نشریه پژوهش های اقتصاد صنعتی
پیاپی 23 (بهار 1402)

The spread of tobacco consumption at the retail level has changed the composition and share of goods groups in the household consumption basket, and as a result, the demand for essential and valuable items has decreased. Due to the low tax rate on tobacco and its ineffectiveness in the amount of consumption during the past years, according to the approved budget bill, from the beginning of 2023, a tax  will be considered on each cigarette stick, contrary to previous years. Therefore, in the present study, using the EASI demand system model and deriving price and income elasticities, the impact of implementing the mentioned policy on the welfare of households in urban areas of Iran is examined based on the information from the years 2019-2020, along with simulating this information in the year 2022 and taking into account certain demographic variables in individual and social dimensions. The results show that both domestic and imported cigarettes are in aspect of  price, are  low elastic items, and the use of price policies (such as taxes) does not have high effect on reducing consumption; on the other hand, their income elasticity is less than one, categorizing them as essential household items and  implementing the mentioned policy by increasing the cost of tobacco leads to a decrease in household welfare by 1,448,939 rials. Also, variables such as the presence of adolescents in the family, the number of adults, gender, marital status, and widowhood/being divorced of the head of household have a significant and positive impact and variables such as the presence of children in the family, employment and head of the household’s income, and the years of education of both the head of household and his/her spouse have a negative impact on the demand for domestic and imported cigarettes.

Economic growth, defines a structure of the development of the industry that in addition achieving a higher economic growth,  the quality of a desired economic growth also creates. In this regard, the present study investigates the effect of diversification of industrial activities on income inequality using the panel data approach and the statistical evidence of Iran's provinces for the period of 2009-2019. The results of the diversification index of industrial activities show that the highest value of this index for Bushehr province is 0.8 and its lowest value for Tehran province is 0.09. In addition, the Gini coefficient in Sistan and Baluchistan province is 0.44 and in South Khorasan province it is equal to 0.33. The panel data results show that the government expenditure, education expense, and economic growth have a positive and significant effect on income inequality, and industrial concentration and the square of economic growth have a negative effect on income inequality. Therefore, the diversification of industrial activities based on the relative advantages of the region has great importance to achieve the optimal income distribution.

The purpose of this study is to examine the new aspects of the theory of learning through export. For this purpose, a sample consisting of 104 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in West Azarbaijan province was selected using random sampling method. This data is based on a questionnaire adapted from the Community Innovation Survey (CIS), which aims to collect innovation data from European enterprises and has been localized to reflect Iran's economic conditions. The questionnaire was completed by the managers of selected enterprises from June 2021 to the end of September 2021. Then, two diversity indices of Simpson and Shannon-Wiener have been calculated for the innovation diversity of enterprises. For the export variable, two indicators of export continuity and diversification have been used. Then, the innovation input intensity index, export restrictions, and individual and organizational characteristics of the enterprise manager were calculated using the multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) technique. Finally, the generalized structural equation model (GSEM) was used to estimate the desired econometric model. According to the results, the continuity of exports and access to more diverse export markets has a positive and significant effect on innovation diversity, but according to the estimated coefficients, conditions must be provided to facilitate the process of export continuity for these enterprises, then exporting to different regions should be included in their plan.

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the trend and the factors that determining the growth of the total factor productivity (TFP) in the manufacturing industries in the provinces of Iran using a stochastic frontier approach in the period of 2011-2019. First, the stochastic frontier translog production function was estimated by the exponential true fixed effects (ETFE) method. Second, the TFP components were measured includes technical progress, technical efficiency changes and scale efficiency. The results show that the average TFP growth of provinces manufacturing industries was 31.1% annually, which technical progress and technical efficiency changes decline and scale effects improve the TFP. In the study period at first the total factor productivity growth increases in 2012 and 2013 and then decreases in 2014 and 2015. In the years 2016 to 2019, the growth of TFP has increased again. The technical progress has had a negative growth in all years, but its trend has been accompanied by improvement in the study period. Among the provinces, Ardebil, Kurdistan and Hormozgan experienced the highest TFP growth and Tehran, Sistan and Baluchistan and Mazandaran experienced the lowest TFP growth. According to the findings, manufacturing industries need to use advanced technologies along with re-allocation of resources.

Based on an implicit general agreement, employee satisfaction and commitment are affected by full rewards, so managers' perceptions of the appropriate and effective use of rewards programs are necessary to increase efficiency. But one of the most important problems in this field is the inability to properly separate the types of labor based on their productivity during the distribution of bonuses, which causes that in many cases the labor force with high and low productivity receives the same reward. The current research tries to show that in some cases, even the distribution of inappropriate rewards can go beyond the equality of rewards for all types of labor force, so that the labor force with lower productivity is paid more reward than the labor force with higher productivity. Therefore, in this research, the relationship between managers and workforce was investigated through game theory. For this purpose, managers' strategy was designed in five modes and employees' strategy was designed in three modes. The results showed that at the equilibrium point, the strategy of managers will be to distribute continuous and equal rewards to employees with higher productivity, and employees will also choose the strategy of more effort to increase productivity (and therefore receive rewards). Finally, it is suggested that in order to create more motivation and effort for employees and as a result to increase their productivity, the distribution of bonuses among employees with higher productivity should be continuous and equal.

Currently, there is no proper match between Iraq's import needs and the variety of Iran's export goods to that country.According to the statistics of the International Trade Center, more than half of the country's import needs are related to mechanical and electrical machinery and transportation equipment ($16.8 billion) with a share of about 30%, and agricultural products and food industries ($11.4 billion dollar) with a share of about 20%, which Iran has allocated about 3.4% and 16.5% of the total needs of the Iraqi market in the mentioned sectors, respectively. The present article with the aim of identifying Iran's export opportunities to Iraq and prioritizing them, has used integrating a decision support model and the approaches of economic complexity and product space. A number of 627 export opportunities have been identified based on the four-digit commodity codes HS and prioritized divided into ten main commodity sections. The results show that Iran is present in half of the products in the Iraqi market with a relative advantage; So that Iran's export power to the Iraqi market (based on the revealed relative advantage) is at a higher level than the competitors of that market. Among the 590 products (according to four-digit HS) that Iran exports to the Iraqi market with a stronger advantage than other competitors, it has a comparative advantage in only 123 cases at the international level; Also, among the 351 commodity groups that have relatively high complexity, only 35 items have a comparative advantage at the international level. In addition, among Iran's export commodity groups, only 55 groups have been provided with the capabilities and capabilities needed for production in the country's economy at a level beyond 50%.