fieldwork have been used as the main research methods. In order to conduct the fieldwork, the study area has been divided into 17 study subcategories, each subcategory being 200 meters long. Brace, Richards, and Warburden indexes were used to check the degree of braided pattern development. which are, respectively, the first index of the parameters of the length of barriers and islands (a) and the length of the study reaches (L), the second index of the parameter of the length of the sub-channels (l) and the length of the study reaches (L), the third index of the parameter of the active channel width ratio (b) the width of the channel (B) in the studied section. According to Richard’s and Brace’s Indices, the higher the output number, the more braided the river is. Brace and Richard indices are the reaches of investigation and the results of these two include the calculation reach. The Warburden index, however, is based on the ratio of the width of the branched channels to the width of the main channel which approaches Issue number one as branching increase.Richards and Warburton indices were used to check of braided pattern. For estimating the effect of dam on the braided pattern of Jajrud River, the Wilcoxon test was used and the paired t-test was used to check the difference in the braided pattern in different reaches.

The results based on the studies, conducted in 17 reaches of 19 km of Jajrud river for 5 time periods, show that these reaches did not have the same conditions in terms of the braided index.
These changes in the river pattern may indicate changes in environmental conditions along the river or the effect of the built dam on the river regime. The results of the study show that among the areas near the Latian dam, areas No. 1 and 2 have always had a single-channel state except in 1973 when it was low braided.The most important reason for the single-channel pattern in the first and second reaches is the location of the channel, which is limited inside the valley. For the year 1957, when the river regime is completely normal, except in reaches 1 and 2, all reaches have an braided pattern. The trend has been almost constant. This trend in 1973, when the Latian dam is in use, in all indicators for reaches 3, 4, and 5, the braided coefficient is zero or low values. The explanation of the above conditions can be the water extraction and launching of the Latian Dam in the same period of time and the limited output of water, which has finally led to the single-channelization of the mentioned sections of the river. In 1995, the values of the braided coefficient with all three methods in the studied reaches show the lowest value of the braided coefficient compared to the previous and subsequent years. Based on the discharge data of the available hydrometric stations, the high discharge values at this point in time compared to other times were the most important reason for the reduction of the sediment load of the bed and the reduction of the braided pattern index. In 2006, the average braided index increased compared to 1995. This year, the highest braided index has been created in the last reaches of 13 to 16. The most important reason for this issue would be the construction of the Mamlu Dam at a short distance.

Based on the average values of the braiding index in the Jajrood river, from 1957 to 1995, the values of the braiding index decreased and then increased until 2019. Assessment of the impact of the Jajrood dam on the braided pattern indicates the significant difference between the Brice and Richards indices values before and after the dam construction. Based on the results of the paired t-test in the Brace and Richards indices, the values of the braiding index in the studied reaches from 1973 onwards have significant differences in several periods. According to the findings, the Brace and Richards indices have been more effective rather than the Warburton index to study the braided pattern in this study area.

The importance of vegetation, especially forests in mountainous areas, can’t be ignored. Forests and other plants provide a suitable environment for many other animal and plant species and increase the production capacity of ecosystems. Vegetation affects regional micro-climatic components regionally and locally and also controls soil erosion. The economy of local communities and the millions of people living on the edge of mountainous areas depend on the forests and plants that have grown and developed in those areas. It is worth mentioning that vegetation effectively protects the people living in these areas against environmental hazards such as rockslides, landslides, landslides, floods, etc. Therefore, the distribution and growth pattern of vegetation, taking into account the effective factors in these areas, is of particular importance. Elevation, direction and slope of the ground are three important and influential topographic factors in the distribution and pattern of establishment and expansion of vegetation in mountainous areas, which directly affects the vegetation. Among these three factors, height plays a very important role. Because as a factor controlling rainfall and temperature, it directly and indirectly affects the vegetation of mountainous areas and adjacent lands. Elevation, along with the slope direction and slope of the topographic surfaces of the earth, determines and controls the microclimate, and microclimate fluctuations will affect the spatial distribution and growth patterns of vegetation. One of the effective tools in studying the spatial distribution of vegetation is technology and remote sensing tools. This science is commonly used in large-scale and global assessments of vegetation and its fluctuations and geographical distribution. In this research, the researcher in the first step with a geo-botanical approach, has studied the horizontal and vertical patterns of distribution, distribution and distribution of vegetation in the Talesh mountainous unit and near lands. In the second step, the effect and relationship of anthropogenic activities with the results of the first part are compared and analyzed.

At first, the study background, the required spatial database was prepared and adjusted. Spatial database setup was performed in two axes including vector database and raster database. In the vector data section, urban and rural areas, layers and geographical features related to human activities were adjusted for use in the two sections of cartography and analysis. Raster data includes digital elevation model (DEM) and satellite imagery. The study used digital altitude data published by the Japan Space Agency in May and October 2015with a horizontal resolution of about 23 meters. This data taken from ALOS satellite images.Topographic position index, slope and slope direction were derived from digital elevation model. The product related to the NDVI vegetation index of Terra and Aqua satellites called MOD13Q1 and MYD1 3Q1 was used in the period 2003 to 2020 with a resolution of 16 days. The above data was downloaded separately from the NASA site for each of the Terra and Aqua satellites in (hdf) format. A total of 820 images from the study area, which belonged to the MODI images of the Terra and Aqua satellites, were downloaded and adjusted in (tiff) format. In the next step, the images of Terra and Aqua satellites were combined with the average operator and converted to (.asc) format. The entire image preparation and editing process was performed using the Python. After preparing vegetation data, topographic and hydrological data and human activity data, geobotanic and geoanthropologenic analysis of vegetation was followed in the context of analysis of geographical distribution, buffer analysis and temporal changes of vegetation.

Discuss Vegetation analysis was performed in two main axes of geobotany and geoanthropogenic at Talesh heights and plains and surrounding lands in different long-term, annual, seasonal and monthly time periods. The core of the present study analyzes is related to geographical distribution, buffer analysis and time changes. The time periods studied in this research are focused on long-term (2003 to 2020), annual, seasonal and monthly. In the geographical distribution section, geobotanical distribution patterns were followed. In the buffer analysis section, buffer pattern 30, 7 and 2 km of tolls and urban, rural and main hydrological drainage centers were followed. Vegetation called SAD was configured and proposed and the results were analyzed. In all time periods, a significant difference was observed between the eastern and western slopes of Talesh due to the moisture supply of the Caspian Sea and the hot and humid weather that moves towards the eastern side of Talesh. In the lowlands compared to the mountains and slopes, the predominant decline in vegetation index has been caused by anthropogenic activities and human interventions and deforestation and conversion of forest lands into farms and fields. The monthly pattern indicates the minimum vegetation index in February because the deciduous vegetation in this section lacks greenery and due to the cold weather and the cessation of the growing season, the greenery concentration is at a minimum. The highest degree of greenery has been observed in June and July, which coincides with the peak of the growing season as well as cultivation of the Caspian plain.

The distribution and distribution of vegetation in geographical areas and their relationship with anthropogenic activities is necessary and important in regulating the human relationship with the environment. In the geobotanical analysis section, the components of height, slope, aspect, convexity of the terrain surface and distance from the main drainage path were studied. Finally, the two concepts of anthropogenic and geobotanical vegetation decline in the study area were explained and analyzed and its values were estimated to be 0.2 and 0.4, respectively.

Pacific and Alpine-Himalayan belts are two major seismic zones in the world, and Iran is situated in the middle of the Alpine-Himalayan belt. The presence of numerous active faults has made Kerman province one of the earthquake-prone regions. The Kohbanan, Lekarkoh and Naiband faults in the north of Kerman, the Gok and Shahdad faults in the center and the Bam and Sabzevaran faults in the south of the province are the most prominent faults in the region. What is important about the fault is the magnitude of the possible earthquake due to the movement of the fault and the seismic power of a fault. Determining the zone and width of the fault is very important for settlements and villages with cities. The existence of the city and thousands of villages in the fault zone or within a radius of a few kilometers in the region, which is at risk of earthquakes and the dangers caused by it, and the determination of the faults zone. In this research, an attempt is made to determine the boundaries of the faults by studying and investigating the location of the faults in the region, while measuring the seismic power of the active and important faults, according to the fault mechanism. It has also been introduced and identified areas and areas favorable for earthquakes. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to determine the urban and rural settlements located in the fault zone according to the fault mechanism.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and is a type of applied research that identifies residential centers located in the area of active faults zone in Kerman province. Data collection tools in this study include written documents, statistical data (quantitative and qualitative statistics), visual documents and field studies. Also, topographic maps, geology, digital elevation model (DEM), altitude maps, slope maps, major and minor fault maps, regional earthquake maps, urban points maps and rural points maps were used in the research. Research Society: Regional faults, Urban and rural residential areas. Software used: GIS, Global mapper, Google Earth.

The investigations and studies performed in this work confirmed that Kerman Province is a tectonically active region. The presence of numerous seismically active major faults and the occurrence of too many earthquakes in the province have made it a seismically active site in Iran. In general, the regional faulting systems follow some northwest – southeast and north/northwest – south/southeast trends, which is in agreement with the regional tectonic setting. In this respect, the Kuhbanan, Gok(Golbaf), Rafsanjan, Shahr-e-Babak, Bam, Boloord, and Davaran Faults exhibited the first trend, while the Lakar-Kooh, Sabzevaran(Jiroft), Nayband, and Anar Faults followed the second trend. In principle, the studied faults showed some dextral reverse directions. Accordingly, the Kuhbanan, Lakarkuh, Gok, Bam, Lalezar, Rafsanjan and Davaran Faults were a dextral reverse fault, the Nayband Fault was a strike-slip dextral feature, the Sabzevaran, Anar and Ravar Faults were dextral, and the Rayn Fault was reversed. In terms of activity, the Kuhbanan, Gok, Sabcevaran, Lale-Zar, Rafsanjan, and Rayn Faults were active, while the other faults were either semi-active or inactive. An important thinking to note about a fault is the magnitude of the probable earthquake upon the fault movement. A very significant hazard associated with an earthquake event is the possible rupture at the fault on the ground surface, which can be addressed only through previous recognition of the hazard and respecting the fault zone by banning any construction activity within the zone. The fault zone refers to an area around a seismically active fault wherein ground displacement and, possibly, rupture occur or are likely to occur upon later earthquakes. In the present research, statistical analysis was performed to calculate the seismic potential of different active faults across the studied area. According to the modified equation of Mohajer-Ashjaee for the Iranian faults, all of the studied active faults exhibited seismic potentials (Ms) above 7. Moreover, the map of the fault setback zone was prepared for the active faults across the region considering the fault type and the faulting mechanism using the geographic information system (GIS). Next, superimposing the fault zone map onto the map of the populated urban and rural areas, the situation of different cities and villages to the studied faults was investigated.

In the present work, once finished with identifying and investigating the active faults across the region, statistical analyses were used to calculate their seismic potential followed by investigating the adverse historical fault-driven earthquakes across the region considering the fault movement direction(dextral,normal,reversed) to prepare a map of the fault zone using the latter method. Subsequently, the fault zone map was superimposed on the populated urban and rural areas to identify the areas exposed to the risk of earthquake. The survey of urban and rural areas of Kerman province shows that 27 cities and 2266 villages are located within one kilometer of faults in the region, as well as 43 cities and 7095 villages located within one to five kilometers of faults in the region. Among them, the cities of Kohbanan, Kianshahr, Hajdak and Barwat are right in the fault zone, and the city of Golbaf is 200 meters away from the fault zone, as well as hundreds of villages are located right in the active faults zone, which is at risk of earthquakes and the dangers caused by it, hence the observance of security Buildings from design to implementation based on engineering principles are very necessary for earthquake-prone areas.

River sensitivity is affected by geomorphic forms and adjusting river ability (Fryzer, 20017). Taking into account the difference adjusting capability, the behavioral sensitivity of a river can be observed over the entire river. However, there is the major various change in a behavioral regime of a river, due to episodic turbulence or disturbances events (Philips, 2009). River behavior monitoring over time shows variable behavioral sensitivity, however, it can be dynamically evaluated, so that it causes more sensitivity in some rivers and flexibility in others. This study aimed to investigate the river sensitivity of the Taleghan River emphasizing the effect of riparian vegetation.

The research tools were aril photographs and satellite images for the study period (table 1). Taleghan River was classified into 3 sections upstream, midstream, and downstream with average elevations of 1936, 1875, and 1793m, respectively, and a minimum slope of 0.009 to a maximum of 0.013. Channel stability was calculated by analysis of channel planform indices, including BI, CA, and CW. the sustainable patches with approximately sustainable area and location were determined using overlaying the aerial photographs and satellite images. The vegetation patches with an area of more than 500m were considered and the vegetation patches lower than 500m with a detachment of vegetation cover. The riparian vegetation degradation was observed using field observation over the study period.

Based on the findings, the SI index was approximately similar for the entire river and it is in the high level of sensitivity; however, the SI index was increased over 1370-13855. So, the distribution of the change over 2006-2021 is lower than 1991-2006, although the change level in 2021 is more and the change distribution is lower. It means that the change processes in all reaches are approximately the same. The relationship between the CW and CA with the BI index was explained using an X-Y plot (figure 4). The findings showed a significant correlation between the BI and CA with CA. River geomorphic sensitivity and the change level decreased and increased, respectively in 2021 than the past period (table 4). 82 sustainable vegetation patches were detected on the left and right banks of the Taleghan River during the study period. The area of the vegetation patches was 19.51%, 32.92%, 31.70%, 13.41%, and 2.46% in sub-reaches 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The degraded patches were in the sub-reach 1 and most of them were located near the river banks because of the establishment of vegetation patches near the river banks (fluvial traces), river undercutting due to the high hydraulic tension, and decreased bed weight and erosion by water flow. In other sub reaches changes in the turbulence intensity profile caused the distance of maximum levels from river banks.

In this study, BI, CW, CA, and SI indices in the 1st sub-reach with sinusoidal-straight planform during the studied period are lower compared to other intervals, and the amount of sedimentation is higher compared to erosion. The geomorphic sensitivity has decreased significantly in 2021 compared to the previous period and the area of the sustainable patches with a length of 3603.18 meters was 27.89645 square meters. Therefore, the least changes in geomorphology were observed in sub-reach 1, while the area of the sustainable patches in this sub-reach is more compared to other sub-reaches. It was observed that the vegetation patches were established in the sub reach 1 and part of the sub reach 2 on the immediate side of the river, and it has played a significant role in reducing erosion, adhesion of soil particles, and preventing the separation of soil particles, and hence increasing cohesion against erosion. However, the level of vegetation degradation in sub-reach 1 is significant due to the increase of hydraulic stress gradient compared to other sub-reaches. The ascending order of geomorphic sensitivity was observed in sub-reaches 1, 5, 4, 2, and 3, respectively in 2021. Whereas, the ascending order of geomorphic sensitivity was observed in sub-reaches 4, 1, 2, 5, and 3, respectively in 2006. Meanwhile, sub-reach 1 had a balanced trend and on the other hand, geomorphic sensitivity in sub-reach 3 was more than in other sub-reaches in the studied period (Table 4). Our observations have shown that in the vegetation patches, a combination of woody vegetation can be introduced as ecosystem engineers; because they have caused the increase of sedimentation and the creation of sedimentary tails, and the formation of landforms. The engineering effect of vegetation typologies along the Taleghan River has mainly occurred in places with a suitable physical location for sedimentation related to flow characteristics. River engineer species can develop different response characteristics to hydrogeomorphic constraints, therefore making possible their establishment in an unsustainable and disturbed geomorphic environment.

In recent years, the quantitative analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the watershed using mathematical indices has been widely performed for several purposes, especially to assess the flood risk potential of drainage basins. Morphometric studies in the field of hydrology were first initiated by Horton and Strahler in the 1940s and 1950s, respectively. Their goal was to study the important characteristics of river flow and distinguish them from other measurable characteristics of river flow. One of the first morphometric properties of the river that became quantitative was the hierarchy of different parts of the flow. Later, researchers in other parts of the world, due to the importance of this issue, performed much research in this field. This region has always suffered significant damage due to flooding. The lack of flow measurement stations on the rivers has made the need for mathematical models necessary to study the flooding status of the region. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the morphometric parameters and their relationship with the region's flooding, and provide mathematical models for flood study using factor analysis.

In this research, to study the flood of the watersheds of Kurdistan province and its relationship with morphometric indices, first, the boundaries of the selected watersheds were determined using topographic maps and ARC GIS 10.5 software. Morphometric indices were calculated for all studied basins. In the next step, the normality of the data was investigated. To evaluate the normal distribution of the data, the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. In the third step, the return periods were determined based on the instantaneous flood peak data using probability distribution functions. In the fourth step, factor analysis of the variables was carried out.

Investigating data adequacy is the first step in factor analysis. Therefore, first, the adequacy of the data was investigated. Considering that the obtained coefficient is higher than 0.60 (0.634), the data adequacy is acceptable for factor analysis. After determining the adequacy of the data, the data sharing was investigated and the data sharing table was extracted. The area variable has the highest commonality with other variables, which is about 97%, and then the length variable of the basin. Among the variables, the branch ratio variable has the least commonality with other variables. In the next step, the variance of the data was investigated and its table was drawn. According to the obtained data, the main variables were combined and categorized into three main and important factors. In the following, because the factors explain most of the variance of the variables, they were rotated. To make it more interpretable and better separation, the factors were rotated using Varimax rotation. After the rotation, the variables have formed a new structure by being placedin one of the three specified factors. Each variable is placed in one of the three specified factors according to its factor load, in such a way that each variable is assigned to one of the three main factors according to its highest factor load.Using exploratory factor analysis, the hidden factors in the 12 studied variables were extracted and three factors underlying the 12 studied variables were identified. Based on the results of this analysis, five variables of basin area, basin length, flow length, texture ratio, and drainage density are in the first factor. Five variables of elongation coefficient, basin shape, form coefficient, circularity coefficient, and compression coefficient are placed in the second factor, and two variables of stream frequency and branch ratio are placed in the third factor. Therefore, a name is chosen for each of the extracted factors, and other analyses are performed using these three new indicators. These three indices were named according to the variables of each factor in three variables: area, shape, and stream. Examining the collinearity of the data showed that the variables have suitable collinearity for modeling. As a result, regression analysis was performed. Because the calculations were done for more than one variable, multivariate regression analysis was used. In this study, discharge with return periods above 10 to 200 years was considered as the dependent variable, factor indices were obtained from factor analysis as independent variables, and a regression model was extracted for each of the mentioned return periods. The results showed that the models presented for higher return periods have a higher coefficient of determination (R2) and can predict floods with more confidence.

As a result of factor analysis, 12 variables were placed in three main factors, whose eigenvalues are greater than 1. These three factors include 78% of the data variance. However, the highest percentage of total explained variance is related to the first component, which is named area. This factor includes 35.369% of the total variance. Among the investigated variables, area, basin length, and stream frequency are the most effective variables in flood occurrence with 0.968, 0.963, and 0.838, respectively, and the branch ratio variable has the least effect with 0.359. After extracting the indices obtained from the factor analysis (indexing) using multivariate regression analysis, correlations were performed to the indices and the return periods above 10 to 200 years. Finally, for each of the return periods, a model for flood forecast was prepared. Examining the R2 of the models showed that with the increase of the return period, the value of this coefficient increased, which shows that the models created for higher return periods are more reliable and can predict floods more accurately.

Because the landscape contains an important archive of the rates and spatial distribution of deformation (Kirby and Whipple, 2012), tectonic geomorphology aims to quantify the geomorphic response of the landscape to active tectonics. The present-day topography of mountain ranges is the result of interaction between tectonic and erosional processes (Bishop 2007). Geomorphological analysis of mountain fronts provides significant clues for reconstructing the tectonic activity of range-bounding faults on variable timescales (103–106 years; Burbank and Anderson 2001; Keller and Pinter 2002; Bull 2007; Demoulin et al. 2015).The topographical features, geological structures and frequent seismicity of the Zagros orogenic belt are the result of continuous northward collision between the Afro-Arabian plates and Central Iran (Berberian and King, 1981; Alavi, 1994). The Zagros mountain belt is still undergoing a crustal adjustment process due to the continuous northward movement of the Afro-Arabian plate. In this research, using morphometric indicators, we evaluate the recent activities of Posht-Jangel, Amiran, and Chahar-Qhale anticlines located in the Zagros Fold and Thrust belt. The studied area is in the south of Lorestan province. We performed a structural and morphotectonic analysis to study this area.

In this research, several morphometric indices have been used to analyze the level of tectonic activity. The indices selected for this analysis are: the stream gradient index (SL), asymmetry factor (Af), basin shape ratio (Bs), hypsometric integral (Hi), valley floor width–valley height ratio (Vf), as well as transverse river sinuosity (S) (e.g. Hack 1973; Bull 1978; Keller and Pinter 2002). Finally, a single index (Iat) was calculated from these six indices for every drainage basin (El Hamdouni et al. 2008). All mentioned morphometric parameters for 19 basins were analyzed using ArcGIS software.

Morphometric indices are widely used in tectonic geomorphology research due to their low cost and relative ease of use. The studied area is located in Lorestan province and is part of the Zagros Fold and Thrust belt. As one of the most active tectonic areas in the world, the Zagros fold and thrust belt consists of northwest-southeast trending whaleback anticlines that are growing vertically and laterally. The main purpose of this research is to describe the tectonic activities in the study area. For this purpose, structural evidence and geomorphic landforms (triangular surfaces, wine-glass valleys, gorges, asymmetric valleys and knick points; Figures 6 and 7) were identified. The studied area has a variety of fold and fault structures with different geometries and dimensions that show the intensity of deformation and the level of tectonic activity. At the outcrop scale, oblique-slip thrust faults, brittle shear zones, thrust-related folds and chevron folds in the resistant layers of Sarvak Formation (Figure 4) are among the structures observed in the structural survey. Examination of field data and seismic evidence in the studied area indicates the presence of young movements of dextral (linement 1) and sinistral (linement 2) transverse-shear faults after the Pliocene.Six geomorphic indices (stream gradient index (SL), asymmetry factor (Af), basin shape ratio (Bs), hypsometric integral (Hi), valley floor width–valley height ratio (Vf), and transverse river sinuosity (S)) were qualified to analyze 19 drainage basins. These parameters were combined in order to obtain the index of relative tectonic activity (Iat) using GIS. The average of six calculated geomorphic indices was used to evaluate the relative tectonic activity distribution in the study area. The average of six calculated geomorphic indices was used to evaluate the relative tectonic activity distribution in the study area: class 1 of very high tectonic activity (22.08%); class 2 of high activity (41.30%); class 3 of moderate activity (27.4%); and class 4 of low activity (9.22%). Iat values indicate high tectonic activity in the east and central of the study area.

In this research, based on the structural (transverse-shear faults, thrust faults and fault related folds) and geomorphic evidence (triangular and trapezoidal surfaces, gorges, nice points) and quantitative analysis of geomorphic indices (SL, Vf, S, Af, Hi and Bs) relative tectonic activity and stability of the studied area was estimated. Based on this, the relative tectonic activity zoning map of the studied area was prepared in four categories of very high, high, medium and low relative activity. These results indicate that the east and central areas of the study area have relatively high tectonic activity and the northwest parts of the basin show moderate to low activity. In general, the results of the indices and the analysis of the observed evidence indicate the dominance of tectonic activity in the region and its superiority over erosion.

In the past decades, the frequency and occurrence of dangerous floods in Asia has increased and accounted for about 40% of the losses caused by natural disasters. Today, industrial units have become industrial complexes and towns and are expanding rapidly. In most of these areas, comprehensive and appropriate studies have not been done from the point of view of land use for locating the construction of industrial settlements, and therefore, environmental parameters such as proper distance from channels and waterways or other water sources such as wells, springs and respecting appropriate privacy from them not reviewedThe development of industrial areas in the bed and margins of flood plains, without recognizing and paying attention to the hydrological and dynamic conditions of rivers, increases the risk of flooding and damages to lives, finances and infrastructure. Thus, the prediction of possible floods in the management of flood areas to reduce the damage caused to urban and industrial areas, facilities under construction, farms and other existing uses around rivers and canals are of special importance because by they can obtain measures and solutions to contain the flood and minimize the damages caused by it. According to the capabilities of hydrological models and experimental methods, hydrological processes such as runoff can be simulated with minimal cost and minimal time. Knowledge of characteristics such as maximum flood discharge is necessary for the design of water structures, such as dams, spillways, bridges and underpasses in order to reduce possible damage and also to predict the time of peak discharge downstream in the discussion of flood warning, and knowledge of the flood situation can reduce casualties, protect buildings, lands and people, and reduce vulnerability to it. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive research in the field of estimating the possible flood entering the Alavija industrial town area (located in the flood path) in different ways and designing the water channel to manage the flood risk. For this purpose, in this research, the estimation of the maximum probable flood with return periods of 100 and 200 years was done using HEC-HMS software and other classical methods of estimating and designing the dimensions of the channel.

In the present project, the HEC-HMS model was used to simulate the hydrograph output from the basin in the period of 100 and 200 years of returns. In this research, using the HEC-HMS model, the SCS method was used to convert the rainfall-runoff relationship at the level of the watershed sub-basins, as well as the trending of the main waterways using the Muskingum Conge method in order to extract the flood hydrograph of the watershed. In addition to flow simulation in HEC-HMS, three experimental methods were used to calculate the peak flood discharge with a return period of 200 years, which include Fuller's, Krieger's and Frano-Rodier's methods. In the following, the proposed methods were used in the design of open channels, including the method of the best hydraulic cross section, the Hindustan method and the USBR method.

Hydrographs with a return period of 100 and 200 years are shown. From the beginning of rainfall to the peak time of the flood hydrograph in both cases, it is about 840 minutes, and 60 minutes from the beginning of rainfall, no runoff occurs, and the total rainfall occurred during this time. The onset of rainfall penetrates the surface of the basin. It also takes about 720 minutes from the moment of runoff to the peak of the hydrograph in both return periods. Also, from the moment of raining until the flood recedes, the volume of water is around 536,760 and 594,000 cubic meters. After calculating the maximum discharge by classical and HEC-HMS methods, these values were compared with the 200-year peak discharge. It can be seen that the Krieger method estimated the lowest flow rate and the HEC-HMS model estimated the highest flow rate. Fuller's method had the closest result to the model result. In this study, all three methods, the method of the best hydraulic cross section, the Hindustan method and the USBR method were used to calculate the trapezoidal channel. It should be noted that the heights have been calculated by considering the free height according to the Indian regulations, that for a discharge greater than 9 cubic meters per second, more than 0.9 should be added to the water depth. The highest height of the channel wall is 2.5 meters according to HEC-HMS results and the lowest wall height is 2.335 meters according to Krieger and Franco-Rodier methods. By changing the HEC-HMS method to the Fuller method, the biggest change in the wall height is related to the best hydraulic section method. This difference is about 5.6 percent. This difference in the case of the Krieger and Franco-Rodier method is also observed in the method of the best hydraulic section, and this difference in these cases is as much as 10%. Therefore, considering that the method of the best hydraulic section is most sensitive to the change of channel dimensions, especially the height of the channel, it should be given more attention by designers. In all flood estimation methods, it can be seen that the USBR method with a slope of 1:1 has the lowest wall height and the best hydraulic section method has the highest value. As the results showed, the height of the water channel wall is in the range of 2.3 to 2.96. Since the best hydraulic section is not necessarily the most economic section, therefore the final value of this height can be considered an average of the above methods, and here this value was chosen as 2.5 and related to the results of the HEC-HMS model. The lowest dewatering height is related to the USBR method with a 1:1 slope and the highest value is related to the best hydraulic section method.

Communication networks are exposed to many and varied environmental risks due to their spatial extent and placement in environments with different specializations. One of the important natural hazards that threaten communication roads, especially in mountainous areas, is slope instability and landslides. The instability of the slopes during the construction of roads shows more frequency due to disturbing the balance of the slopes. Therefore, the identification and analysis of landslides in communication networks and roads can be very effective considering the hazardology aspect of these environments and geographical spaces. The studied route is a part of Baneh-Sardasht road between Sardasht and Darsawin. Part of the route of this old road was changed due to the new Sardasht (Kulse) dam that was built on the Zab river. Considering that various factors and parameters effective in the occurrence of geomorphological processes such as landslides react and act in different ways on the surface of geomorphological units, Analyzing the geomorphic changes of the study path from the perspective of landslides and determining the role of various effective parameters in creating this process is one of the main issues of this research, which has been systematically evaluated and analyzed.

The general method of this research was based on theoretical and library studies along with multiple field studies as well as statistical and software analyzes based on the fuzzy model. For this purpose, topographical and geological maps of the region as well as Aster and Landsat8 satellite images, GPS device, laser meter, Google Earth images, Arc GIS 10.3 software and spss18 software have been used. The model used in this research was the fuzzy model. First, effective parameters in landslides were identified, then they were fuzzified using fuzzy membership functions. In this research, the linear membership function is used, which has 4 parameters that determine the shape of the function. First, layers were created for the effective variables in domain instability, then in order to determine the membership of the layers in the degree of slope instability, the fuzzy membership function of each layer in the model, based on the type of relationship that each parameter has with slope instability in the study area and based on the relationship (Graeme, 1994) was determined. In this method, the area under the curve (ROC), with values between 0.5 and 1, is used to evaluate the accuracy of the desired model. The ideal model shows an AUC value close to 1, while a value close to 0.5 shows the inaccuracy of the model.

The final results of fuzzification of the variables showed that 16 variables were effective in creating instability and landslide hazards with different degrees. In connection with the zoning of landslide risk and its analysis, zoning and analysis was done based on Gamma 0.9. The results showed that the majority of the first part of the road from Sardasht to the Three- Way Qalte road and the second part of the Three- Way Qalte road up to Briso village (the new road) are located in the zone with medium to high and very high sensitivity. The results showed that the lowest level of sensitivity is in the third section, which is caused by the less influence of the effective variables, especially the role of lithology and the morphological unit, along with the increase in the distance from the effective variables, such as the distance from the river and fault, etc. The results of the analysis showed that the value of the area under the curve is equal to 0.811, which indicates the accuracy and efficiency of the used model. The overall results showed that the second part has the highest rate of landslides and the third part has the lowest rate of landslides, while the rate of landslides is high in the first part. The available results are in good agreement with the prepared landslide risk map in most parts, which indicates the accuracy of the study.

The mentioned research was related to the evaluation and zoning of landslide risk in a part of the Sardasht-baneh road centered on the new road. The final analysis showed that in the first boa, the role of variables of height, slope, precipitation and flow power in the process of slope instability corresponding to the road surface was significant. In the second part, the role of rainfall variables, distance from the road, distance from the fault and lithological conditions have been very effective in the instability process. The second part has shown a typical example of instability in the last few years, which indicates the landuse change in line with the construction of a new road after the construction of the Sardasht (Kulse) dam, which is on the surface of the sediments of the young terraces and in the immediate vicinity of the river. The greater stability of the third part is also related to the placement on the surface of the sediments of older terraces with greater resistance and also the further development of forest covers. Therefore, it is necessary to identify geomorphic units and determine their assignments, in other words, to recognize the form and process in environmental activities by humans.